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Tsunoda K, Kitamura Y, Urayama K. Transition of rupture mode of strain crystallizing elastomers in tensile edge-crack tests. Soft Matter 2023; 19:1966-1976. [PMID: 36810918 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00060e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We revisit the classical results that the fracture energy density (Wb) of strain crystallizing (SC) elastomers exhibits an abrupt change at a characteristic value () of initial notch length (c0) in tensile edge-crack tests. We elucidate that the abrupt change of Wb reflects the transition in rupture mode between the catastrophic crack growth without a significant SIC effect at c0 > and the crack growth like that under cyclic loading (dc/dn mode) at c0 < as a result of a pronounced SIC effect near the crack tip. At c0 < , the tearing energy (G) was considerably enhanced by hardening via SIC near the crack tip, preventing and postponing catastrophic crack growth. The fracture dominated by the dc/dn mode at c0 < was validated by the c0-dependent G characterized by G = (c0/B)1/2/2 and the specific striations on the fracture surface. As the theory expects, coefficient B quantitatively agreed with the result of a separate cyclic loading test using the same specimen. We propose the methodology to quantify the tearing energy enhanced via SIC (GSIC) and to evaluate the dependence of GSIC on ambient temperature (T) and strain rate (). The disappearance of the transition feature in the Wb-c0 relationships enables us to estimate definitely the upper limits of the SIC effects for T (T*) and (*). Comparisons of the GSIC, T*, and * values between natural rubber (NR) and its synthetic analog reveal the superior reinforcement effect via SIC in NR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Tsunoda
- Sustainable and Advanced Materials Division, Bridgestone Corporation, Tokyo 187-8531, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kitamura
- Sustainable and Advanced Materials Division, Bridgestone Corporation, Tokyo 187-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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Candau N, Fernandes JPC, Vasmer E, Maspoch ML. Cellulose nanocrystals as nucleating agents for the strain induced crystallization in natural rubber. Soft Matter 2022; 18:8663-8674. [PMID: 36349700 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01291j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vulcanized natural rubber (NR)/cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) composites with a CNC content of up to 5 wt% using physical blending and dicumyl peroxide crosslinking were prepared. The tensile properties were investigated at slow and high strain rates. The slow strain rate tests revealed an increase of the elastic modulus concomitant with a decrease of strain at the crystallization onset while increasing the CNC fraction. The high strain rate tests performed near adiabatic conditions demonstrated the ability of the CNC to improve the elastocaloric properties of the NR matrix, with an increase of 30% and 15% of heating and cooling capacities, respectively, in the presence of 3 wt% CNC. Such results were ascribed to (i) a higher thermoelastic effect, due to strain amplification in the NR matrix in the presence of CNC and (ii) a nucleating effect of the CNC on strain induced crystallization. This series of materials can be proposed as a promising eco-friendly alternative to conventional carbon black filled rubber as potential green elastocaloric materials (heating pump, cooling machines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Candau
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP) - Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (EEBE-UPC), Av. D'Eduard Maristany, 16, 08019, Spain.
| | | | - Emilien Vasmer
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP) - Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (EEBE-UPC), Av. D'Eduard Maristany, 16, 08019, Spain.
| | - Maria Lluisa Maspoch
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP) - Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (EEBE-UPC), Av. D'Eduard Maristany, 16, 08019, Spain.
