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Geng T, Lu Q, Jiang L, Guo K, Yang K, Liao YF, He M, Liu G, Tang H, Pan A. Circulating concentrations of bile acids and prevalent chronic kidney disease among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study. Nutr J 2024; 23:28. [PMID: 38429722 PMCID: PMC10908139 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-00928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between circulating bile acids (BAs) and kidney function among patients with type 2 diabetes is unclear. We aimed to investigate the associations of circulating concentrations of BAs, particularly individual BA subtypes, with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we included 1234 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes who participated in an ongoing prospective study, the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort. Circulating primary and secondary unconjugated BAs and their taurine- or glycine-conjugates were measured using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CKD was defined as eGFR < 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Logistic regression model was used to compute odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS After adjusting for multiple testing, higher levels of total primary BAs (OR per standard deviation [SD] increment: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.65-0.92), cholate (OR per SD: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.66-0.92), chenodeoxycholate (OR per SD: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.69-0.96), glycocholate (OR per SD: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.68-0.96), and glycochenodeoxycholate (OR per SD: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.69-0.97) were associated with a lower likelihood of having CKD in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. No significant relationships between secondary BAs and odds of CKD were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that higher concentrations of circulating unconjugated primary BAs and their glycine-conjugates, but not taurine-conjugates or secondary BAs, were associated with lower odds of having CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Geng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Limiao Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kunquan Guo
- Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yun-Fei Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Huiru Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Metabonomics and Systems Biology, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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Ahmed O, Abdel-Halim M, Farid A, Elamir A. Taurine loaded chitosan-pectin nanoparticle shows curative effect against acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109715. [PMID: 34695389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the poor outcomes and adverse side effects of existing ulcerative colitis drugs, the study aimed to develop an alternative nano-based treatment approach. The study was designed to characterize the in vitro and in vivo properties of taurine, taurine-loaded chitosan pectin nanoparticles (Tau-CS-PT-NPs) and chitosan pectin nanoparticles (CS-PT-NPs) in the therapy of acetic acid (AA)-induced colitis in rats. CS-PT-NPs and Tau-CS-PT-NPs were prepared by ionic gelation method then in vitro characterized, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and drug release profile. Following colitis induction, rats were orally administrated with free taurine, Tau-CS-PT-NPs, and CS-PT-NPs once per day for six days. The sizes of Tau-CS-PT-NPs and CS-PT-NPs were 74.17 ± 2.88 nm and 42.22 ± 2.41 nm, respectively. EE was about 69.09 ± 1.58%; furthermore, 60% of taurine was released in 4 h in simulated colon content. AA-induced colitis in untreated rats led to necrosis of colon tissues and a significant increase in interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels associated with a remarkable reduction in glutathione (GSH) level in colon tissue in comparison to control group. Treatment with taurine, Tau-CS-PT-NPs, and CS-PT-NPs partly reversed these effects. The present study demonstrated that the administration of free taurine, CS-PT-NPs, and Tau-CS-PT-NPs exerted beneficial effects in acetic acid-induced colitis by their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The best therapeutic effect was observed in animals treated with taurine-loaded chitosan pectin nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Ahmed
- Zoology Dep., Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Mohammad Abdel-Halim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Alyaa Farid
- Zoology Dep., Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Azza Elamir
- Zoology Dep., Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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Tsubotani K, Maeyama S, Murakami S, Schaffer SW, Ito T. Taurine suppresses liquid-liquid phase separation of lysozyme protein. Amino Acids 2021; 53:745-751. [PMID: 33881613 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Taurine is a compatible osmolyte that confers stability to proteins. Recent studies have revealed that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins underlie the formation of membraneless organelles in cells. In the present study, we evaluated the role of taurine on LLPS of hen egg lysozyme. We demonstrated that taurine decreases the turbidity of the polyethylene glycol-induced crowding solution of lysozyme. We also demonstrated that taurine attenuates LLPS-dependent cloudiness of lysozyme solution with 0.5 or 1 M NaCl at a critical temperature. Moreover, we observed that taurine inhibits LLPS formation of a heteroprotein mix solution of lysozyme and ovalbumin. These data indicate that taurine can modulate the formation of LLPS of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Tsubotani
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
| | - Sayuri Maeyama
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
| | - Shigeru Murakami
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
| | - Stephen W Schaffer
- College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 5795 Drive North, CSAB 170, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan.
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Bai H, Li T, Yu Y, Zhou N, Kou H, Guo Y, Yang L, Yan P. Cytoprotective Effects of Taurine on Heat-Induced Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells In Vitro. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020258. [PMID: 33525569 PMCID: PMC7912084 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a widely known that heat stress induces a reduction in milk production in cows and impairs their overall health. Studies have shown that taurine protects tissues and organs under heat stress. However, there have yet to be studies showing the functions of taurine in mammary alveolar cells-large T antigen (MAC-T) (a bovine mammary epithelial cell line) cells under heat shock. Therefore, different concentrations of taurine (10 mM, 50 mM, and 100 mM) were tested to determine the effects on heat-induced MAC-T cells. The results showed that taurine protected the cells against heat-induced damage as shown by morphological observations in conjunction with suppressed the translocation and expression of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). Moreover, taurine not only reversed the decline in antioxidase (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX)) activities but also attenuated the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA). Meanwhile, mitochondrial damage (morphology and complex I activity) resulting from heat exposure was mitigated. Taurine also alleviated the rates of cell apoptosis and markedly depressed the mRNA expressions of BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator (BAX) and caspase3. Furthermore, compared with the heat stress (HS) group, the protein levels of caspase3 and cleaved caspase3 were decreased in all taurine groups. In summary, taurine improves the antioxidant and anti-apoptosis ability of MAC-T cells thereby alleviates damage of cells due to heat insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.B.); (T.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.Y.)
- Ulanqab Animal Husbandry Workstation, Ulanqab 012000, China; (N.Z.); (H.K.)
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.B.); (T.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.B.); (T.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.Y.)
| | - Ningcong Zhou
- Ulanqab Animal Husbandry Workstation, Ulanqab 012000, China; (N.Z.); (H.K.)
| | - Huijuan Kou
- Ulanqab Animal Husbandry Workstation, Ulanqab 012000, China; (N.Z.); (H.K.)
| | - Yingying Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.B.); (T.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.Y.)
| | - Liang Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.B.); (T.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.Y.)
| | - Peishi Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.B.); (T.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13912967680
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Francioso A, Baseggio Conrado A, Mosca L, Fontana M. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Sulfur Natural Compounds: Key Intermediates of Metabolism and Redox Biology. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020; 2020:8294158. [PMID: 33062147 PMCID: PMC7545470 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8294158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur contributes significantly to nature chemical diversity and thanks to its particular features allows fundamental biological reactions that no other element allows. Sulfur natural compounds are utilized by all living beings and depending on the function are distributed in the different kingdoms. It is no coincidence that marine organisms are one of the most important sources of sulfur natural products since most of the inorganic sulfur is metabolized in ocean environments where this element is abundant. Terrestrial organisms such as plants and microorganisms are also able to incorporate sulfur in organic molecules to produce primary metabolites (e.g., methionine, cysteine) and more complex unique chemical structures with diverse biological roles. Animals are not able to fix inorganic sulfur into biomolecules and are completely dependent on preformed organic sulfurous compounds to satisfy their sulfur needs. However, some higher species such as humans are able to build new sulfur-containing chemical entities starting especially from plants' organosulfur precursors. Sulfur metabolism in humans is very complicated and plays a central role in redox biochemistry. The chemical properties, the large number of oxidation states, and the versatile reactivity of the oxygen family chalcogens make sulfur ideal for redox biological reactions and electron transfer processes. This review will explore sulfur metabolism related to redox biochemistry and will describe the various classes of sulfur-containing compounds spread all over the natural kingdoms. We will describe the chemistry and the biochemistry of well-known metabolites and also of the unknown and poorly studied sulfur natural products which are still in search for a biological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Francioso
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, 38296 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alessia Baseggio Conrado
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Fontana
