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Levina A, Chetcuti ARM, Lay PA. Controversial Role of Transferrin in the Transport of Ruthenium Anticancer Drugs. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091319. [PMID: 36139158 PMCID: PMC9496346 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are at the forefront of developments in metal-based anticancer drugs, but many questions remain open regarding their reactivity in biological media, including the role of transferrin (Tf) in their transport and cellular uptake. A well-known anticancer drug, KP1019 ((IndH)[RuIIICl4(Ind)2], where Ind = indazole) and a reference complex, [RuIII(nta)2]3- (nta = nitrilotriacetato(3-)) interacted differently with human apoTf, monoFeTf, or Fe2Tf. These reactions were studied by biolayer interferometry (BLI) measurements of Ru-Fe-Tf binding to recombinant human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) in conjunction with UV-vis spectroscopy and particle size analysis. Cellular Ru uptake in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells was measured under the conditions of the BLI assays. The mode of Tf binding and cellular Ru uptake were critically dependent on the nature of Ru complex, availability of Fe(III) binding sites of Tf, and the presence of proteins that competed for metal binding, particularly serum albumin. Cellular uptake of KP1019 was not Tf-mediated and occurred mostly by passive diffusion, which may also be suitable for treatments of inoperable cancers by intratumoral injections. High cellular Ru uptake from a combination of [RuIII(nta)2]3- and Fe2Tf in the absence of significant Ru-Tf binding was likely to be due to trapping of Ru(III) species into the endosome during TfR1-mediated endocytosis of Fe2Tf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (P.A.L.)
| | | | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (P.A.L.)
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2
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Pal M, Nandi U, Mukherjee D. Detailed account on activation mechanisms of ruthenium coordination complexes and their role as antineoplastic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:419-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bijelic A, Theiner S, Keppler BK, Rompel A. X-ray Structure Analysis of Indazolium trans-[Tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1019) Bound to Human Serum Albumin Reveals Two Ruthenium Binding Sites and Provides Insights into the Drug Binding Mechanism. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5894-903. [PMID: 27196130 PMCID: PMC4921950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
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Ruthenium(III) complexes are promising
candidates for anticancer
drugs, especially the clinically studied indazolium trans-[tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1019)
and its analogue sodium trans-[tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (NKP-1339). Several studies have
emphasized the likely role of human serum proteins in the transportation
and accumulation of ruthenium(III) complexes in tumors. Therefore,
the interaction between KP1019 and human serum albumin was investigated
by means of X-ray crystallography and inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry (ICP-MS). The structural data unambiguously reveal the
binding of two ruthenium atoms to histidine residues 146 and 242,
which are both located within well-known hydrophobic binding pockets
of albumin. The ruthenium centers are octahedrally coordinated by
solvent molecules revealing the dissociation of both indazole ligands
from the ruthenium-based drug. However, a binding mechanism is proposed
indicating the importance of the indazole ligands for binding site
recognition and thus their indispensable role for the binding of KP1019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Bijelic
- Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien , Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | | | | | - Annette Rompel
- Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien , Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
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Chang SW, Lewis AR, Prosser KE, Thompson JR, Gladkikh M, Bally MB, Warren JJ, Walsby CJ. CF3 Derivatives of the Anticancer Ru(III) Complexes KP1019, NKP-1339, and Their Imidazole and Pyridine Analogues Show Enhanced Lipophilicity, Albumin Interactions, and Cytotoxicity. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:4850-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie. W. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Andrew R. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Kathleen E. Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - John R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Margarita Gladkikh
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Marcel B. Bally
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC Canada, V5Z 4E6
| | - Jeffrey J. Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Charles J. Walsby
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC Canada, V5A 1S6
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Biodistribution of the novel anticancer drug sodium trans-[tetrachloridobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] KP-1339/IT139 in nude BALB/c mice and implications on its mode of action. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 160:250-5. [PMID: 26993078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ruthenium complex sodium trans-[tetrachloridobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP-1339/IT139) has entered clinical trials as the more soluble alternative to the indazolium compound KP1019. In order to get insight into its distribution and accumulation throughout a living organism, KP-1339/IT139 was administered intravenously in non-tumor bearing nude BALB/c mice and the Ru content in blood cells and plasma, bone, brain, colon, kidneys, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, stomach and thymus was determined at several time points. The Ru concentration in blood cells and plasma was found to increase slightly within the first hours of analysis, with the Ru concentration being 3-times higher in plasma compared to blood cells. The plasma samples were subjected to analysis by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and size exclusion/anion exchange chromatography (SEC-IC) both coupled to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and a large majority of the total Ru content was found attached to mouse serum albumin (MSA), confirming similar behavior to KP1019 in an in vivo setting. Within 1h, the peak ratio of approximately 1.2-1.5 Ru per albumin molecule was reached which declined to about 1 Ru per albumin molecule within 24h. Beside the MSA adduct a higher molecular weight species was observed probably stemming from MSA conjugates. In addition, the tissue samples were mineralized by microwave digestion and analyzed for their Ru content. The highest Ru levels were found in colon, lung, liver, kidney and notably in the thymus. The peak Ru concentrations in these tissues were reached 1-6h after administration and declined slowly over time.
