The effect of the SIRT1 2827 A>G polymorphism, resveratrol, exercise, age and occupation in Turkish population with cardiovascular disease

Personalizing Dietary Polyphenols for Health Maintenance and Disease Management: A Nutrigenetic Approach

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW

This literature review provides examples of the influence of certain genetic variants on health outcomes after dietary polyphenol consumption or supplementation. Available evidence is organized according to the major classes of polyphenols (flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, lignans, and tannins) and their derived subgroups.

RECENT FINDINGS

Nutrigenetic studies have identified mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms located within genes involved in the biotransformation of phenolic acids, stilbenes, lignans and several flavonoid molecules. These genetic variants may affect polyphenol metabolism rates and related predisposition to chronic non-communicable diseases. Moreover, differential cardiometabolic outcomes upon polyphenol supplementation as dietary sources or nutraceuticals have been modulated by specific genotypes. Although current evidence is still limited, growing gene-polyphenol interactions are contributing to systematically elucidate the biological functions of polyphenols; determine individual risk phenotypes to specific diseases or particular responses upon polyphenol exposure; and facilitate the prescription of personalized genotype-based doses of dietary polyphenols to optimize related health benefits. Additionally, the integration of genetics with other omics insights (epigenomics, transcriptomics, metagenomics, and metabolomics) trough biological systems and high-dimensional data analyses and interpretation may provide a more comprehensive understanding of polyphenol metabolism for precision nutrition applications in health and disease.

The mitochondrial protease ClpP is a druggable target that controls VSMC phenotype by a SIRT1-dependent mechanism

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), known for their remarkable lifelong phenotypic plasticity, play a pivotal role in vascular pathologies through their ability to transition between different phenotypes. Our group discovered that the deficiency of the mitochondrial protein Poldip2 induces VSMC differentiation both in vivo and in vitro. Further comprehensive biochemical investigations revealed Poldip2's specific interaction with the mitochondrial ATPase caseinolytic protease chaperone subunit X (CLPX), which is the regulatory subunit for the caseinolytic protease proteolytic subunit (ClpP) that forms part of the ClpXP complex - a proteasome-like protease evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to humans. This interaction limits the protease's activity, and reduced Poldip2 levels lead to ClpXP complex activation. This finding prompted the hypothesis that ClpXP complex activity within the mitochondria may regulate the VSMC phenotype. Employing gain-of-function and loss-of-function strategies, we demonstrated that ClpXP activity significantly influences the VSMC phenotype. Notably, both genetic and pharmacological activation of ClpXP inhibits VSMC plasticity and fosters a quiescent, differentiated, and anti-inflammatory VSMC phenotype. The pharmacological activation of ClpP using TIC10, currently in phase III clinical trials for cancer, successfully replicates this phenotype both in vitro and in vivo and markedly reduces aneurysm development in a mouse model of elastase-induced aortic aneurysms. Our mechanistic exploration indicates that ClpP activation regulates the VSMC phenotype by modifying the cellular NAD+/NADH ratio and activating Sirtuin 1. Our findings reveal the crucial role of mitochondrial proteostasis in the regulation of the VSMC phenotype and propose the ClpP protease as a novel, actionable target for manipulating the VSMC phenotype.

A Potential Role for Sirtuin-1 in Alzheimer's Disease: Reviewing the Biological and Environmental Evidence

Sirtuin-1 (Sirt1), encoded by the SIRT1 gene, is a conserved Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) dependent deacetylase enzyme, considered as the master regulator of metabolism in humans. Sirt1 contributes to a wide range of biological pathways via several mechanisms influenced by lifestyle, such as diet and exercise. The importance of a healthy lifestyle is of relevance to highly prevalent modern chronic diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is growing evidence at multiple levels for a role of Sirt1/SIRT1 in AD pathological mechanisms. As such, this review will explore the relevance of Sirt1 to AD pathological mechanisms, by describing the involvement of Sirt1/SIRT1 in the development of AD pathological hallmarks, through its impact on the metabolism of amyloid-β and degradation of phosphorylated tau. We then explore the involvement of Sirt1/SIRT1 across different AD-relevant biological processes, including cholesterol metabolism, inflammation, circadian rhythm, and gut microbiome, before discussing the interplay between Sirt1 and AD-related lifestyle factors, such as diet, physical activity, and smoking, as well as depression, a common comorbidity. Genome-wide association studies have explored potential associations between SIRT1 and AD, as well as AD risk factors and co-morbidities. We summarize this evidence at the genetic level to highlight links between SIRT1 and AD, particularly associations with AD-related risk factors, such as heart disease. Finally, we review the current literature of potential interactions between SIRT1 genetic variants and lifestyle factors and how this evidence supports the need for further research to determine the relevance of these interactions with respect to AD and dementia.