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Farsang E, Horváth K, Beck A, Wang Q, Lauber M, Guillarme D, Fekete S. Impact of the column on effluent pH in cation exchange pH gradient chromatography, a practical study. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461350. [PMID: 32797830 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In ionexchange chromatography, the pH gradient mode becomes more and more popular today for the analysis of therapeutic proteins as this mode can provide higher or alternative selectivity to the commonly used salt gradient mode. Ideally, a linear pH response is expected when performing linear gradients. However up to now, only a very few buffer systems have been developed and are commercially available which can perform nearly linear pH responses when flowing through a given column. It is also known that a selected buffer system (mobile phase) can work well on one column but can fail on other column. The goal of this study was to practically evaluate the effects that ionexchange columns (weak and strong exchangers) might have on effluent pH, when performing linear pH gradient separations of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. To attain this objective, the pH was monitored on-line at the column outlet using a specific setup. To make comprehensive observations of the phenomenon, four different mobile phase conditions and five cation exchange columns (weak and strong exchangers) were employed. The obtained pH responses were systematically compared to responses measured in the absence of the columns. From this work, it has become clear that both the column and mobile phase can have significant effects on pH gradient chromatography and that their combination must be considered when developing a new method. Phase systems (column + mobile phase) providing linear pH responses are indeed the most suitable for separating mAbs with different isoelectric points and, with them, it is possible to elute mAbs across wide retention time ranges and with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Farsang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10., H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Horváth
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10., H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Alain Beck
- Center of Immunology Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Qi Wang
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757-3696, United States; Current Address: Bristol Myers Squibb, 38 Jackson Rd, Devens, MA 01434, United States
| | - Matthew Lauber
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757-3696, United States
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Verma K, Tailor YK, Khandelwal S, Rushell E, Agarwal M, Kumar M. Efficient and environmentally sustainable domino protocol for the synthesis of diversified spiroheterocycles with privileged heterocyclic substructures using bio-organic catalyst in aqueous medium. Mol Divers 2019; 24:1355-1365. [PMID: 31598819 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-019-09999-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and environmentally sustainable synthetic protocol has been presented to synthesize structurally diverse spiroxindoles spiroannulated with indenopyrroloimidazoles, pyranopyrroloimidazoles, chromenopyrroloimidazoles, and imidazopyrrolopyrimidines involving three-component reaction of isatins, hydantoin, and β-diketones in the presence of green and sustainable bio-organic catalyst, β-amino acid, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (taurine), in aqueous media. The synthetic efficiency, operational simplicity, and reusability of catalyst make the present synthetic protocol cost effective, time efficient, and eco-friendly to synthesize molecules with structural diversity and molecular complexity and expected to contribute significantly not only to drug discovery research but also to pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Verma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | | | | | - Esha Rushell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Monu Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
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Kicha AA, Ivanchina NV, Malyarenko TV, Kalinovsky AI, Popov RS, Stonik VA. Six new polyhydroxylated steroids conjugated with taurine, microdiscusols A-F, from the Arctic starfish Asterias microdiscus. Steroids 2019; 150:108458. [PMID: 31326449 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Six new polyhydroxylated steroids conjugated with taurine, microdiscusols A-F, were isolated from the alcoholic extract of the Arctic starfish Asterias microdiscus. Three of them have been found to have additional sulfate groups in tetracyclic cores. The structures of new compounds were established by 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS techniques. The found steroid taurine conjugates resemble, by their structures, salts of bile acids and alcohols of lower vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla A Kicha
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Natalia V Ivanchina
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Timofey V Malyarenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova Str. 8, Vladivostok 690000, Russia
| | - Anatoly I Kalinovsky
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Roman S Popov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Valentin A Stonik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova Str. 8, Vladivostok 690000, Russia
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Ştefănescu R, Stanciu GD, Luca A, Caba IC, Tamba BI, Mihai CT. Contributions of Mass Spectrometry to the Identification of Low Molecular Weight Molecules Able to Reduce the Toxicity of Amyloid-β Peptide to Cell Cultures and Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2019; 24:E1167. [PMID: 30909659 PMCID: PMC6471768 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease affects approximately 33 million people worldwide and is characterized by progressive loss of memory at the cognitive level. The formation of toxic amyloid oligomers, extracellular amyloid plaques and amyloid angiopathy in brain by amyloid beta peptides are considered a part of the identified mechanism involved in disease pathogenesis. The optimal treatment approach leads toward finding a chemical compound able to form a noncovalent complex with the amyloid peptide thus blocking the process of amyloid aggregation. This direction gained an increasing interest lately, many studies demonstrating that mass spectrometry is a valuable method useful for the identification and characterization of such molecules able to interact with amyloid peptides. In the present review we aim to identify in the scientific literature low molecular weight chemical compounds for which there is mass spectrometric evidence of noncovalent complex formation with amyloid peptides and also there are toxicity reduction results which verify the effects of these compounds on amyloid beta toxicity towards cell cultures and transgenic mouse models developing Alzheimer's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Ştefănescu
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iaşi, Romania.
| | - Gabriela Dumitriṭa Stanciu
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iaşi, Romania.
| | - Andrei Luca
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iaşi, Romania.
| | - Ioana Cezara Caba
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iaşi, Romania.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universităṭii Street, 700115 Iaşi, Romania.
| | - Bogdan Ionel Tamba
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iaşi, Romania.
| | - Cosmin Teodor Mihai
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iaşi, Romania.
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Wolkenstein K, Fuentes-Monteverde JC, Nath N, Oji T, Griesinger C. Hypalocrinins, Taurine-Conjugated Anthraquinone and Biaryl Pigments from the Deep Sea Crinoid Hypalocrinus naresianus. J Nat Prod 2019; 82:163-167. [PMID: 30596488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Five new water-soluble amido- and aminoanthraquinone pigments, hypalocrinins A-E (1-5), the new amidoanthraquinone biaryls hypalocrinin F (6) and hypalocrinin G (7), and the known compounds 6-bromoemodic acid (8), crinemodin (9), and crinemodin sulfate (10) were isolated from the deep sea crinoid Hypalocrinus naresianus collected off Japan. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Amido- and aminoquinones are quite unusual among natural products. The hypalocrinins are the first naturally occurring anthraquinones and anthraquinone biaryls conjugated with taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wolkenstein
- Department of NMR Based Structural Biology , Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
- Department of Geobiology, Geoscience Centre , University of Göttingen , Goldschmidtstraße 3 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Juan Carlos Fuentes-Monteverde
- Department of NMR Based Structural Biology , Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento Química Fundamental, Facultade de Ciencias , Universidade da Coruña , A Coruña E - 15071 , Spain
| | - Nilamoni Nath
- Department of NMR Based Structural Biology , Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , Gauhati University , Guwahati - 781014 , India
| | - Tatsuo Oji
- Nagoya University Museum, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601 , Japan
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Department of NMR Based Structural Biology , Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
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Abstract
Cholestasis can be induced by obstruction of bile ducts or intrahepatic toxicity of drugs and chemicals. However, the mode of cell death during cholestasis, i.e., apoptosis or necrosis, has been controversial. There are fundamental reasons for the controversies, both of which are discussed here, namely the design of experiments and the use of parameters with limited specificity for a certain mode of cell death. Based on the assumption that cholestatic liver injury is caused by accumulation of bile acids, rodent (mainly rat) hepatocytes have been exposed to hydrophobic, glycine-conjugated bile acids, which resulted in apoptotic cell death. The problems with this experimental design are that in rodents bile acids are predominantly taurine conjugated and rodent hepatocytes are never exposed to these levels of glycine-conjugated bile acids. In contrast, taurine-conjugated bile acids trigger inflammatory gene activation in rodent hepatocytes and a necro-inflammatory injury in vivo. On the other hand, human hepatocytes are more resistant to glycine-conjugated bile acids and die by necrosis when exposed to high biliary levels of these bile acids. In this chapter, we describe multiple assays including the caspase activity assay, which is specific for apoptosis, and the general cell death assays alanine aminotransferase or lactate dehydrogenase activities in cell culture medium or plasma. An increase in these enzyme activities without caspase activity indicates necrotic cell death. Thus, both the experimental design and the selection of cell death parameters are critical for the relevance of the experiments for the human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Osmolytes are small organic compounds that can affect the stability of proteins in living cells. The mechanism of osmolytes' protective effects on protein structure and dynamics has not been fully explained, but in general, two possibilities have been suggested and examined: a direct interaction of osmolytes with proteins (water replacement hypothesis), and an indirect interaction (vitrification hypothesis). Here, to investigate these two possible mechanisms, we studied myoglobin-osmolyte systems using FTIR, UV-vis, CD, and femtosecond IR pump-probe spectroscopy. Interestingly, noticeable changes are observed in both the lifetime of the CO stretch of CO-bound myoglobin and the spectra of UV-vis, CD, and FTIR upon addition of the osmolytes. In addition, the temperature-dependent CD studies reveal that the protein's thermal stability depends on molecular structure, hydrogen-bonding ability, and size of osmolytes. We anticipate that the present experimental results provide important clues about the complicated and intricate mechanism of osmolyte effects on protein structure and dynamics in a crowded cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kossowska
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Kyungwon Kwak
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea.
| | - Minhaeng Cho
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Korea.