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Pradeep I, Balajothi B, Arunachalam S, Dhivya R, Vinothkanna A, Akbarsha MA, Sekar S. Fluorescent active ruthenium(ii) complex units containing bpy or phen or dmp ligands anchored on branched poly(ethylenimine): DNA binding and in vitro biological assessment. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00692b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UV light irradiation visible responses of polymer ruthenium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rajakumar Dhivya
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli–620024
- India
| | - Annadurai Vinothkanna
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli–620024
- India
| | | | - Soundarapandian Sekar
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli–620024
- India
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Harvey PD, Tasan S, Gros CP, Devillers CH, Richard P, Gendre PL, Bodio E. Ruthenium and Osmium Complexes of Phosphine-Porphyrin Derivatives as Potential Bimetallic Theranostics: Photophysical Studies. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om5011808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre D. Harvey
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
- ICMUB (UMR CNRS 6302), Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Semra Tasan
- ICMUB (UMR CNRS 6302), Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Claude P. Gros
- ICMUB (UMR CNRS 6302), Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | | | - Philippe Richard
- ICMUB (UMR CNRS 6302), Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Le Gendre
- ICMUB (UMR CNRS 6302), Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Ewen Bodio
- ICMUB (UMR CNRS 6302), Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
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Jones MR, Mu C, Wang MCP, Webb MI, Walsby CJ, Storr T. Modulation of the Aβ peptide aggregation pathway by KP1019 limits Aβ-associated neurotoxicity. Metallomics 2014; 7:129-35. [PMID: 25387614 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00252k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is increasing worldwide due to increased life expectancy. AD is characterized by two pathological hallmarks in the brain: amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposits and neurofibrillary tangles. A focus of AD research has concentrated on either inhibiting Aβ peptide aggregation that leads to plaque formation or breaking down pre-formed Aβ peptide aggregates. An alternative approach is to modulate the Aβ aggregation profile by facilitating the formation of Aβ species that are off-pathway and non-toxic. Herein, we report the re-purposing of the widely studied Ru(iii) anti-cancer complex KP1019, towards regulating the aggregation profile of the Aβ peptide. Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, we conclude that KP1019 binds to histidine residues, located at the N-terminus of the peptide, in a rapid and robust fashion. Native gels and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses have provided insight into the species and structures that are generated by KP1019-Aβ interactions. Finally, incubation in an in vitro human neuronal cell model has demonstrated that the formation of KP1019-Aβ species rescues cell viability from Aβ-associated neurotoxicity. Modulation of the Aβ aggregation pathway via covalent interactions with small molecules is thus a promising AD therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada.