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Osumi R, Yasui T, Tanaka R, Mai TT, Takagi H, Shimizu N, Tsunoda K, Sakurai S, Urayama K. Impact of Strain-Induced Crystallization on Fast Crack Growth in Stretched cis-1,4-Polyisoprene Rubber. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:747-752. [PMID: 35608107 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
cis-1,4-Polyisoprene (IR) elastomers harden via strain-induced crystallization (SIC) when the imposed stretch (λ) exceeds the onset value of SIC (λ*). We investigate the Mode-I fast crack growth in the IR sheets as a function of λ in a pure shear geometry. The steady-state crack velocity (V) increases with increasing λ, and V exceeds the shear wave speed of sound at λ > λs. Further stretch beyond λ* (>λs) causes SIC-driven hardening, resulting in a pronounced increase in V. The characteristics of the crack-tip strain field are also significantly influenced by the SIC-driven hardening: The crack-tip opening displacement increases with increasing λ at λ < λ* but exhibits an abrupt reduction beyond λ*. The crack-tip singularity and the area of strain increment caused by the crack growth change discontinuously around λ*. The abrupt variations in these crack-tip characteristics result from the considerable differences in the mechanical properties prior to the crack growth between the entirely amorphous state at λ < λ* and the partially crystallized state at λ > λ*.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Osumi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yasui
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Ruito Tanaka
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Thanh-Tam Mai
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takagi
- Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shimizu
- Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tsunoda
- Advanced Materials Division, Bridgestone Corporation, Tokyo 187-8531, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakurai
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Zhang C, Liu C, Wang L, Zhao Y, Liu G, Wang D. Verification of thermodynamic theories of strain-induced polymer crystallization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:286-289. [PMID: 34881388 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04134g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied the crystallization of nearly "homogeneous" polyethylene glycol (PEG) networks prepared by end-crosslinking of tetra-armed PEG. The influence of stretching ratio and strand length on the melting and crystallization temperature was investigated. The relation of melting temperature and elongation ratio verifies the thermodynamic theories of strain-induced polymer crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Guoming Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dujin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Njeumen Nkayem DE, Alegria A, Arrese-Igor S, Nkengafac NJ. Rheological and thermal properties of purified raw natural rubber. J RUBBER RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-021-00125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yamano M, Yamamoto Y, Saito T, Kawahara S. Preparation and characterization of vulcanized natural rubber with high stereoregularity. POLYMER 2021; 235:124271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Surya I, Waesateh K, Masa A, Hayeemasae N. Selectively Etched Halloysite Nanotubes as Performance Booster of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3536. [PMID: 34685294 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) are chemically similar to clay, which makes them incompatible with non-polar rubbers such as natural rubber (NR). Modification of NR into a polar rubber is of interest. In this work, Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) was prepared in order to obtain a composite that could assure filler-matrix compatibility. However, the performance of this composite was still not satisfactory, so an alternative to the basic HNT filler was pursued. The surface area of HNT was further increased by etching with acid; the specific surface increased with treatment time. The FTIR spectra confirmed selective etching on the Al-OH surface of HNT with reduction in peak intensity in the regions 3750-3600 cm-1 and 825-725 cm-1, indicating decrease in Al-OH structures. The use of acid-treated HNT improved modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the filled composites. This was attributed to the filler-matrix interactions of acid-treated HNT with ENR. Further evidence was found from the Payne effect being reduced to 44.2% through acid treatment of the filler. As for the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) in the composites, the stress-strain curves correlated well with the degree of crystallinity observed from synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering.
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Surya I, Waesateh K, Saiwari S, Ismail H, Othman N, Hayeemasae N. Potency of Urea-Treated Halloysite Nanotubes for the Simultaneous Boosting of Mechanical Properties and Crystallization of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3068. [PMID: 34577969 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are naturally occurring tubular clay made of aluminosilicate sheets rolled several times. HNT has been used to reinforce many rubbers. However, the narrow diameter of this configuration causes HNT to have poor interfacial contact with the rubber matrix. Therefore, increasing the distance between layers could improve interfacial contact with the matrix. In this work, Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR)/HNT was the focus. The HNT layer distance was successfully increased by a urea-mechanochemical process. Attachment of urea onto HNT was verified by FTIR, where new peaks appeared around 3505 cm−1 and 3396 cm−1, corresponding to urea’s functionalities. The intercalation of urea to the distance gallery of HNT was revealed by XRD. It was also found that the use of urea-treated HNT improved the modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the composites. This was clearly responsible for interactions between ENR and urea-treated HNT. It was further verified by observing the Payne effect. The value of the Payne effect was found to be reduced at 62.38% after using urea for treatment. As for the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of the composites, the stress–strain curves correlated well with the results from synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering.