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13
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Baseggio Conrado A, D'Angelantonio M, D'Erme M, Pecci L, Fontana M. The Interaction of Hypotaurine and Other Sulfinates with Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species: A Survey of Reaction Mechanisms. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018; 975 Pt 1:573-583. [PMID: 28849483 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Considerable strides have been made in understanding the oxidative mechanisms involved in the final steps of the cysteine pathway leading to taurine. The oxidation of sulfinates, hypotaurine and cysteine sulfinic acid, to the respective sulfonates, taurine and cysteic acid, has never been associated with any specific enzyme. Conversely, there is strong evidence that in vivo formation of taurine and cysteic acid is the result of sulfinate interaction with a variety of biologically relevant oxidants. In the last decade, many experiments have been performed to understand whether peroxynitrite, nitrogen dioxide and carbonate radical anion could be included in the biologically relevant reactive species capable of oxidizing sulfinates. Thanks to this work, it has been possible to highlight two possible reaction mechanisms (direct and indirect reaction) of sulfinates with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.The sulfinates oxidation, mediated by peroxynitrite, is an example of both reaction mechanisms: through a two-electron-direct-reaction with peroxynitrite or through a one-electron-indirect-transfer reaction. In the indirect mechanism, the peroxynitrite homolysis releases hydroxyl and nitrogen dioxide radical and in addition the degradation of short-lived adduct formed by peroxynitrite and CO2 can generate carbonate radical anion. The reaction of hypotaurine and cysteine sulfinic acid with peroxynitrite-derived radicals is accompanied by extensive oxygen uptake with the generation of transient intermediates, which can begin a reaction by an oxygen-dependent mechanism with the sulfonates, taurine, and cysteic acid as final products. Due to pulse radiolysis studies, it has been shown that transient sulfonyl radicals (RSO2•) have been produced during the oxidation of both sulfinates by one-electron transfer reaction.The purpose is to analyze all the aspects of the reactive mechanism in the sulfinic group oxidation of hypotaurine and cysteine sulfinic acid through the results obtained from our laboratory in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Baseggio Conrado
- Photobiology Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, Rome, Italy
| | - Mila D'Angelantonio
- ISOF-Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività CNR, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria D'Erme
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pecci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Fontana
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, Rome, Italy.
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14
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Rzagalinski I, Hainz N, Meier C, Tschernig T, Volmer DA. MALDI Mass Spectral Imaging of Bile Acids Observed as Deprotonated Molecules and Proton-Bound Dimers from Mouse Liver Sections. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2018; 29:711-722. [PMID: 29417494 PMCID: PMC5889423 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) play two vital roles in living organisms, as they are involved in (1) the secretion of cholesterol from liver, and (2) the lipid digestion/absorption in the intestine. Abnormal bile acid synthesis or secretion can lead to severe liver disorders. Even though there is extensive literature on the mass spectrometric determination of BAs in biofluids and tissue homogenates, there are no reports on the spatial distribution in the biliary network of the liver. Here, we demonstrate the application of high mass resolution/mass accuracy matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) to MS imaging (MSI) of BAs at high spatial resolutions (pixel size, 25 μm). The results show chemical heterogeneity of the mouse liver sections with a number of branching biliary and blood ducts. In addition to ion signals from deprotonation of the BA molecules, MALDI-MSI generated several further intense signals at larger m/z for the BAs. These signals were spatially co-localized with the deprotonated molecules and easily misinterpreted as additional products of BA biotransformations. In-depth analysis of accurate mass shifts and additional electrospray ionization and MALDI-FTICR experiments, however, confirmed them as proton-bound dimers. Interestingly, dimers of bile acids, but also unusual mixed dimers of different taurine-conjugated bile acids and free taurine, were identified. Since formation of these complexes will negatively influence signal intensities of the desired [M - H]- ions and significantly complicate mass spectral interpretations, two simple broadband techniques were proposed for non-selective dissociation of dimers that lead to increased signals for the deprotonated BAs. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacy Rzagalinski
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nadine Hainz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Carola Meier
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Moreira RL, Lobo RPSM, Dias A. Infrared dispersion analysis and Raman scattering spectra of taurine single crystals. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2018; 188:276-284. [PMID: 28732285 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive set of optical vibrational modes of monoclinic taurine crystals was determined by Raman scattering, and infrared reflectivity and transmission spectroscopies. By using appropriate scattering/reflection geometries, the vibrational modes were resolved by polarization and the most relevant modes of the crystal could be assigned. In particular, we were able to review the symmetry of the gerade modes and to resolve ambiguities in the literature. Owing to the non-orthogonal character of Bu modes in monoclinic crystals (lying on the optic axial plane), we carried out a generalized Lorentz dispersion analysis consisting of simultaneous adjust of infrared-reflectivity spectra at various light polarization angles. The Au modes (parallel to the C2-axis) were treated within the classical Lorentz model. The behavior of off-diagonal and diagonal terms of the complex dielectric tensors and the presence of anomalous dispersion were discussed as consequences of the low symmetry of the crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto L Moreira
- Departamento de Física, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, C.P. 702, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo P S M Lobo
- LPEM, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Univ. Paris 6, CNRS, LPEM, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Anderson Dias
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, ICEB II, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
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16
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Seo JM, Cheng S, Soliman N, Nabi Z, Pan L. The Blend of Taurine and Aloe Vera Extract Boosts Action Against Skin Irritation: In Vitro and Clinical Evaluations. J Cosmet Sci 2018; 69:213-228. [PMID: 30052195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Regular usage of cosmetic products and drugs in dermatological vehicles may cause irritant contact dermatitis. For example, aluminum chloride (AlCl3), the most efficacious antiperspirant salt to treat hyperhidrosis, shows high irritancy potential. To mitigate the irritant contact dermatitis caused by topical application of products containing AlCl3, we investigated the anti-irritating effects of aloe extract and taurine in vitro and in vivo. In an in vitro experiment, reconstructed human epidermis model, EpiDerm, was tested with AlCl3 in the presence or absence of taurine and aloe extract. In a human clinical study, 12 adult subjects were tested with two products, a commercial AlCl3 antiperspirant product and a prototype 12% AlCl3 formulation containing 0.1% taurine and 0.1% aloe extract. Skin irritation potential in vitro and in vivo was measured by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1α, and chemokine, IL-8. Taurine and aloe extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced IL-lα and IL-8 production in vitro and in vivo after topical application of formulations containing AlCl3. The blend of taurine and aloe extract demonstrated boosted anti-irritation benefits on AlCl3 irritated skin both in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that the combination of these anti-irritating actives may possibly be effective in mitigating irritant contact dermatitis caused by other dermatological vehicles containing irritating agents, but further research is warranted to assess their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung M Seo
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ (J.M.S., S.C., N.S., Z.N., L.P.)
| | - Suzie Cheng
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ (J.M.S., S.C., N.S., Z.N., L.P.)
| | - Nadia Soliman
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ (J.M.S., S.C., N.S., Z.N., L.P.)
| | - Zeenat Nabi
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ (J.M.S., S.C., N.S., Z.N., L.P.)
| | - Long Pan
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ (J.M.S., S.C., N.S., Z.N., L.P.)
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17
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Bruździak P, Panuszko A, Kaczkowska E, Piotrowski B, Daghir A, Demkowicz S, Stangret J. Taurine as a water structure breaker and protein stabilizer. Amino Acids 2018; 50:125-140. [PMID: 29043510 PMCID: PMC5762795 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The enhancing effect on the water structure has been confirmed for most of the osmolytes exhibiting both stabilizing and destabilizing properties in regard to proteins. The presented work concerns osmolytes, which should be classified as "structure breaking" solutes: taurine and N,N,N-trimethyltaurine (TMT). Here, we combine FTIR spectroscopy, DSC calorimetry and DFT calculations to gain an insight into the interactions between osmolytes and two proteins: lysozyme and ubiquitin. Despite high structural similarity, both osmolytes exert different influence on protein stability: taurine is a stabilizer, TMT is a denaturant. We show also that taurine amino group interacts directly with the side chains of proteins, whereas TMT does not interact with proteins at all. Although two solutes weaken on average the structure of the surrounding water, their hydration spheres are different. Taurine is surrounded by two populations of water molecules: bonded with weak H-bonds around sulfonate group, and strongly bonded around amino group. The strong hydrogen-bonded network of water molecules around the amino group of taurine further improves properties of enhanced protein hydration sphere and stabilizes the native protein form. Direct interactions of this group with surface side chains provide a proper orientation of taurine and prevents the [Formula: see text] group from negative influence. The weakened [Formula: see text] hydration sphere of TMT breaks up the hydrogen-bonded network of water around the protein and destabilizes it. However, TMT at low concentration stabilize both proteins to a small extent. This effect can be attributed to an actual osmophobic effect which is overcome if the concentration increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bruździak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - A Panuszko
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - E Kaczkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - B Piotrowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - A Daghir
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - S Demkowicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - J Stangret
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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18
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Yang T, Shu T, Liu G, Mei H, Zhu X, Huang X, Zhang L, Jiang Z. Quantitative profiling of 19 bile acids in rat plasma, liver, bile and different intestinal section contents to investigate bile acid homeostasis and the application of temporal variation of endogenous bile acids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 172:69-78. [PMID: 28583875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid homeostasis is maintained by liver synthesis, bile duct secretion, microbial metabolism and intestinal reabsorption into the blood. When drug insults result in liver damage, the variances of bile acids (BAs) are related to the physiological status of the liver. Here, we established a method to simultaneously quantify 19 BAs in rat plasma, liver, bile and different intestinal section contents (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon) using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to reveal the pattern of bile acid homeostasis in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in physiological situations. Dynamic changes in bile acid composition appeared throughout the enterohepatic circulation of the BAs; taurine- and glycine-conjugated BAs and free BAs had different dynamic homeostasis levels in the circulatory system. cholic acid (CA), beta-muricholic acid (beta-MCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), glycocholic acid (GCA) and taurocholic acid (TCA) greatly fluctuated in the bile acid pool under physiological conditions. Taurine- and glycine-conjugated bile acids constituted more than 90% in the bile and liver, whereas GCA and TCA accounted for more than half of the total bile acids and the secretion of bile mainly via conjugating with taurine. While over 80% of BAs in plasma were unconjugated bile acids, CA and HDCA were the most abundant elements. Unconjugated bile acids constituted more than 90% in the intestine, and CA, beta-MCA and HDCA were the top three bile acids in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum content, but LCA and HDCA were highest in the cecum and colon content. As the main secondary bile acid converted by microflora in the intestine, LCA was enriched in the cecum and DCA mostly in the colon. As endogenous substances, the concentrations of plasma BAs were closely related to time rhythm and diet. In conclusion, analyzing detailed BA profiles in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in a single run is possible using LC-MS/MS. Based on the physiological characteristics of the metabolic profiling of 19 BAs in the total bile acid pool and the time rhythm variation of the endogenous bile acids, this study provided a new valuable method and theoretical basis for the clinical research of bile acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China, China
| | - Ting Shu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China, China
| | - Guanlan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China, China
| | - Huifang Mei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China.