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9
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Tamasi G, Carpini A, Valensin D, Messori L, Pratesi A, Scaletti F, Jakupec M, Keppler B, Cini R. {Ru(CO)x}-core complexes with selected azoles: Synthesis, X-ray structure, spectroscopy, DFT analysis and evaluation of cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells. Polyhedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Cardoso CR, Lima MVS, Cheleski J, Peterson EJ, Venâncio T, Farrell NP, Carlos RM. Luminescent ruthenium complexes for theranostic applications. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4906-15. [PMID: 24831959 DOI: 10.1021/jm5005946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The water-soluble and visible luminescent complexes cis-[Ru(L-L)2(L)2](2+) where L-L = 2,2-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline and L= imidazole, 1-methylimidazole, and histamine have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Spectroscopic (circular dichroism, saturation transfer difference NMR, and diffusion ordered spectroscopy NMR) and isothermal titration calorimetry studies indicate binding of cis-[Ru(phen)2(ImH)2](2+) and human serum albumin occurs via noncovalent interactions with K(b) = 9.8 × 10(4) mol(-1) L, ΔH = -11.5 ± 0.1 kcal mol(-1), and TΔS = -4.46 ± 0.3 kcal mol(-1). High uptake of the complex into HCT116 cells was detected by luminescent confocal microscopy. Cytotoxicity of cis-[Ru(phen)2(ImH)2](2+) against proliferation of HCT116p53(+/+) and HCT116p53(-/-) shows IC50 values of 0.1 and 0.7 μmol L(-1). Flow cytometry and western blot indicate RuphenImH mediates cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase in both cells and is more prominent in p53(+/+). The complex activates proapoptotic PARP in p53(-/-), but not in p53(+/+). A cytostatic mechanism based on quantification of the number of cells during the time period of incubation is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R Cardoso
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos , São Carlos, São Paulo CP 676, 13565-905, Brazil
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11
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Webb MI, Wu B, Jang T, Chard RA, Wong EWY, Wong MQ, Yapp DTT, Walsby CJ. Increasing the Bioavailability of RuIIIAnticancer Complexes through Hydrophobic Albumin Interactions. Chemistry 2013; 19:17031-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Nguyen SN, Bobst CE, Kaltashov IA. Mass spectrometry-guided optimization and characterization of a biologically active transferrin-lysozyme model drug conjugate. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1998-2007. [PMID: 23534953 DOI: 10.1021/mp400026y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transferrin is a promising drug carrier that has the potential to deliver metals, small organic molecules and therapeutic proteins to cancer cells and/or across physiological barriers (such as the blood-brain barrier). Despite this promise, very few transferrin-based therapeutics have been developed and reached clinical trials. This modest success record can be explained by the complexity and heterogeneity of protein conjugation products, which also pose great challenges to their analytical characterization. In this work, we use lysozyme conjugated to transferrin as a model therapeutic that targets the central nervous system (where its bacteriostatic properties may be exploited to control infection) and develop analytical protocols based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to characterize its structure and interactions with therapeutic targets and physiological partners critical for its successful delivery. Mass spectrometry has already become an indispensable tool facilitating all stages of the protein drug development process, and this work demonstrates the enormous potential of this technique in facilitating the development of a range of therapeutically effective protein-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son N Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Hummer AA, Heffeter P, Berger W, Filipits M, Batchelor D, Büchel GE, Jakupec MA, Keppler BK, Rompel A. X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy to resolve the in vivo chemistry of the redox-active indazolium trans-[Tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1019). J Med Chem 2013; 56:1182-96. [PMID: 23282017 PMCID: PMC3579476 DOI: 10.1021/jm301648f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
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Indazolium trans-[tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (1, KP1019) and
its analogue
sodium trans-[tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)]
(2, KP1339) are promising redox-active anticancer drug
candidates that were investigated with X-ray absorption near edge
structure spectroscopy. The analysis was based on the concept of the
coordination charge and ruthenium model compounds representing possible
coordinations and oxidation states in vivo. 1 was investigated
in citrate saline buffer (pH 3.5) and in carbonate buffer (pH 7.4)
at 37 °C for different time intervals. Interaction studies on 1 with glutathione in saline buffer and apo-transferrin in
carbonate buffer were undertaken, and the coordination of 1 and 2 in tumor tissues was studied too. The most likely
coordinations and oxidation states of the compound under the above
mentioned conditions were assigned. Microprobe X-ray fluorescence
of tumor thin sections showed the strong penetration of ruthenium
into the tumor tissue, with the highest concentrations near blood
vessels and in the edge regions of the tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred A Hummer
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
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Webb MI, Walsby CJ. EPR as a probe of the intracellular speciation of ruthenium(iii) anticancer compounds. Metallomics 2013; 5:1624-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00090g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Anticancer metallodrug research analytically painting the "omics" picture--current developments and future trends. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:1791-808. [PMID: 23070042 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer metallodrug development has for a long time been characterised by the similarity of new drug candidates to cisplatin and DNA as the primary target. Recent advances in bioanalytical techniques with high sensitivity and selectivity have revealed that metal-based drugs can undergo a wide range of biomolecular interactions beyond DNA and have generated interest in proteins as possible targets for metallodrugs. In fact, implementation of metallomics approaches that are able to reveal the fate of the compounds in biological systems can help to move drug development towards more targeted and rational design of novel metallodrugs. Additionally, proteomic screening and gene expression analysis can provide insight into physiological response to drug treatment and identify the reasons for drug resistance. Herein, we review selected applications which led to a better understanding of the mode of action of clinically established metal-based anticancer agents and novel metallodrug candidates.