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Grange J, Radchenko AV, Matmour R, Jean‐Baptiste dit Dominique F, Grelier S, Peruch F. New insight into the cold crystallization of natural rubber: The role of linked and free fatty chains. Polymer Crystallization 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Grange
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRSBordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629 Pessac France
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques MichelinZ.I. Ladoux Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | | | - Rachid Matmour
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques MichelinZ.I. Ladoux Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | | | - Stéphane Grelier
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRSBordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629 Pessac France
| | - Frédéric Peruch
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRSBordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629 Pessac France
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Le Gac P, Albouy P, Petermann D. Strain-induced crystallization in an unfilled polychloroprene rubber: Kinetics and mechanical cycling. POLYMER 2018; 142:209-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Candau N, Chazeau L, Chenal JM, Gauthier C, Munch E. A comparison of the abilities of natural rubber (NR) and synthetic polyisoprene cis-1,4 rubber (IR) to crystallize under strain at high strain rates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:3472-81. [PMID: 26750589 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06383c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Strain induced crystallization (SIC) of a natural rubber (NR) and a synthetic rubber (IR) with a high amount of cis-1,4 units (98.6%) is studied, thanks to in situ wide angle X-ray (WAXS) experiments at room temperature performed in a large range of strain rates. During stretching at a low strain rate (4.2 × 10(-3) s(-1)), SIC in IR occurs at a larger stretching ratio than in NR. As a result, the crystallinity index at a given stretching ratio is lower in IR than in NR, in spite of the similar crosslink densities of the chains involved in the crystallization in both materials. This lower ability for crystallization in IR is attributed to the presence of branching along its backbone and its lower stereoregularity. Conversely, dynamic experiments performed at high strain rates (10(1)/10(2) s(-1)) show for both materials a similar ability to crystallize. This unexpected result is confirmed by monotonic tensile tests performed in a large range of strain rates. The reason is thermodynamic: the chain extension plays a predominant role compared to the role of the microstructure defects when the strain rate is high, i.e. when the kinetics of the crystallite nucleation forces the crystallization to occur at a large stretching ratio. A thermodynamic model enables qualitative reproduction of the experimental results.
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Candau N, Laghmach R, Chazeau L, Chenal J, Gauthier C, Biben T, Munch E. Temperature dependence of strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber: On the presence of different crystallite populations. POLYMER 2015; 60:115-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Valić S. Orientational motions of chain segments in natural rubber crosslinked under uniaxial deformation. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Valić S, Bonato J, Andreis M, Klepac D, Didović MP. Preparation and dynamic properties of an anisotropic natural rubber film as viewed by electron spin resonance-spin probe method. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasminka Bonato
- Faculty of Maritime Studies; University of Rijeka; Studentska 2; HR-51000 Rijeka; Croatia
| | - Mladen Andreis
- Rudjer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54; HR-10000 Zagreb; Croatia
| | - Damir Klepac
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Braće Branchetta 20; HR-51000 Rijeka; Croatia
| | - Mirna Petković Didović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Braće Branchetta 20; HR-51000 Rijeka; Croatia
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Brüning K, Schneider K, Roth SV, Heinrich G. Kinetics of Strain-Induced Crystallization in Natural Rubber Studied by WAXD: Dynamic and Impact Tensile Experiments. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3011476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Brüning
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,
and
| | - Konrad Schneider
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Gert Heinrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,
and
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Candau N, Chazeau L, Chenal JM, Gauthier C, Ferreira J, Munch E, Rochas C. Characteristic time of strain induced crystallization of crosslinked natural rubber. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tosaka M, Senoo K, Sato K, Noda M, Ohta N. Detection of fast and slow crystallization processes in instantaneously-strained samples of cis-1,4-polyisoprene. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Pannier Y, Proudhon H, Mocuta C, Thiaudière D, Cantournet S. In situ multi-axial loading frame to probe elastomers using X-ray scattering. J Synchrotron Radiat 2011; 18:907-911. [PMID: 21997916 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049511024861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An in situ tensile-shear loading device has been designed to study elastomer crystallization using synchrotron X-ray scattering at the Synchrotron Soleil on the DiffAbs beamline. Elastomer tape specimens of thickness 2 mm can be elongated by up to 500% in the longitudinal direction and sheared by up to 200% in the transverse direction. The device is fully automated and plugged into the TANGO control system of the beamline allowing synchronization between acquisition and loading sequences. Experimental results revealing the evolution of crystallization peaks under load are presented for several tension/shear loading sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Pannier
- Centre des Matériaux, Mines Paritech, UMR CNRS 7633, 91003 Evry, France
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Abstract
Abstract
Strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber was discovered in 1925 by the means of x-ray diffraction and has been widely investigated by this technique until today. The studies devoted to the structure of the crystalline phase of natural rubber are first reviewed. This structure is strongly anisotropic and can be related to the exceptionally good strength and fatigue properties of this material. The relationships between strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber and its mechanical response, during static or tension-retraction tests, are also reviewed and discussed; in particular, the hysteresis of the stress-strain curve is mainly explained by strain-induced crystallization. The kinetics of crystallization under both static and cyclic deformation is also discussed, as well as the influence of different factors, depending either on material composition (crosslink density, carbon black fillers) or on external parameters (temperature, strain rate…).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Huneau