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19
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Jeelani R, Jahanbakhsh S, Kohan-Ghadr HR, Thakur M, Khan S, Aldhaheri SR, Yang Z, Andreana P, Morris R, Abu-Soud HM. Mesna (2-mercaptoethane sodium sulfonate) functions as a regulator of myeloperoxidase. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 110:54-62. [PMID: 28552694 PMCID: PMC6859649 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO), an abundant protein in neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, is thought to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of various disorders ranging from cardiovascular diseases to cancer. We show that mesna (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid sodium salt), a detoxifying agent, which inhibits side effects of oxazaphosphorine chemotherapy, functions as a potent inhibitor of MPO; modulating its catalytic activity and function. Using rapid kinetic methods, we examined the interactions of mesna with MPO compounds I and II and ferric forms in the presence and absence of chloride (Cl-), the preferred substrate of MPO. Our results suggest that low mesna concentrations dramatically influenced the build-up, duration, and decay of steady-state levels of Compound I and Compound II, which is the rate-limiting intermediate in the classic peroxidase cycle. Whereas, higher mesna concentrations facilitate the porphyrin-to-adjacent amino acid electron transfer allowing the formation of an unstable transient intermediate, Compound I*, that displays a characteristic spectrum similar to Compound I. In the absence of plasma level of chloride, mesna not only accelerated the formation and decay of Compound II but also reduced its stability in a dose depend manner. Mesna competes with Cl-, inhibiting MPO's chlorinating activity with an IC50 of 5µM, and switches the reaction from a 2e- to a 1e- pathway allowing the enzyme to function only with catalase-like activity. A kinetic model which shows the dual regulation through which mesna interacts with MPO and regulates its downstream inflammatory pathways is presented further validating the repurposing of mesna as an anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohi Jeelani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, United States
| | - Seyedehameneh Jahanbakhsh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, United States
| | - Hamid-Reza Kohan-Ghadr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, United States
| | - Mili Thakur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, United States
| | - Sana Khan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, United States
| | - Sarah R Aldhaheri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, United States
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, United States
| | - Peter Andreana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Robert Morris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, United States; Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, 48201, United States
| | - Husam M Abu-Soud
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, United States.
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20
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Grove RQ, Karpowicz SJ. Reaction of hypotaurine or taurine with superoxide produces the organic peroxysulfonic acid peroxytaurine. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:575-584. [PMID: 28438660 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypotaurine and taurine are amino acid derivatives and abundant molecules in many eukaryotes. The biological reaction in which hypotaurine is converted to taurine remains poorly understood. Here, hypotaurine and taurine were observed to react with superoxide anion in vitro to form the novel molecule peroxytaurine. In contrast, hypotaurine reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form taurine, but taurine does not react with hydrogen peroxide in vitro. Mass and NMR spectrometry as well as FTIR and Raman spectroscopy support the molecular characterization of peroxytaurine. Gravitometric and spectroscopy experiments suggest a stoichiometry of two superoxide anions reacting with one hypotaurine or two taurines. The newly identified molecule is a semi-stable, organic peroxysulfonic acid that may be an intermediate metabolite in taurine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna Q Grove
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA
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21
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De Carvalho Bertozo L, Morgon NH, De Souza AR, Ximenes VF. Taurine Bromamine: Reactivity of an Endogenous and Exogenous Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Amino Acid Derivative. Biomolecules 2016; 6:biom6020023. [PMID: 27110829 PMCID: PMC4919918 DOI: 10.3390/biom6020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Taurine bromamine (Tau-NHBr) is produced by the reaction between hypobromous acid (HOBr) and the amino acid taurine. There are increasing number of applications of Tau-NHBr as an anti-inflammatory and microbicidal drug for topical usage. Here, we performed a comprehensive study of the chemical reactivity of Tau-NHBr with endogenous and non-endogenous compounds. Tau-NHBr reactivity was compared with HOBr, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and taurine chloramine (Tau-NHCl). The second-order rate constants (k2) for the reactions between Tau-NHBr and tryptophan (7.7 × 102 M−1s−1), melatonin (7.3 × 103 M−1s−1), serotonin (2.9 × 103 M−1s−1), dansylglycine (9.5 × 101 M−1s−1), tetramethylbenzidine (6.4 × 102 M−1s−1) and H2O2 (3.9 × M−1s−1) were obtained. Tau-NHBr demonstrated the following selectivity regarding its reactivity with free amino acids: tryptophan > cysteine ~ methionine > tyrosine. The reactivity of Tau-NHBr was strongly affected by the pH of the medium (for instance with dansylglycine: pH 5.0, 1.1 × 104 M−1s−1, pH 7.0, 9.5 × 10 M−1s−1 and pH 9.0, 1.7 × 10 M−1s−1), a property that is related to the formation of the dibromamine form at acidic pH (Tau-NBr2). The formation of singlet oxygen was observed in the reaction between Tau-NHBr and H2O2. Tau-NHBr was also able to react with linoleic acid, but with low efficiency compared with HOBr and HOCl. Compared with HOBr, Tau-NHBr was not able to react with nucleosides. In conclusion, the following reactivity sequence was established: HOBr > HOCl > Tau-NHBr > Tau-NHCl. These findings can be very helpful for researchers interested in biological applications of taurine haloamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza De Carvalho Bertozo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil.
| | - Nelson Henrique Morgon
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-861, Brazil.
| | | | - Valdecir Farias Ximenes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil.