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Timerbaev A, Pawlak K, Gabbiani C, Messori L. Recent progress in the application of analytical techniques to anticancer metallodrug proteomics. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Kaltashov IA, Bobst CE, Zhang M, Leverence R, Gumerov DR. Transferrin as a model system for method development to study structure, dynamics and interactions of metalloproteins using mass spectrometry. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:417-26. [PMID: 21726602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transferrin (Tf) is a paradigmatic metalloprotein, which has been extensively studied in the past and still is a focal point of numerous investigation efforts owing to its unique role in iron homeostasis and enormous promise as a component of a wide range of therapies. SCOPE OF REVIEW Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) is a potent analytical tool that has been used successfully to study various properties of Tf and Tf-based products, ranging from covalent structure and metal binding to conformation and interaction with their physiological partners. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Various ESI MS-based techniques produce unique information on Tf properties and behavior that is highly complementary to information provided by other experimental techniques. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The experimental ESI MS-based techniques developed for Tf studies are not only useful for understanding of fundamental aspects of the iron-binding properties of this protein and optimizing Tf-based therapeutic products, but can also be applied to study a range of other metalloproteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Transferrins: Molecular mechanisms of iron transport and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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19
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Schulz J, Renfrew AK, Císařová I, Dyson PJ, Štěpnička P. Synthesis and anticancer activity of chalcogenide derivatives and platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes derived from a polar ferrocene phosphanyl-carboxamide. Appl Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Foteeva LS, Timerbaev AR. Application of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of metal-containing pharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934809120028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Groessl M, Bytzek A, Hartinger CG. The serum protein binding of pharmacologically active gallium(III) compounds assessed by hyphenated CE-MS techniques. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2720-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Mendoza-Ferri MG, Hartinger CG, Mendoza MA, Groessl M, Egger AE, Eichinger RE, Mangrum JB, Farrell NP, Maruszak M, Bednarski PJ, Klein F, Jakupec MA, Nazarov AA, Severin K, Keppler BK. Transferring the concept of multinuclearity to ruthenium complexes for improvement of anticancer activity. J Med Chem 2009; 52:916-25. [PMID: 19170599 DOI: 10.1021/jm8013234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multinuclear platinum anticancer complexes are a proven option to overcome resistance of established anticancer compounds. Transferring this concept to ruthenium complexes led to the synthesis of dinuclear Ru(II)-arene compounds containing a bis(pyridinone)alkane ligand linker. A pronounced influence of the spacer length on the in vitro anticancer activity was found, which is correlated to the lipophilicity of the complexes. IC(50) values in the same dimension as for established platinum drugs were found in human tumor cell lines. No cross-resistance to oxoplatin, a cisplatin prodrug, was observed for the most active complex in three resistant cell lines; in fact, a 10-fold reversal of sensitivity in two of the oxoplatin-resistant lines was found. (Bio)analytical characterization of the representative examples showed that the ruthenium complexes hydrolyze rapidly, forming predominantly diaqua species that exhibit affinity toward transferrin and DNA, indicating that both proteins and nucleobases are potential targets.