Histone deacetylase 1, Sirtuin 1, and Sirtuin 3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and the risk of endometriosis in South Indian women

The aim of the study was to investigate the association between Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), and Sirtuin3 (SIRT3) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and risk of endometriosis in South Indian women. A total of 300 subjects were recruited in this case-control study comprising 150 affected women and 150 women with no evidence of disease. All the subjects were of South Indian origin. The genotyping of HDAC1, SIRT1, and SIRT3 SNPs (rs1741981T/C, rs144124002A/G, and rs536715G/A) was carried out on DNA from subjects by PCR-RFLP and sequencing analysis. The genotype (p = .00782) and allele (p = .02561) frequencies of the HDAC1 rs1741981 polymorphism showed significant difference between cases and controls. In contrast, SIRT1 (rs144124002) and SIRT3 (rs536715) SNPs did not show significant association with the disease. The HDAC1 polymorphism may constitute a heritable risk factor for endometriosis in South Indian women. To date, there is no reported study on the association of polymorphisms in HDAC1, SIRT1, and SIRT3 with endometriosis risk. Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? Endometriosis is a benign gynaecological disease characterised by the implantation of functional endometrial tissue at ectopic positions, associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation. Epigenetic mechanisms are essential for normal development and maintenance of tissue-specific gene expression patterns. Histone modification, including deacetylation of lysine residues by HDACs, is a key epigenetic mechanism of gene expression regulation in endometriosis, therefore genetic variation in HDACs causing epigenetic control defects might lead to disease susceptibility.What do the results of this study add? Our study shows that the HDAC1 SNP is significantly associated with endometriosis in South Indian women, whereas the SNPs of SIRT1 and SIRT3 could not show any association with the disease.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The polymorphism of HDAC1 rs1741981 could be used as an important marker of genetic susceptibility to endometriosis development. Analysis of this SNP might help to identify patients at high risk for disease outcome.

Association of Sirtuin 1 Gene Polymorphisms with the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Chinese Han Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

AIMS

To explore the associations between polymorphisms in SIRT1 and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in Chinese Han patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

METHODS

This case-controlled study enrolled 492 patients with T2D: 297 with CHD and 195 without CHD. Five SIRT1 haplotype-tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3818291, rs12242965, rs3818292, rs4746720, and rs16924934) were selected from Chinese Han data in the GRCh37.p13 phase 3 database and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fraction length polymorphism or sequencing.

RESULTS

The rs16924934 G allele was associated with a higher risk of CHD than the A allele (odds ratio (OR) = 1.429; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.003-2.037; P = 0.048). Using an additive inheritance model, the rs3818291 G/A genotype was associated with a higher CHD risk than the G/G genotype (OR' = 1.683; 95%CI = 1.033-2.743; P' = 0.037 after adjustment for CHD risk factors). Smokers carrying G/A or A/A rs3818291 genotypes had a 3-fold higher CHD risk than those carrying GG (adjusted OR' = 3.035; P' = 0.011) and a 2.6-fold higher CHD risk than nonsmokers carrying GG (adjusted OR' = 2.604; P' = 0.033).

CONCLUSIONS

Genetic polymorphisms of SIRT1 are associated with the risk of CHD in a Chinese Han population with T2D.

Obesity Measures as Predictors of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases among the Jordanian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

Obesity is strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to use obesity measures, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) to predict the CVD and T2D risk and to determine the best predictor of these diseases among Jordanian adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the governmental and military hospitals across Jordan. The study participants were healthy or previously diagnosed with CVD or T2D. The continuous variables were compared using ANOVA, and the categorical variables were compared using the X2 test. The multivariate logistic regression was used to predict CVD and T2D risk through their association with BMI and WC. The final sample consisted of 6000 Jordanian adults with a mean age of 41.5 ± 14.7 years, 73.6% females. The BMI (OR = 1.7, CI: 1.30-2.30, p < 0.001) was associated with a higher risk of T2D compared to WC (OR = 1.3, CI: 1.04-1.52, p = 0.016). However, our results showed that BMI was not associated with CVD risk, while the WC was significantly and positively associated with CVD risk (OR = 1.9, CI: 1.47-2.47, p < 0.001). In conclusion, an elevated BMI predicts a higher risk of T2D, while WC is more efficient in predicting CVD risk. Our results can be used to construct a population-specific intervention to reduce the risk of CVD and T2D among adults in Jordan and other countries with similar backgrounds.

Association of sirtuin 1 gene polymorphisms with nephrolithiasis in Eastern chinese population

Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an NAD⁺-dependent deacylase, has been identified to be associated with renal tubular inflammatory conditions and metabolic disorders, which are risk factors of nephrolithiasis. To further confirm the role of the SIRT1 in kidney stone formation, the expression of SIRT1 was analyzed based on a mouse model and the genetic polymorphisms of SIRT1 gene was compared between patients with kidney stones and controls. The calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal-induced renal injury model was established to analyzed the expression of SIRT1 in the kidney tissue of both wild-type and ApoE(−/−) mice. And a total of 430 Eastern Chinese subjects (215 patients with nephrolithiasis and 215 age- and gender-matched controls) were recruited for the present study to investigate the associations between 6 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (i.e., rs10509291, rs3740051, rs932658, rs33957861, rs3818292 and rs1467568) in the SIRT1 gene and the incidence of kidney stones. Pairwise linkage disequilibrium and the haplotypes of the 6 SNPs were also analyzed. The genotypes of SIRT1 gene polymorphisms were analyzed by a Snapshot assay. Reduced expression of SIRT1 was observed in the kidney of the mice in the crystal group, revealing the potential role of SIRT1 in the nephrolithiasis. However, we did not find a significant association between the 6 SNPs of the SIRT1 gene and kidney stone formation in the Eastern Chinese population.