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Chen D, Lin S, Xu W, Huang M, Chu J, Xiao F, Lin J, Peng J. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Major Constituents in Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pill by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. Molecules 2015; 20:18597-619. [PMID: 26473821 PMCID: PMC6331871 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201018597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shexiang Tongxin dropping pill (STP) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that consists of total saponins of ginseng, synthetic Calculus bovis, bear gall, Venenum bufonis, borneol and Salvia miltiorrhiza. STP has been widely used in China and Southeast Asia for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, a qualitative analytical method using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was developed for identification of the major constituents in STP. Based on the retention time and MS spectra, 41 components were identified by comparison with reference compounds and literature data. Moreover, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry in multiple-reaction monitoring mode, we quantified 13 of the identified constituents (ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rk3, cinobufagin, arenobufagin, bufalin, resibufogenin, tanshinone IIA, taurine, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and chenodeoxycholic acid). These results suggest that this new approach is applicable for the routine analysis and quality control of STP products and provides fundamental data for further in vivo pharmacokinetical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxin Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatric, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Shan Lin
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatric, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Wen Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Mingqing Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Jianfeng Chu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatric, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Fei Xiao
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatric, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Jiumao Lin
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatric, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatric, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
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Winge I, Teigen K, Fossbakk A, Mahootchi E, Kleppe R, Sköldberg F, Kämpe O, Haavik J. Mammalian CSAD and GADL1 have distinct biochemical properties and patterns of brain expression. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:173-84. [PMID: 26327310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Variants in the gene encoding the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase like 1 (GADL1) have been associated with response to lithium therapy. Both GADL1 and the related enzyme cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) have been proposed to be involved in the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent biosynthesis of taurine. In the present study, we compared the catalytic properties, inhibitor sensitivity and expression profiles of GADL1 and CSAD in brain tissue. In mouse and human brain we observed distinct patterns of expression of the PLP-dependent decarboxylases CSAD, GADL1 and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67). CSAD levels were highest during prenatal and early postnatal development; GADL1 peaked early in prenatal development, while GAD67 increased rapidly after birth. Both CSAD and GADL1 are being expressed in neurons, whereas only CSAD mRNA was detected in astrocytes. Cysteine sulfinic acid was the preferred substrate for both mouse CSAD and GADL1, although both enzymes also decarboxylated cysteic acid and aspartate. In silico screening and molecular docking using the crystal structure of CSAD and in vitro assays led to the discovery of eight new enzyme inhibitors with partial selectivity for either CSAD or GADL1. Lithium had minimal effect on their enzyme activities. In conclusion, taurine biosynthesis in vertebrates involves two structurally related PLP-dependent decarboxylases (CSAD and GADL1) that have partially overlapping catalytic properties but different tissue distribution, indicating divergent physiological roles. Development of selective enzyme inhibitors targeting these enzymes is important to further dissect their (patho)physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Winge
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Knut Teigen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Agnete Fossbakk
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Elaheh Mahootchi
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Rune Kleppe
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Filip Sköldberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Kämpe
- Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre of Molecular Medicine (CMM L8:01), Dept. of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Instituttet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Haavik
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway; Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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24
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Choi EJ, Tang Y, Lee CB, Cheong SH, Park PJ, Moon SH, Kim EK. Investigation of antioxidant and anticancer potential of taurine by means of multiple chemical and biological assays. Adv Exp Med Biol 2015; 803:179-89. [PMID: 25833498 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15126-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Choi
- Division of Sport Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Korea
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25
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Zhou J, Du X, Li J, Yamagata N, Xu B. Taurine Boosts Cellular Uptake of Small D-Peptides for Enzyme-Instructed Intracellular Molecular Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10040-3. [PMID: 26235707 PMCID: PMC4544318 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to their biostability, D-peptides are emerging as an important molecular platform for biomedical applications. Being proteolytically resistant, D-peptides lack interactions with endogenous transporters and hardly enter cells. Here we show that taurine, a natural amino acid, drastically boosts the cellular uptake of small D-peptides in mammalian cells by >10-fold, from 118 μM (without conjugating taurine) to >1.6 mM (after conjugating taurine). The uptake of a large amount of the ester conjugate of taurine and D-peptide allows intracellular esterase to trigger intracellular self-assembly of the D-peptide derivative, further enhancing their cellular accumulation. The study on the mechanism of the uptake reveals that the conjugates enter cells via both dynamin-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis, but likely not relying on taurine transporters. Differing fundamentally from the positively charged cell-penetrating peptides, the biocompatibility, stability, and simplicity of the enzyme-cleavable taurine motif promise new ways to promote the uptake of bioactive molecules for countering the action of efflux pump and contributing to intracellular molecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Natsuko Yamagata
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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26
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Yu C, Mei XT, Zheng YP, Xu DH. Taurine zinc solid dispersions protect against cold-restraint stress-induced gastric ulceration by upregulating HSP70 and exerting an anxiolytic effect. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:63-71. [PMID: 26004529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological effects of solid dispersions (SDs) of a taurine zinc complex on gastric ulceration and anxiety were investigated. Pretreatment with taurine zinc (50, 100 or 200mg/kg) SDs dose-dependently protected rat gastric mucosa against cold-restraint stress (CRS)-induced gastric injury, and significantly attenuated increases in gastric mucosal H(+)K(+)-ATPase activity and lipid peroxidation and enhanced SOD activity. Taurine zinc also inhibited CRS-induced elevation of the serum stress hormones adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone and upregulated HSP70 expression in the gastric mucosa. Moreover, taurine zinc (200mg/kg) SDs more potently protected the gastric mucosa from ulceration than the same dose of taurine, which may be attributed to a synergistic effect between taurine and zinc. Behavioral experiments in mice showed that taurine zinc SDs significantly increased the number of entries and time spent on the open arms in the elevated plus-maze test, time spent in the central area and total distance traveled in the open field test, and time spent and number of entries into the light compartment in the light/dark box test, indicative of reduced anxiety-like behaviors. This study demonstrates taurine zinc protected the gastric mucosa against CRS-induced gastric damage by decreasing oxidative stress, promoting endogenous HSP70 expression and attenuating psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yu
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Marine Drugs, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xue-Ting Mei
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Marine Drugs, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zheng
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Marine Drugs, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dong-Hui Xu
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Marine Drugs, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, China.
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27
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Wang F, Guo XY, Zhang DN, Wu Y, Wu T, Chen ZG. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and purification of taurine from the red algae Porphyra yezoensis. Ultrason Sonochem 2015; 24:36-42. [PMID: 25542513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports on the development of a method using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) during the purification of taurine from Porphyra yezoensis. The Box-Behnken design, which is a widely used form of response surface methodology, was used to investigate the effects of parameters on the UAE process. Three independent variables of taurine purification using UAE were studied including: extraction time, temperature, and ultrasonic power. The results showed that the highest taurine yield of 13.0mg/g was obtained with an extraction time of 38.3 min, the use of 300.0 W ultrasonic power, and an extraction temperature of 40.5°C. A comparative study of taurine extraction was also conducted using either ultrasonication or mechanical agitation. The results indicated that the ultrasonic process required 9 times less time at 40°C to obtain taurine with a similar yield as compared to the conventional extraction method. Therefore, UAE can used as an alternative to the conventional extraction method used during the recovery of taurine from P. yezoensis. The UAE method has several advantages, including that it uses lower extraction temperatures and has a shorter extraction time. The taurine present in the extract supernatant was efficiently separated and purified using a combination of 732 cation exchange chromatography and crystallization. The yield of purified taurine using this process was 1.1%. The structure of the purified taurine was confirmed by FTIR, MS, and NMR. Our findings suggest that P. yezoensis can be used as a taurine-rich food or food material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yu Guo
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Dan-Ni Zhang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gang Chen
- College of Food Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Gupta
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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29
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Renuga Devi TS, Sharmi kumar J, Ramkumaar GR. DFT analysis on the molecular structure, vibrational and electronic spectra of 2-(cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 137:761-777. [PMID: 25262144 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of 2-(cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid were recorded in the regions 4000-400 cm(-1) and 4000-50 cm(-1) respectively. The structural and spectroscopic data of the molecule in the ground state were calculated using Hartee-Fock and Density functional method (B3LYP) with the correlation consistent-polarized valence double zeta (cc-pVDZ) basis set and 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The most stable conformer was optimized and the structural and vibrational parameters were determined based on this. The complete assignments were performed based on the Potential Energy Distribution (PED) of the vibrational modes, calculated using Vibrational Energy Distribution Analysis (VEDA) 4 program. With the observed FTIR and FT-Raman data, a complete vibrational assignment and analysis of the fundamental modes of the compound were carried out. Thermodynamic properties and Atomic charges were calculated using both Hartee-Fock and density functional method using the cc-pVDZ basis set and compared. The calculated HOMO-LUMO energy gap revealed that charge transfer occurs within the molecule. (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts of the molecule were calculated using Gauge Including Atomic Orbital (GIAO) method and were compared with experimental results. Stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions, charge delocalization have been analyzed using Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis. The first order hyperpolarizability (β) and Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) of the molecule was computed using DFT calculations. The electron density based local reactivity descriptor such as Fukui functions were calculated to explain the chemical reactivity site in the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Renuga Devi
- Department of Physics, Women's Christian College, College Road, Chennai 600006, TN, India.
| | - J Sharmi kumar
- P.G. Department of Physics, Women's Christian College, College Road, Chennai 600006, TN, India; Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636011, TN, India
| | - G R Ramkumaar
- Department of Physics, C. Kandaswami Naidu College for Men in Anna Nagar East, Chennai 600102, TN, India
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30
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Perucho J, Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Bazan E, Casarejos MJ, Jiménez-Escrig A, Asensio MJ, Herranz AS. Optimal excitation and emission wavelengths to analyze amino acids and optimize neurotransmitters quantification using precolumn OPA-derivatization by HPLC. Amino Acids 2015; 47:963-73. [PMID: 25691143 PMCID: PMC4412611 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe an analytical methodology to obtain high sensitivity and better resolution through the study of fluorometric excitation (λex) and emission (λem) spectrum wavelengths of OPA-amino acids. The spectrum emission study revealed a maximum signal peak at 450 nm for aspartate and glutamine. For glycine, taurine, and GABA, the maximum signal peak was at 448 and for glutamate at 452 nm. The remaining amino acids analyzed showed a maximum emission around 450 nm. The best signal obtained within the spectrum excitation experiments was using 229- to 450-nm λex-λem. The drawbacks observed at these wavelengths were a baseline drift and negative peaks occurrence. Thus, the excitation wavelength of 240 nm was chosen (240- to 450-nm λex-λem) as a compromise between a very good signal response and a baseline stability to resolve the 18 amino acids studied. Furthermore, this protocol was properly validated. On the other hand, the elution gradient program used for neuroactive amino acids (aspartate, glutamate, glycine, taurine and GABA) showed separation to the baseline, in a 15-min run in all of them. Other amino acids, up to 18, also exhibited a very good separation in a 25-min run. In conclusion, we propose the use of 240- to 450-nm λex-λem wavelengths, in OPA-amino acids analysis, as the most suitable protocol to obtain the best signal response, maintaining an optimum chromatographic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Perucho
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Neurobiology-Research Service, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar, km 9,1, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Gonzalo-Gobernado
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Neurobiology-Research Service, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar, km 9,1, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Bazan
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Neurobiology-Research Service, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar, km 9,1, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. J. Casarejos
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Neurobiology-Research Service, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar, km 9,1, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Jiménez-Escrig
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Neurobiology-Research Service, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar, km 9,1, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. J. Asensio
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Neurobiology-Research Service, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar, km 9,1, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. S. Herranz
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Neurobiology-Research Service, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar, km 9,1, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Abe Y, Ohkuri T, Yoshitomi S, Murakami S, Ueda T. Role of the osmolyte taurine on the folding of a model protein, hen egg white lysozyme, under a crowding condition. Amino Acids 2015; 47:909-15. [PMID: 25604803 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1918-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Taurine is one of the osmolytes that maintain the structure of proteins in cells exposed to denaturing environmental stressors. Recently, cryoelectron tomographic analysis of eukaryotic cells has revealed that their cytoplasms are crowded with proteins. Such crowding conditions would be expected to hinder the efficient folding of nascent polypeptide chains. Therefore, we examined the role of taurine on the folding of denatured and reduced lysozyme, as a model protein, under a crowding condition. The results confirmed that taurine had a better effect on protein folding than did β-alanine, which has a similar chemical structure, when the protein to be folded was present at submillimolar concentration. NMR analyses further revealed that under the crowding condition, taurine had more interactions than did β-alanine with the lysozyme molecule in both the folded and denatured states. We concluded that taurine improves the folding of the reduced lysozyme at submillimolar concentration to allow it to interact more favorably with the lysozyme molecule. Thus, the role of taurine, as an osmolyte in vivo, may be to assist in the efficient folding of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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32
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Roshchupkin DI, Kondrashova KV, Murina MA. [Molecular characteristics and prediction of the reactive properties of the N-chlorotaurine analogs]. Biofizika 2014; 59:1045-1050. [PMID: 25715608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A number of molecular characteristics for the N-chlorotaurine structural analogs, amino acid chloramines and relative compounds have been computed by the ab initio method B3LYP/6-31G. In particular, the characteristics were the Mulliken atomic charges for the chloramine part and its adjacent atoms. A quantitative measure of the capabilities of the chloramines to react with the methionine sulfide group or sulfhydryl group of reduced glutathione was their reaction rate constants. The constants available in literature and determined in own experiments have been depicted with an exponential equation of multiple correlation. In the case of a reaction with methionine, the high determination coefficient (R2) was obtained with five independent variables. They were the charges of active chlorine, nitrogen, carbon bonded with nitrogen, a bond length between nitrogen and carbon atoms, and also molecular mass. The equation has been used to predict the rate constant values for the reaction between compounds that contain active chlorine and methionine. The prediction has showed that structural analogs of N-chlorotaurine bearing two methyl groups at beta-carbon of taurine are remarkable for the low value of the discussed rate constant.