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Giovagnini L, Mancinetti E, Ronconi L, Sitran S, Marchiò L, Castagliuolo I, Brun P, Trevisan A, Fregona D. Preliminary chemico-biological studies on Ru(III) compounds with S-methyl pyrrolidine/dimethyl dithiocarbamate. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:774-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pharmacokinetics of a novel anticancer ruthenium complex (KP1019, FFC14A) in a phase I dose-escalation study. Anticancer Drugs 2009; 20:97-103. [PMID: 19209025 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328322fbc5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A phase I and pharmacokinetic study was carried out with the new ruthenium complex indazolium trans-[tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1019, FFC14A). Seven patients with various types of solid tumours refractory to standard therapy were treated with escalating doses of KP1019 (25-600 mg) twice weekly for 3 weeks. No dose-limiting toxicity occurred. Ruthenium plasma concentration-time profiles after the first dose and under multiple-dose conditions were analysed using a compartmental approach. The pharmacokinetic disposition was characterised by a small volume of distribution, low clearance and long half-life. Only a small fraction of ruthenium was excreted renally. The area under the curve values increased proportionally with dose indicating linear pharmacokinetics.
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25
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Tuning the anticancer activity of maltol-derived ruthenium complexes by derivatization of the 3-hydroxy-4-pyrone moiety. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hartinger CG, Jakupec MA, Zorbas-Seifried S, Groessl M, Egger A, Berger W, Zorbas H, Dyson PJ, Keppler BK. KP1019, a new redox-active anticancer agent--preclinical development and results of a clinical phase I study in tumor patients. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:2140-2155. [PMID: 18972504 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The promising drug candidate indazolium trans-[tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1019) is the second Ru-based anticancer agent to enter clinical trials. In this review, which is an update of a paper from 2006 (Hartinger et al., J. Inorg. Biochem. 2006, 100, 891-904), the experimental evidence for the proposed mode of action of this coordination compound is discussed, including transport into the cell via the transferrin cycle and activation by reduction. The results of the early clinical development of KP1019 are summarized in which five out of six evaluated patients experienced disease stabilization with no severe side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Hartinger
- University of Vienna, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna.
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27
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Groessl M, Hartinger CG, Połeć-Pawlak K, Jarosz M, Dyson PJ, Keppler BK. Elucidation of the interactions of an anticancer ruthenium complex in clinical trials with biomolecules utilizing capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Short communication. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:1609-1614. [PMID: 18729095 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) combined with highly sensitive inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) detection allows the interactions of metal complexes with biomolecules to be characterized. This technique has been used to provide new insights into the mode of action of the ruthenium-based anticancer drug candidate indazolium [trans-tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1019). While the compound binds rapidly and efficiently to serum proteins, especially albumin, its reactivity towards the model DNA compound 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-dGMP) is moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Groessl
- University of Vienna, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna
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28
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Berger I, Hanif M, Nazarov AA, Hartinger CG, John RO, Kuznetsov ML, Groessl M, Schmitt F, Zava O, Biba F, Arion VB, Galanski M, Jakupec MA, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Dyson PJ, Keppler BK. In vitro anticancer activity and biologically relevant metabolization of organometallic ruthenium complexes with carbohydrate-based ligands. Chemistry 2008; 14:9046-9057. [PMID: 18688905 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and in vitro anticancer activity of dihalogenido(eta6-p-cymene)(3,5,6-bicyclophosphite-alpha-D-glucofuranoside)ruthenium(II) complexes are described. The compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry, and the molecular structures of dichlorido-, dibromido- and diiodido(eta6-p-cymene)(3,5,6-bicyclophosphite-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranoside)ruthenium(II) were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The complexes were shown to undergo aquation of the first halido ligand in aqueous solution, followed by hydrolysis of a P--O bond of the phosphite ligand, and finally formation of dinuclear species. The hydrolysis mechanism was confirmed by DFT calculations. The aquation of the complexes was markedly suppressed in 100 mM NaCl solution, and notably only very slow hydrolysis of the P--O bond was observed. The complexes showed affinity towards albumin and transferrin and monoadduct formation with 9-ethylguanine. In vitro studies revealed that the 3,5,6-bicyclophosphite-1,2-O-cyclohexylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranoside complex is the most cytotoxic compound in human cancer cell lines (IC50 values from 30 to 300 microM depending on the cell line).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Berger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Hydrolysis study of the bifunctional antitumour compound RAPTA-C, [Ru(η6-p-cymene)Cl2(pta)]. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:1743-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Gammelgaard B, Hansen HR, Stürup S, Møller C. The use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry as a detector in drug metabolism studies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:1187-207. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.9.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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31