SIRT1 gene polymorphisms and risk of lung cancer

Objective

Lung cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, is influenced by a wide variety of environmental and genetic risk factors. The silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 10 (10q21.3) and has been shown to play crucial roles in lung cancer development in previous studies. In this study, we determined whether variation in the SIRT1 gene is associated with lung cancer in Chinese population.

Methods

The case–control study comprised 246 controls and 257 non-small cell lung cancer patients, comprising 79 squamous cell carcinoma patients and 124 adenocarcinoma patients. All subjects were from Zhejiang, China. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms of SIRT1 gene were analyzed: rs12778366 (C/T, lies in the 5′ upstream), rs3758391 (C/T, lies in the 5′ upstream), rs2273773 (C/T, lies in the coding) and rs4746720 (C/T, lies in the 3′ untranslated region).

Results

No significant difference of allele and genotype frequencies was observed between the different groups. Haplotype association analysis carried out on the four single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the case–control cohort also did not reveal a significant association with lung cancer (P>0.05).

Conclusion

The results suggest the tested SIRT1 gene polymorphisms may not contribute to lung cancer. Further studies are warranted to demonstrate the functional roles of the SIRT1 polymorphism in lung cancer.

SIRT1 Polymorphisms and Serum-Induced SIRT1 Protein Expression in Aging and Frailty: The CHAMP Study

The nutrient sensing protein, SIRT1 influences aging and nutritional interventions such as caloric restriction in animals, however, the role of SIRT1 in human aging remains unclear. Here, the role of SIRT1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and serum-induced SIRT1 protein expression (a novel assay that detects circulating factors that influence SIRT1 expression in vitro) were studied in the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project (CHAMP), a prospective cohort of community dwelling men aged 70 years and older. Serum-induced SIRT1 expression was not associated with age or mortality, however participants within the lowest quintile were less likely to be frail (odds ratio (OR) 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17-0.69, N = 1,309). Serum-induced SIRT1 expression was associated with some markers of body composition and nutrition (height, weight, body fat and lean % mass, albumin, and cholesterol) but not disease. SIRT1 SNPs rs2273773, rs3740051, and rs3758391 showed no association with age, frailty, or mortality but were associated with weight, height, body fat and lean, and albumin levels. There were some weak associations between SIRT1 SNPs and arthritis, heart attack, deafness, and cognitive impairment. There was no association between SIRT1 SNPs and the serum-induced SIRT1 assay. SIRT1 SNPs and serum-induced SIRT1 expression in older men may be more closely associated with nutrition and body composition than aging and age-related conditions.

Sirtuin 1 rs1467568 and rs7895833 in South African Indians with early-onset coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND

Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a class III histone deacetylase, has been identified as a candidate molecule affecting the epigenetic mechanisms of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Previous studies have shown that some SIRT1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with body mass index, diabetes, blood pressure, cholesterol metabolism and coronary artery calcification. We investigated two A>G SIRT1 SNPs, rs1467568 and rs7895833, in young South African (SA) Indians with coronary artery disease (CAD) and compared them to Indian and black controls.

METHODS

For rs1467568, a total of 287 subjects were recruited into this study (104 CAD patients, 99 age-, gender- and race-matched controls, and 84 age- and gender-matched black controls). For rs7895833, a total of 281 subjects were recruited into this study (100 CAD patients, 99 age-, gender- and race-matched controls, and 82 age- and gender-matched black controls). All patients were male, of Indian ethnicity, stable CAD confirmed on angiography, mean age 37.5 years; range 24-45. All subjects were genotyped using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays.

RESULTS

The variant allele for both SNPs was found at a higher frequency in the total Indian group compared to the total black population (rs1467568: 41 vs 18.5%, respectively, p < 0.0001, OR = 3.190, 95% CI: 2.058-40943; and rs7895833: 41 vs 22%, respectively, p < 0.0001, OR = 2.466, 95% CI: 1.620- 3.755). Indian controls presented with a higher frequency for both SNPs compared to black controls (rs1467568: 40 vs 18.5%, respectively, p < 0.0001, OR = 2.996, 95% CI: 1.850- 4.853; and rs7895833: 41 vs 22%, respectively, p < 0.0001, OR = 2.513, 95% CI: 1.578-4.004). No difference was seen in the distribution of both SNPs between CAD patients and either control group. We did not observe any association between the SNPs and clinical parameters in CAD patients and controls.

CONCLUSION

Both SNP variant alleles occurred more frequently in SA Indians than in SA blacks. A larger study group and further analysis is required to assess whether these SIRT1 SNPs may serve as risk factors that contribute to Indians developing early-onset CAD.