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33
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Danchenko NM, Vesel'skyĭ SP, Tsudzevych BO. [Correlations of bile acids in the bile of rats in conditions of alloxan induced diabetes melitus]. Ukr Biochem J 2014; 86:147-153. [PMID: 25816615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ratio of bile acids in the bile of rats with alloxan diabetes was investigated using the method of thin-layer chromatography. Changes of coefficients of conjugation and hydroxylation of bile acids were calculated and analyzed in half-hour samples of bile obtained during the 3-hour experiment. It has been found that the processes of conjugation of cholic acid with glycine and taurine are inhibited in alloxan diabetes. At the same time a significant increase of free threehydroxycholic and dixydroxycholic bile acids and conjugates of the latter ones with taurine has been registered. Coefficients of hydroxylation in alloxan diabetes show the domination of "acidic" pathway in bile acid biosynthesis that is tightly connected with the activity of mitochondrial enzymes.
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Lu KY, Lin CW, Hsu CH, Ho YC, Chuang EY, Sung HW, Mi FL. FRET-based dual-emission and pH-responsive nanocarriers for enhanced delivery of protein across intestinal epithelial cell barrier. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:18275-18289. [PMID: 25260022 DOI: 10.1021/am505441p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The oral route is a convenient and commonly employed way for drug delivery. However, therapeutic proteins have poor bioavailability upon oral administration due to the impermeable barrier from intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ). Moreover, the pH of the small intestine varies among different regions of the intestinal tract where digestion and absorption occur at different levels. In this study, a tunable dual-emitting and pH-responsive nanocarrier that can alter the fluorescent color and emission intensity in response to pH changes and can trigger the opening of intestinal epithelial TJ at different levels were developed from chitosan-N-arginine and poly(γ-glutamic acid)-taurine conjugates. As pH increased from 6.0 to 8.0, the binding affinity of the oppositely charged polyions decreased, whereas the ratio of the intensity of the donor-to-acceptor emission intensity (ID/IA) increased by 27-fold. The fluorescent and pH-responsive nanocarrier was able to monitor the pH change of intestinal environment and to control the release of an anti-angiogenic protein in response to the pH gradient. The nanocarrier triggered the opening of intestinal epithelial TJ and consequently enhanced the permeation of the released protein through the intestinal epithelial barrier model (Caco-2 cell monolayer) to inhibit tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ying Lu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology , Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
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35
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Benskin JP, Ikonomou MG, Liu J, Veldhoen N, Dubetz C, Helbing CC, Cosgrove JR. Distinctive metabolite profiles in in-migrating Sockeye salmon suggest sex-linked endocrine perturbation. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:11670-11678. [PMID: 25198612 DOI: 10.1021/es503266x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The health of Skeena River Sockeye salmon (Onchorhychus nerka) has been of increasing concern due to declining stock returns over the past decade. In the present work, in-migrating Sockeye from the 2008 run were evaluated using a mass spectrometry-based, targeted metabolomics platform. Our objectives were to (a) investigate natural changes in a subset of the hepatic metabolome arising from migration-associated changes in osmoregulation, locomotion, and gametogenesis, and (b) compare the resultant profiles with animals displaying altered hepatic vitellogenin A (vtg) expression at the spawning grounds, which was previously hypothesized as a marker of xenobiotic exposure. Of 203 metabolites monitored, 95 were consistently observed in Sockeye salmon livers and over half of these changed significantly during in-migration. Among the most dramatic changes in both sexes were a decrease in concentrations of taurine (a major organic osmolyte), carnitine (involved in fatty acid transport), and two major polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid). In females, an increase in amino acids was attributed to protein catabolism associated with vitellogenesis. Animals with atypical vtg mRNA expression demonstrated unusual hepatic amino acid, fatty acid, taurine, and carnitine profiles. The cause of these molecular perturbations remains unclear, but may include xenobiotic exposure, natural senescence, and/or interindividual variability. These data provide a benchmark for further investigation into the long-term health of migrating Skeena Sockeye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Benskin
- AXYS Analytical Services Ltd. 2045 Mills Road West, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 5X2, Canada
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Luo S, Uehara H, Shacter E. Taurine chloramine-induced inactivation of cofilin protein through methionine oxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 75:84-94. [PMID: 25058340 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cofilin regulates reorganization of actin filaments (F-actin) in eukaryotes. A recent finding has demonstrated that oxidation of cofilin by taurine chloramine (TnCl), a physiological oxidant derived from neutrophils, causes cofilin to translocate to the mitochondria inducing apoptosis (F. Klamt et al. Nat. Cell Biol.11:1241-1246; 2009). Here we investigated the effect of TnCl on biological activities of cofilin in vitro. Our data show that TnCl-induced oxidation of recombinant human cofilin-1 inhibits its F-actin-binding and depolymerization activities. Native cofilin contains four free Cys and three Met residues. Incubation of oxidized cofilin with DTT does not lead to its reactivation. A double Cys to Ala mutation on the two C-terminal Cys shows similar biological activities as the wild type, but does not prevent the TnCl-induced inactivation. In contrast, incubation of oxidized cofilin with methionine sulfoxide reductases results in its reactivation. Phosphorylation is known to inhibit cofilin activities. We found that Met oxidation also prevents phosphorylation of cofilin, which is reversed by incubating oxidized cofilin with methionine sulfoxide reductases. Interestingly, intact protein mass spectrometry of the oxidized mutant indicated one major oxidation product with an additional mass of 16 Da, consistent with oxidation of one specific Met residue. This residue was identified as Met-115 by peptide mapping and tandem mass spectrometry. It is adjacent to Lys-114, a known residue on globular-actin-binding site, implying that oxidation of Met-115 disrupts the globular-actin-binding site of cofilin, which causes TnCl-induced inactivation. The findings identify Met-115 as a redox switch on cofilin that regulates its biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Luo
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Hiroshi Uehara
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Emily Shacter
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Li M, Kong LL, Gou Y, Yang F, Liang H. DNA binding, cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction activity of a mixed-ligand copper(II) complex with taurine Schiff base and imidazole. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 128:686-693. [PMID: 24699287 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel binuclear copper(II) complex (complex 1) with taurine Schiff base and imidazole has been synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, ESI-MS spectrometry, UV-vis and IR spectroscopy. Single-crystal analysis revealed that 1 displays the sulfonate-bridged dinuclear copper(II) centers. Both copper atoms are five-coordinated and exhibit slightly distorted square pyramidal geometries. Each of copper atom is surrounded by three oxygen atoms and one nitrogen atom from different taurine Schiff base ligands, and one nitrogen atom from one imidazole ligand. The interaction between 1 and calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was investigated by UV-vis, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) spectra and agarose gel electrophoresis. The experimental results indicated that 1 could bind to CT-DNA via an intercalative mode and show efficient cleavage activity. In addition, 1 showed an antitumor effect on cell cycle and apoptosis. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that MGC-803 cells were arrested in the S phase after treatment with 1. Fluorescence microscopic observation indicated that 1 could induce apoptosis of MGC-803 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Lin Lin Kong
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Gou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Hong Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.