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Hartinger CG, Casini A, Duhot C, Tsybin YO, Messori L, Dyson PJ. Stability of an organometallic ruthenium-ubiquitin adduct in the presence of glutathione: relevance to antitumour activity. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:2136-41. [PMID: 18834634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 08/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of the ruthenium(II) complex Ru(eta6-p-cymene)(pta)Cl2 (RAPTA-C), an effective anticancer and antimetastatic agent, with biological nucleophiles are important with respect to its mechanism of action, for example, the reaction with glutathione (GSH) potentially plays an important role in detoxification. RAPTA-C reacts rapidly with glutathione forming a series of adducts including Ru(eta6-p-cymene)(pta)(GS), Ru(eta6-p-cymene)(GS) and bis-GSH conjugates, which were characterised by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). In addition, the ability of glutathione to cleave ruthenium-ubiquitin bonds was assayed and it was shown that GSH is capable of removing the Ru moiety from the protein, although no ternary adducts were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Hartinger
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Groessl M, Hartinger CG, Polec-Pawlak K, Jarosz M, Keppler BK. Capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: A novel approach for the analysis of anticancer metallodrugs in human serum and plasma. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2224-32. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200780790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Brouwers EEM, Tibben M, Rosing H, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. The application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in clinical pharmacological oncology research. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2008; 27:67-100. [PMID: 18231971 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based anticancer agents are frequently used in the treatment of a wide variety of cancer types. The monitoring of these anticancer agents in biological samples is important to understand their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and metabolism. In addition, determination of metals originating from anticancer agents is relevant to assess occupational exposure of health care personnel working with these drugs. The high sensitivity of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has resulted in an increased popularity of this technique for the analysis of metal-based anticancer drugs. In addition to the quantitative analysis of the metal of interest in a sample, ICP-MS can be used as an ultrasensitive metal selective detector in combination with speciation techniques such as liquid chromatography. In the current review we provide a systematic survey of publications describing the analysis of platinum- and ruthenium-containing anticancer agents using ICP-MS, focused on the determination of total metal concentrations and on the speciation of metal compounds in biological fluids, DNA- and protein-adducts, and environmental samples. We conclude that ICP-MS is a powerful tool for the quantitative analysis of metal-based anticancer agents from multiple sample sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke E M Brouwers
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Timerbaev AR, Keppler BK. Capillary electrophoresis of metal-based drugs. Anal Biochem 2007; 369:1-7. [PMID: 17574201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei R Timerbaev
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
With the current demographic development and the knowledge that the probability to be diagnosed with cancer increases with age, the search for new treatment options in cancer chemotherapy is of utmost importance for the society. Capillary electrophoretic methods have been applied in the last few years for studying the properties of metal-based drugs and drug candidates. Especially, the elucidation of the mode of action of such compounds could contribute significantly to design new drugs for overcoming the threat of cancer. This review article highlights the developments in metallodrug research applying CE during the last 4 years and follows a review from 2003 (Hartinger, C. G., Timerbaev, A. R., Keppler, B. K., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 2023-2037). Most importantly the broadening of application areas of CE must be noted: especially the binding studies of metal complexes toward proteins (including the determination of association and rate constants), following redox reactions of metal complexes and their influence on the reactivity toward biotargets, etc. are important development areas of the last few years. In parallel with these new applications goes the usage of new or modified separation methods including microemulsion EKC or ACE, or the advantageous use of equipping the CE system with mass spectrometric detectors such as inductively coupled plasma (ICP) or ESI mass spectrometers (MS) for determining the degree of metallation of a protein or characterizing the adducts. Finally, upcoming requirements for expanding the method's application area are discussed including studies on new targets in the cell, analyzing real-world samples, methodological development, and contributions to improve the design of new anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Hartinger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Brouwers EEM, Tibben MM, Rosing H, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Determination of ruthenium originating from the investigational anti-cancer drug NAMI-A in human plasma ultrafiltrate, plasma, and