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Merlo R, Rodríguez-Chávez Á, Gómez-Castañeda PE, Rojas-Jaramillo A, Petro JL, Kreider RB, Bonilla DA. Profiling the Physical Performance of Young Boxers with Unsupervised Machine Learning: A Cross-Sectional Study. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:131. [PMID: 37505618 PMCID: PMC10384265 DOI: 10.3390/sports11070131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mexico City is the location with the largest number of boxers in Mexico; in fact, it is the first city in the country to open a Technological Baccalaureate in Education and Sports Promotion with a pugilism orientation. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the physical-functional profile of applicants for admission to the baccalaureate in sports. A total of 227 young athletes (44F; 183M; 15.65 (1.79) years; 63.66 (14.98) kg; >3 years of boxing experience) participated in this study. Body mass (BM), maximal isometric handgrip (HG) strength, the height of the countermovement jump (CMJ), the velocity of straight boxing punches (PV), and the rear hand punch impact force (PIF) were measured. The young boxers were profiled using unsupervised machine learning algorithms, and the probability of superiority (ρ) was calculated as the effect size of the differences. K-Medoids clustering resulted in two sex-independent significantly different groups: Profile 1 (n = 118) and Profile 2 (n = 109). Except for BM, Profile 2 was statistically higher (p < 0.001) with a clear distinction in terms of superiority on PIF (ρ = 0.118), the PIF-to-BM ratio (ρ = 0.017), the PIF-to-HG ratio (ρ = 0.079) and the PIF-to-BM+HG ratio (ρ = 0.008). In general, strength levels explained most of the data variation; therefore, it is reasonable to recommend the implementation of tests aimed at assessing the levels of isometric and applied strength in boxing gestures. The identification of these physical-functional profiles might help to differentiate training programs during sports specialization of young boxing athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Merlo
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Leon 37530, Mexico
- Colegio Profesional de Licenciados en Entrenamiento Deportivo (CPLED), Mexico City 03650, Mexico
| | - Ángel Rodríguez-Chávez
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Leon 37530, Mexico
| | - Pedro E Gómez-Castañeda
- Colegio Profesional de Licenciados en Entrenamiento Deportivo (CPLED), Mexico City 03650, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Entrenadores Deportivos, Comisión Nacional de Cultura Física y Deporte, Mexico City 08400, Mexico
| | - Andrés Rojas-Jaramillo
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación CINDA, Instituto Departamental de Deportes de Antioquia (INDEPORTES), Medellín 050034, Colombia
| | - Jorge L Petro
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Diego A Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society-DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
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Cannataro R, Cione E, Gallelli L, Marzullo N, Bonilla DA. Acute Effects of Supervised Making Weight on Health Markers, Hormones and Body Composition in Muay Thai Fighters. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8100137. [PMID: 33081214 PMCID: PMC7602705 DOI: 10.3390/sports8100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Making weight is a practice often used in combat sports. This consists of a rapid weight loss (RWL) and a subsequent rapid weight gain (RWG) in the days preceding competition. However, this practice is often carried out based on anecdotal information provided by ex-athletes or non-professionals, which has led to several adverse events. This study aimed to assess the acute effects of a supervised nutritional period of RWL/RWG on health markers, hormone concentrations, and body composition. We performed a single-arm repeated-measures (baseline, after RWL and after RWG) clinical trial with twenty-one (8F:16M) Italian Muay Thai fighters. Body mass was significantly lower after the RWL (-4.1%) while there was a significantly higher glucose availability after RWL and RWG. Blood urea nitrogen, lipid profile, and creatinine were within the normal range after RWL/RWG. Testosterone decrease significantly after RWL and RWG in the men group. Male fighters had a significant reduction in thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration after the RWL and RWG intervention, but no change was found in women at pre-competition. Bioelectrical parameters were almost fully restored after RWG. An evidence-based and individualized nutrition methodology reduces the adverse events after an RWL and RWG practice, although the impact on the hormonal profile is inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cannataro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Operative Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Magna Graecia, Mater Domini Hospital Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | | | - Diego A. Bonilla
- Research Division, DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110861, Colombia;
- kDNA Genomics®, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
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