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Petrova YS, Neudachina LK, Mekhaev AV, Pestov AV. Simple synthesis and chelation capacity of N-(2-sulfoethyl)chitosan, a taurine derivative. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 112:462-8. [PMID: 25129768 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a simple and effective synthesis method of N-(2-sulfoethyl)chitosan (NSE-chitosan) via a reaction between sodium 2-bromoethanesulfonate and chitosan that allows polymer transformation without using additional reagents and organic solvents. The chemical structure of the obtained NSE-chitosan was characterized by FT-IR and (1)H NMR spectroscopies. Thermogravimetric study of NSE-chitosan coupled with FT-IR analysis has shown stability of the polymer up to 200 °C, which almost does not change with the increase of degree of substitution (DS). The sorption of transition and alkaline earth metal ions from multicomponent solutions on NSE-chitosan was investigated. The synthesized sorbents showed the selective recovery of silver(I) and copper(II) ions from ammonium acetate buffer solution. The increase of DS enhanced the selectivity to silver(I) ions sorption in comparison with copper(II) ions. Selectivity coefficients K(Ag/Cu) increase from 1.3 to 10.9 with DS increasing up to 0.7 (ammonium acetate buffer solution, pH 6.5). Sorption isotherms of transition metal ions on NSE-chitosan with DS = 0.5 have been fitted using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich-Peterson models. The maximum sorption capacities of sorbent in ammonium acetate buffer solution at pH 6.0 were 1.72 mmol/g for Cu(II), 1.23 mmol/g for Ag(I) and below 0.5 mmol/g for Co(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Mn(II) and Ni(II) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia S Petrova
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 620002, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ludmila K Neudachina
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 620002, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexandr V Mekhaev
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexandr V Pestov
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 620002, Yekaterinburg, Russia; I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Yekaterinburg, Russia.
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Wewalka M, Patti ME, Barbato C, Houten SM, Goldfine AB. Fasting serum taurine-conjugated bile acids are elevated in type 2 diabetes and do not change with intensification of insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:1442-51. [PMID: 24432996 PMCID: PMC5393473 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bile acids (BAs) are newly recognized signaling molecules in glucose and energy homeostasis. Differences in BA profiles with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) remain incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to assess serum BA composition in impaired glucose-tolerant, T2D, and normal glucose-tolerant persons and to monitor the effects of improving glycemia on serum BA composition in T2D patients. DESIGN AND SETTING This was a cross-sectional cohort study in a general population (cohort 1) and nonrandomized intervention (cohort 2). PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS Ninety-nine volunteers underwent oral glucose tolerance testing, and 12 persons with T2D and hyperglycemia underwent 8 weeks of intensification of treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum free BA and respective taurine and glycine conjugates were measured by HPLC tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Oral glucose tolerance testing identified 62 normal-, 25 impaired glucose-tolerant, and 12 T2D persons. Concentrations of total taurine-conjugated BA were higher in T2D and intermediate in impaired- compared with normal glucose-tolerant persons (P = .009). Univariate regression revealed a positive association between total taurine-BA and fasting glucose (R = 0.37, P < .001), postload glucose (R = 0.31, P < .002), hemoglobin A1c (R = 0.26, P < .001), fasting insulin (R = 0.21, P = .03), and homeostatic model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (R = 0.26, P = .01) and an inverse association with oral disposition index (R = -0.36, P < .001). Insulin-mediated glycemic improvement in T2D patients did not change fasting serum total BA or BA composition. CONCLUSION Fasting taurine-conjugated BA concentrations are higher in T2D and intermediate in impaired compared with normal glucose-tolerant persons and are associated with fasting and postload glucose. Serum BAs are not altered in T2D in response to improved glycemia. Further study may elucidate whether this pattern of taurine-BA conjugation can be targeted to provide novel therapeutic approaches to treat T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Wewalka
- Joslin Diabetes Center (M.W., M.-E.P., C.B., A.B.G.), Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Harvard Medical School (M.W., M.-E.P., A.B.G.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (S.M.H.), Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The conjugation of taurine with a dipeptide derivative affords a cell compatible, small molecular hydrogelator to form hydrogels that exhibit rich phase transition behaviors in response to sonication and the change of pH or temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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Fang T, Cao Z, Li J, Shen W, Huang L. Auxin-induced hydrogen sulfide generation is involved in lateral root formation in tomato. Plant Physiol Biochem 2014; 76:44-51. [PMID: 24463534 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Similar to auxin, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), mainly produced by l-cysteine desulfhydrase (DES; EC 4.4.1.1) in plants, could induce lateral root formation. The objective of this study was to test whether H2S is also involved in auxin-induced lateral root development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings. We observed that auxin depletion-induced down-regulation of transcripts of SlDES1, decreased DES activity and endogenous H2S contents, and the inhibition of lateral root formation were rescued by sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, an H2S donor). However, No additive effects were observed when naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was co-treated with NaHS (lower than 10 mM) in the induction of lateral root formation. Subsequent work revealed that a treatment with NAA or NaHS could simultaneously induce transcripts of SlDES1, DES activity and endogenous H2S contents, and thereafter the stimulation of lateral root formation. It was further confirmed that H2S or HS(-), not the other sulfur-containing components derived from NaHS, was attributed to the stimulative action. The inhibition of lateral root formation and decreased of H2S metabolism caused by an H2S scavenger hypotaurine (HT) were reversed by NaHS, but not NAA. Molecular evidence revealed that both NaHS- or NAA-induced modulation of some cell cycle regulatory genes, including the up-regulation of SlCDKA;1, SlCYCA2;1, together with simultaneous down-regulation of SlKRP2, were differentially reversed by HT pretreatment. To summarize, above results clearly suggested that H2S might, at least partially, act as a downstream component of auxin signaling to trigger lateral root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zeyu Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiale Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenbiao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liqin Huang
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Roychoudhury A, Bieker A, Häussinger D, Oesterhelt F. Membrane protein stability depends on the concentration of compatible solutes--a single molecule force spectroscopic study. Biol Chem 2014; 394:1465-74. [PMID: 24021596 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Compatible solutes are small, uncharged, zwitter ionic, osmotically active molecules produced and accumulated by microorganisms inside their cell to counteract different kinds of environmental stress. They enhance protein stability without interfering with the metabolic pathways even at molar concentrations. In this paper, we report the stabilizing effects of compatible solutes, ectoine, betaine and taurine on membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin at different concentrations. Using atomic force microscopy based single molecule force spectroscopy the impact of the osmolytes was quantified by measuring the forces required to pull the protein out of the membrane and the change in the persistence lengths of the unfolded polypeptide chain. Increase in unfolding forces were observed, indicating the strengthening of intramolecular interactions, which are vital for protein stability. The decrease in persistence lengths was recorded and showed increasing tendencies of the polypeptide strand to coil up. Interestingly, it was revealed that these molecules have different stabilizing effects on protein unfolding at different concentrations. The results show that the unfolding of single protein provides insight to the structure-dynamic relationship between the protein and compatible solute molecules at sub-nanometer scale. This also helps to understand the molecular mechanism involved in protein stabilization by organic osmolytes.
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Murzaeva SV, Belova SP, Mironova GD. [Determination of the antioxidant properties of activators of mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channels with the Amplex Red fluorescent indicator]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 49:345-52. [PMID: 24455859 DOI: 10.7868/s0555109913040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of adaptogens-antihypoxants that participate in the activation of mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channels (mitoK(ATP)) at the oxidation of the Amplex Red (AR) fluorescent indicator in a peroxidase system was tested. It was shown that Extralife, Hypoxen, taurine, and synthetic antioxidant ionol can be arranged in the following row, according to the fluorescence inhibition activity: Extralife > Hypoxen > > ionol > taurine; their effect was shown to be concentration-dependent. The calculated K(i) value of fluorescence indicators demonstrate fast and slow phases of inhibition of the AR oxidation by Extralife and Hypoxen. The fast phase occurs in the presence of microdoses (0.05-3 microg/mL) of adaptogens and is related to the competition for H2O2, which is in agreement with our previous data on the mitoK(ATP) activation by doses of adaptogens related to the H2O2 consumption. The slow phase is characteristic of high adaptogen and ionol concentrations and is related to the competition for phenoxyl radicals of resorufin formed during AR oxidation. The obtained results allow one to suggest the application of a highly sensitive model peroxidase system with AR for the preliminary testing of compounds activating mitoK(ATP) channels.