urine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1521-30. [PMID: 17410551 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a highly sensitive, rapid method for the determination of ruthenium originating from the investigational anti-cancer drug NAMI-A in human plasma ultrafiltrate, plasma, and urine. The method is based on the quantification of ruthenium by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and allows quantification of 30 ng L(-1) ruthenium in plasma ultrafiltrate and urine, and 75 ng L(-1) ruthenium in human plasma, in 150 microL of matrix. The sample pretreatment procedure is straightforward and only involves dilution with appropriate diluents. The performance of the method, in terms of accuracy and precision, fulfilled the most recent FDA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. Validated ranges of quantification were 30.0 to 1 x 10(4) ng L(-1) for ruthenium in plasma ultrafiltrate and urine and 75.0 to 1 x 10(4) ng L(-1) for ruthenium in plasma. The applicability of the method and its superiority to atomic-absorption spectrometry were demonstrated in two patients who were treated with intravenous NAMI-A in a phase I trial. The assay is now successfully used to support pharmacokinetic studies in cancer patients treated with NAMI-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke E M Brouwers
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Han Ang W, Dyson PJ. Classical and Non‐Classical Ruthenium‐Based Anticancer Drugs: Towards Targeted Chemotherapy. Eur J Inorg Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200600723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wee Han Ang
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Polec-Pawlak K, Abramski JK, Semenova O, Hartinger CG, Timerbaev AR, Keppler BK, Jarosz M. Platinum group metallodrug-protein binding studies by capillary electrophoresis – inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: A further insight into the reactivity of a novel antitumor ruthenium(III) complex toward human serum proteins. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1128-35. [PMID: 16440400 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical speciation analysis has become a hot area of CE research due largely to growing emergence of inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-MS as a proper detection technique. A benefit of CE-ICP-MS coupling in species-selective analysis of anticancer metal-based drugs is the possibility of distinguishing the signals of the intact drug and its metabolites and hence of quantifying them independently. This advantage (over CE with UV-vis detection) was exploited here in order to gain better knowledge about the rate and degree of the transformation of indazolium [trans-tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1019), a promising tumor-inhibiting agent that successfully finished phase I clinical studies, upon its binding toward individual serum transport proteins. At increasing the KP1019/protein molar ratio, the reaction rate expressed by an evolving peak of the protein adduct became faster, with the equilibrium state being reached after about 40 and 60 min of incubation at 37 degrees C for transferrin and albumin, respectively. The binding reaction was shown to obey the first-order character that enabled for reliable calculation of the corresponding rate constants as (28.7 +/- 1.5) x 10(-4) and (10.6 +/- 0.7) x 10(-4)/s, respectively. When incubated with a ten-fold excess of KP1019, albumin and transferrin bound, respectively, up to 8 and 10 equiv. of ruthenium (Ru). Relative affinity of KP1019 toward different proteins under simulated physiological conditions was also characterized in terms of the overall binding constants (5600 and 10 600/M, respectively). To emphasize the difference in the protein-binding behavior, a competitive interaction of KP1019 was followed by CE-ICP-MS at the actual molar ratio of proteins in blood, i.e. a ten-fold excess of albumin over transferrin. The fact that KP1019 binds to albumin stronger than to transferrin was manifested by finding almost all ruthenium (98-99%) in the albumin fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Polec-Pawlak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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Hartinger CG, Zorbas-Seifried S, Jakupec MA, Kynast B, Zorbas H, Keppler BK. From bench to bedside--preclinical and early clinical development of the anticancer agent indazolium trans-[tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1019 or FFC14A). J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:891-904. [PMID: 16603249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 784] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Indazolium trans-[tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1019 or FFC14A) is just the second ruthenium-based anticancer agent after NAMI-A which was developed to the stage of clinical trials. Important steps in the mode of action of KP1019 are thought to be the binding to the serum protein transferrin and the transport into the cell via the transferrin pathway. Additionally, the selective activation by reduction in the tumor might contribute to the low side effects observed in in vivo studies. Apoptosis is induced at non-toxic levels via the mitochondrial pathway. These features distinguish it from the established platinum anticancer drugs and suggest that different types of cancer might be treatable with this drug. Indeed, promising activity against certain types of tumors, which are not successfully treatable with cisplatin, and only a very low incidence of acquired resistance has been observed in in vitro and in vivo studies. Recently, a clinical phase I trial was finished in which none of the treated patients experienced serious side effects, while disease stabilization in five of six evaluable patients was achieved. In this review, the preclinical and early clinical development of KP1019 - from bench to bedside - is recapitulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Hartinger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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