- 1LUNAM UNIVERSITÉ, ECOLE CENTRALE DE NANTES, INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE EN GÉNIE CIVIL ET MÉCANIQUE (GEM), UMR CNRS 6183, BP 92101, F-44321 NANTES CEDEX 3, FRANCE
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XU Z, LU Y, ZHANG L, YAN S. CHARACTERIZATION METHODS AND RESEARCH PROGRESSES FOR STRETCHING ORIENTATION AND STRAIN-INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION OF ELASTOMERS. ACTA POLYM SIN 2011. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2011.10361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Weng G, Huang G, Qu L, Nie Y, Wu J. Large-Scale Orientation in a Vulcanized Stretched Natural Rubber Network: Proved by In Situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Characterization. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:7179-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jp100920g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gengsheng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Guangsu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yijing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jinrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Tosaka M, Kohjiya S, Ikeda Y, Toki S, Hsiao BS. Molecular orientation and stress relaxation during strain-induced crystallization of vulcanized natural rubber. Polym J 2010. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2010.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Tosaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Dupres S, Long DR, Albouy PA, Sotta P. Local Deformation in Carbon Black-Filled Polyisoprene Rubbers Studied by NMR and X-ray Diffraction. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900006y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Dupres
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8502, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Didier R. Long
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8502, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Pierre-Antoine Albouy
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8502, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Paul Sotta
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8502, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Ikeda Y, Yasuda Y, Hijikata K, Tosaka M, Kohjiya S. Comparative Study on Strain-Induced Crystallization Behavior of Peroxide Cross-Linked and Sulfur Cross-Linked Natural Rubber. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800144u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ikeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606−8585, Japan, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611−0011, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus (SC4−303), Phuthamonthon, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Yoritaka Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606−8585, Japan, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611−0011, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus (SC4−303), Phuthamonthon, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Kensuke Hijikata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606−8585, Japan, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611−0011, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus (SC4−303), Phuthamonthon, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Masatoshi Tosaka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606−8585, Japan, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611−0011, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus (SC4−303), Phuthamonthon, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Shinzo Kohjiya
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606−8585, Japan, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611−0011, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus (SC4−303), Phuthamonthon, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Ikeda Y, Phinyocheep P, Kittipoom S, Ruancharoen J, Kokubo Y, Morita Y, Hijikata K, Kohjiya S. Mechanical characteristics of hydrogenated natural rubber vulcanizates. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chenal JM, Chazeau L, Guy L, Bomal Y, Gauthier C. Molecular weight between physical entanglements in natural rubber: A critical parameter during strain-induced crystallization. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ikeda Y, Yasuda Y, Makino S, Yamamoto S, Tosaka M, Senoo K, Kohjiya S. Strain-induced crystallization of peroxide-crosslinked natural rubber. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rault J, Marchal J, Judeinstein P, Albouy PA. Chain orientation in natural rubber, Part II: 2H-NMR study. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2006; 21:243-61. [PMID: 17235471 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2006-10064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stress-induced crystallisation (SIC) and stress-induced melting (SIM) in natural rubbers (NR), unfilled and filled with carbon black (CB) have been studied by (2)H-NMR measurements. Various materials have been swollen with small amount (< 2%) of deuterated alkane chains. The orientation of the amorphous chains, then the local deformation of the amorphous chains during deformation cycles and during stress relaxation, permits to clarify the SIC and SIM processes during hardening and recovery. By mechanical, WAXS and NMR measurements one determines the same critical draw ratio for appearance lambda(A) and disappearance lambda(E) of the crystallites. It is demonstrated that the hysteresis observed by the different techniques (stress sigma, crystallinity chi, NMR splitting Deltanu) are due to the supercooling effect ( lambda(A) > lambda(E), at constant temperature). During hardening at constant strain rate it is found that the local draw ratio remains constant and equal to lambda(A), whereas the crystallinity increases linearly with the macroscopic draw ratio lambda. The hardening sigma approximately (lambda - lambda(A))(2) is then interpreted as a reinforcement effect due to the crystallites, which act as new crosslinks. This confirms the prediction of Flory. In filled rubber the same effects are observed, and the stress amplification factor is determined as a function of the CB content. It is found that the fillers act as nucleation centres for the NR crystallites. The reinforcement of such materials is due principally to this nucleation effect and to the presence of a super network formed by both the NR crystallites and the CB fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rault
- Physique des solides, Bât. 510, Université Paris Sud, 91405, Orsay, France.