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Kumar N, Thomas S, Tokas RB, Kshirsagar RJ. Investigation on the adsorption characteristics of sodium benzoate and taurine on gold nanoparticle film by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 118:614-8. [PMID: 24091347 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies of sodium benzoate and taurine adsorbed on gold nanoparticle (AuNp) film on silanised glass slides have been studied by attenuated total reflection technique (ATR). The surface morphology of the AuNp films has been measured by Atomic Force Microscopy. The ATR spectra of sodium benzoate and taurine deposited on AuNp film are compared with ATR spectra of their powdered bulk samples. A new red-shifted band appeared along with the symmetric and asymmetric stretches of carboxylate group of sodium benzoate leading to a broadening of the above peaks. Similar behavior is also seen in the case of symmetric and asymmetric stretches of sulphonate group of taurine. The results indicate presence of both chemisorbed and physisorbed layers of both sodium benzoate and taurine on the AuNp film with bottom layer chemically bound to AuNp through carboxylate and sulphonate groups respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- High Pressure & Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
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Jeon JE, Liao L, Kim H, Sim CJ, Oh DC, Oh KB, Shin J. Cytotoxic diterpenoid pseudodimers from the Korean sponge Phorbas gukhulensis. J Nat Prod 2013; 76:1679-1685. [PMID: 24025124 DOI: 10.1021/np400389c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Four new cytotoxic diterpenoid pseudodimers (2-5), along with a previously reported one, gukulenin A (1), were isolated from the marine sponge Phorbas gukhulensis collected off the coast of Gagu-do, Korea. These novel compounds, designated gukulenins C-F (2-5), were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses to be pseudodimers of the gagunins, like gukulenin A. The termini of the tropolone-containing side chains in gukulenins C-E (2-4) were found to have diverse modifications involving acetamides or taurine, whereas gukulenin F (5) was formed from 1 by the ring-opening of a cyclic hemiketal. The relative and absolute configurations were assigned by Murata's and modified Snatzke's methods using a HETLOC experiment and a CD measurement of a dimolybdenum complex, respectively. All of these compounds exhibited significant cytotoxicity against the K562 and A549 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-eun Jeon
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Casey TM, Grzyska PK, Hausinger RP, McCracken J. Measuring the orientation of taurine in the active site of the non-heme Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine hydroxylase (TauD) using electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:10384-94. [PMID: 23937570 PMCID: PMC3854568 DOI: 10.1021/jp404743d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The position and orientation of taurine near the non-heme Fe(II) center of the α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent taurine hydroxylase (TauD) was measured using Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopy. TauD solutions containing Fe(II), α-KG, and natural abundance taurine or specifically deuterated taurine were prepared anaerobically and treated with nitric oxide (NO) to make an S = 3/2 {FeNO}(7) complex that is suitable for robust analysis with EPR spectroscopy. Using ratios of ESEEM spectra collected for TauD samples having natural abundance taurine or deuterated taurine, (1)H and (14)N modulations were filtered out of the spectra and interactions with specific deuterons on taurine could be studied separately. The Hamiltonian parameters used to calculate the amplitudes and line shapes of frequency spectra containing isolated deuterium ESEEM were obtained with global optimization algorithms. Additional statistical analysis was performed to validate the interpretation of the optimized parameters. The strongest (2)H hyperfine coupling was to a deuteron on the C1 position of taurine and was characterized by an effective dipolar distance of 3.90 ± 0.25 Å from the {FeNO}(7) paramagnetic center. The principal axes of this C1-(2)H hyperfine coupling and nuclear quadrupole interaction tensors were found to make angles of 26 ± 5 and 52 ± 17°, respectively, with the principal axis of the {FeNO}(7) zero-field splitting tensor. These results are discussed within the context of the orientation of substrate taurine prior to the initiation of hydrogen abstraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Casey
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI-48824
| | - Piotr K. Grzyska
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI-48824
| | - Robert P. Hausinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI-48824
| | - John McCracken
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI-48824
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Khan S, Bano Z, Singh LR, Hassan MI, Islam A, Ahmad F. Testing the ability of non-methylamine osmolytes present in kidney cells to counteract the deleterious effects of urea on structure, stability and function of proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72533. [PMID: 24039776 PMCID: PMC3767660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human kidney cells are under constant urea stress due to its urine concentrating mechanism. It is believed that the deleterious effect of urea is counteracted by methylamine osmolytes (glycine betaine and glycerophosphocholine) present in kidney cells. A question arises: Do the stabilizing osmolytes, non-methylamines (myo-inositol, sorbitol and taurine) present in the kidney cells also counteract the deleterious effects of urea? To answer this question, we have measured structure, thermodynamic stability (ΔG D (o)) and functional activity parameters (K m and k cat) of different model proteins in the presence of various concentrations of urea and each non-methylamine osmolyte alone and in combination. We observed that (i) for each protein myo-inositol provides perfect counteraction at 1∶2 ([myo-inositol]:[urea]) ratio, (ii) any concentration of sorbitol fails to refold urea denatured proteins if it is six times less than that of urea, and (iii) taurine regulates perfect counteraction in a protein specific manner; 1.5∶2.0, 1.2∶2.0 and 1.0∶2.0 ([taurine]:[urea]) ratios for RNase-A, lysozyme and α-lactalbumin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeza Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Zehra Bano
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Laishram R. Singh
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Parsons BJ, Sibanda S, Heyes DJ, Paterson AWJ. Reaction of superoxide radicals with glycosaminoglycan chloramides: a kinetic study. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:111-8. [PMID: 23517781 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid and its acid-base counterpart, hypochlorite ions, produced under inflammatory conditions, may produce chloramides of glycosaminoglycans, perhaps through the binding of myeloperoxidase directly to the glycosaminoglycans. The N-Cl group in the chloramides is a potential target for reducing species such as Cu(I) and superoxide radicals. Laser flash photolysis has been used here to obtain, for the first time, the rate constants for the direct reaction of superoxide radicals with the chloramides of hyaluronan and heparin. The rate constants were in the range 2.2-2.7 × 10(3)M(-1)s(-1). The rate constant for the reaction with the amino acid taurine was found to be much lower, at 3.5-4.0 × 10(2)M(-1)s(-1). This demonstration that superoxide anion radicals react directly with hyaluronan and heparin chloramides may support the mechanism first proposed by M.D. Rees et al. (Biochem. J.381, 175-184, 2004) for an efficient fragmentation of these glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Parsons
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK.
| | - S Sibanda
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK
| | - D J Heyes
- Faculty of Life Science, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - A W J Paterson
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK
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Karanova MV. [Phosphoethanolamine in the brain of the eurythermal pond fish Perccottus glehni (Eleotridae, Perciformes, Dyb. 1877) as a phenomenon depending on temperature factor]. Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 2013; 49:195-202. [PMID: 24450220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Effects of a seasonal decrease of environmental temperature and cold shock on pools of free amino acids (FAA) was studied in brain of the eurythermal pond fish P. glehni. It is for the first time that in the brain of eurythermal animals the nonprotein amino acid phosphoethanolamine (PEA) was revealed. It was found there in a large amount only under conditions of near-zero temperatures. It was shown that in the P. glehni brain, as a result of the seasonal decrease of temperature, the PEA pool rose intensively from 0.3 % at the summer period to 33.6 % in winter. On the contrary, the brain taurine pool that in the summer was the highest as compared with other FAA (29.0% of the total pool) decreased to 8.9% by the beginning of the winter period. The same negative correlation of the taurine and PEA amounts was found under action of acute cold shock (+1 degree C): throughout 4 days the taurine level also decreased from 32.2 to 14.5% of the total pool, whereas the PEA level rose swiftly (from 2.1 to 15.3%). Both kinds of the low temperature action led, apart from PEA, to an intensive increase of the serine pool and accumulation of phosphoserine. Role of PEA in biochemical evolution and adaptation of brain to low temperatures is discussed. It is suggested that accumulation of PEA, phosphoserine, and serine is associated with a change of the status of phospholipids of membrane at low temperatures.
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Chen T, Zang J, Wang H, Nie H, Wang X, Shen Z, Tang S, Yang J, Jia G. Water-soluble taurine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce less damage to mitochondria of RAW 264.7 cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2012; 12:8008-8016. [PMID: 23421171 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2012.6593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are increasingly used and many studies have already showed their cytotoxicity in different kinds of cell lines, while their mechanism is not fully understood. Mitochondria are the relatively sensitive organelle in response to the stress challenged by the exogenous chemicals. The study aimed to evaluate mitochondrial injury and cytotoxicity in mouse peritoneal macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) induced by the water-soluble taurine functionalized MWCNTs (tau-MWCNTs) and pristine raw MWCNTs (raw-MWCNTs). The different concentrations including 0, 5, 20, 40 and 80 microg/ml for both kinds of MWCNTs were adopted. The cytotoxicity and the mitochondrial function were assessed after 12 h and 24 h treatment. The results revealed that both MWCNTs could produce significantly dose-dependent cytotoxicity and mitochondrial injury including the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and the increase of cytoplasm Ca2+ content. The activities of adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) and succinodehydrogenase (SDH) of mitochondria were all inhibited after MWCNTs treatment. In conclusion, MWCNTs could lead to mitochondrial injury, which might be one possible pathway of apoptotic cell induction. The findings that tau-MWCNTs exhibited less toxicity compared with raw-MWCNTs support a useful approach to reduce the toxicity of MWCNTs by surface-functionization with taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
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