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Rault J, Marchal J, Judeinstein P, Albouy PA. Stress-Induced Crystallization and Reinforcement in Filled Natural Rubbers: 2H NMR Study. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0608424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Rault
- Physique des solides, Bat 510, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France, and ICMMO, Bat 410, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - J. Marchal
- Physique des solides, Bat 510, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France, and ICMMO, Bat 410, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - P. Judeinstein
- Physique des solides, Bat 510, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France, and ICMMO, Bat 410, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - P. A. Albouy
- Physique des solides, Bat 510, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France, and ICMMO, Bat 410, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France
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Tosaka M, Kawakami D, Senoo K, Kohjiya S, Ikeda Y, Toki S, Hsiao BS. Crystallization and Stress Relaxation in Highly Stretched Samples of Natural Rubber and Its Synthetic Analogue. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma060407+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Van Der Horst M, McGill WJ, Woolard CD. The tensile properties of strain-crystallizing vulcanizates. II. Stress relaxation and hysteresis. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Horst MVD, McGill WJ, Woolard CD. The tensile properties of strain-crystallizing vulcanizates. III. The superiority of conventional over peroxide vulcanizates in terms of network microstructure. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Toki S, Sics I, Hsiao BS, Tosaka M, Poompradub S, Ikeda Y, Kohjiya S. Probing the Nature of Strain-Induced Crystallization in Polyisoprene Rubber by Combined Thermomechanical and In Situ X-ray Diffraction Techniques. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma050465f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Toki
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Igors Sics
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Benjamin S. Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tosaka
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Sirilux Poompradub
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shinzo Kohjiya
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Albouy PA, Marchal J, Rault J. Chain orientation in natural rubber, Part I: the inverse yielding effect. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2005; 17:247-59. [PMID: 15971005 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2004-10145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inhomogeneous deformations are observed in stretched natural rubber of different crosslink density; the conditions of observation, nucleation and propagation are given in the first part of the paper. In samples of low crosslink density these inhomogeneities recall necking observed in others materials and in glassy polymers when the materials are drawn above a critical draw ratio. The difference is that in natural rubbers, NR, they nucleate and propagate at constant stress during unloading. This phenomenon, called inverse yielding appears during recovery only if the samples have been drawn previously in the hardening domain. During necking propagation the stress is constant. The mechanical and crystallinity properties of samples with and without inverse yielding are studied as a function of draw ratio, crosslink density and temperature. In the second part of the paper this transition zone (neck) of thickness 2 mm is studied by WAXS at the synchrotron source. From the orientation of NR crystallites and from the orientation of the stearic acid (2%, present in this type of rubber) we conclude that the deformation in the neck follows the flow lines. From the local crystallinity of the NR crystallites one deduces the local draw ratio across this transition zone. We suggest that in all these rubbers, which present a plateau of the recovery stress strain curve, micronecking exists. This effect is discussed in the framework of the Flory theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-A Albouy
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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