1
|
Khoo YW, Chong KP. Ganoderma boninense: general characteristics of pathogenicity and methods of control. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1156869. [PMID: 37492765 PMCID: PMC10363743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1156869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma boninense (G. boninense) is a soil-borne fungus threatening oil palm at the present. It causes basal stem rot disease on oil palm. Within six months, this fungus can cause an oil palm plantation to suffer a significant 43% economic loss. The high persistence and nature of spread of G. boninense in soil make control of the disease challenging. Therefore, controlling the pathogen requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms that underlie pathogenicity as well as its interactions with host plants. In this paper, we present the general characteristics, the pathogenic mechanisms, and the host's defensive system of G. boninense. We also review upcoming and most promising techniques for disease management that will have the least negative effects on the environment and natural resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wei Khoo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Khim Phin Chong
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lo ML, Thanh TAV, Midot F, Lau SYL, Wong WC, Tung HJ, Jee MS, Chin MY, Melling L. Comparison of Ganoderma boninense Isolate's Aggressiveness Using Infected Oil Palm Seedlings. J Microbiol 2023; 61:449-459. [PMID: 37097587 PMCID: PMC10167175 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00040-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Basal stem rot incidence caused by a white-rot fungus, Ganoderma boninense, is the major disease of oil palm in Southeast Asia. The rate of disease transmission and host damage are affected by variations in pathogen aggressiveness. Several other studies have used the disease severity index (DSI) to determine G. boninense aggressiveness levels while verifying disease using a culture-based method, which might not provide accurate results or be feasible in all cases. To differentiate G. boninense aggressiveness, we employed the DSI and vegetative growth measurement of infected oil palm seedlings. Disease confirmation was performed through scanning electron microscopy and molecular identification of fungal DNA from both infected tissue and fungi isolated from Ganoderma selective medium. Two-month-old oil palm seedlings were artificially inoculated with G. boninense isolates (2, 4A, 5A, 5B, and 7A) sampled from Miri (Lambir) and Mukah (Sungai Meris and Sungai Liuk), Sarawak. The isolates were categorized into three groups: highly aggressive (4A and 5B), moderately aggressive (5A and 7A), and less aggressive (2). Isolate 5B was identified as the most aggressive, and it was the only one to result in seedling mortality. Out of the five vegetative growth parameters measured, only the bole size between treatments was not affected. The integration of both conventional and molecular approaches in disease confirmation allows for precise detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lieng Lo
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Tu Anh Vu Thanh
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Frazer Midot
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Sharon Yu Ling Lau
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Wei Chee Wong
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., Kota Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hun Jiat Tung
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., Kota Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mui Sie Jee
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mei-Yee Chin
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Lulie Melling
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alhawari AR, Saeidi T, Ismail I, Alsuwian T, Al-Gburi AJA. Health Control of Tree Trunk Utilizing Microwave Imaging and Reverse Problem Algorithms. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:14387-14400. [PMID: 37125111 PMCID: PMC10134228 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The voids in their trunk significantly affect tropical trees' health. Both the wood and timber industries may face substantial financial losses because of the lack of an effective technique to inspect the defected trees through deep zonal monitoring. Microwave imaging offers the advantages of mobility, processing time, compactness, and resolution over alternative imaging methods. An ultra-wide band (UWB) imaging system consisting of UWB antennas and a reverse problem algorithm is proposed. Several conditions, such as the size of trunk samples (16-30 cm), number of targets, size of voids, heterogeneity of media, and number of layers, are considered in experimental studies. Based on these studies, cylindrical wooden models with 100 and 140 mm diameters, one void at the center, and three voids in different locations were 3D printed. After proving the system's ability through simulation and measurements on 3D models, a rubber-wood trunk with a length of 75 cm was cut into smaller pieces. The images created utilizing the measured data showed that the system could detect voids in the rubber trunk. Furthermore, the system indicated a high percentage of reliability and repeatability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R.
H. Alhawari
- Electrical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 66462, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tale Saeidi
- Electrical
and Electronics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and
Natural Sciences, İstinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Idris Ismail
- Electrical
and Electronic Engineering Department of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
| | - Turki Alsuwian
- Electrical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 66462, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi
- Department
of Electronics and Computer Engineering (FKEKK), Center for Telecommunication
Research and Innovation (CeTRI), Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Durian Tunggal, Malacca 76100, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zakaria L. Basal Stem Rot of Oil Palm: The Pathogen, Disease Incidence, and Control Methods. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:603-615. [PMID: 35819350 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-22-0358-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Basal stem rot of oil palm caused by Ganoderma boninense is the most serious disease of oil palm in Malaysia, Indonesia, and other oil-palm-producing countries. Economic losses caused by the disease can be up to USD500 million a year. For many years, basal stem rot was found to infect older palm trees of more than 25 to 30 years in age. Only in the 1950s, the disease began to appear in much younger palm trees, 10 to 15 years old, and, in the last decade or so, palm trees as young as 1 year were infected by the disease. The highest incidence occurs in coastal areas of Southeast Asia but the disease has now infected oil palm in inland areas, mainly oil palm planted in peat soils. Disease incidence is also high in areas previously growing coconut or forest. Basal stem rot infection and spread occur through root-to-root contact, and basidiospores that colonize the roots also play a role. In the early stages of infection by G. boninense, the pathogen behaves as a biotroph and later as a necrotroph, secreting cell-wall-degrading enzymes and triggering host defense responses. Genes, gene products, and metabolic pathways involved in oil palm defense mechanisms against G. boninense have been identified and these metabolites have the potential to be used as markers for early detection of the disease. Integrated disease management used to control basal stem rot includes cultural practices, chemical control, and application of biocontrol agents or fertilizers. Early detection tools have also been developed that could assist in management of basal stem rot infections. Development of resistant or tolerant oil palm is still at an early stage; therefore, the existing integrated disease management practices remain the most appropriate methods for managing basal stem rot of oil palm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Latiffah Zakaria
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baharim MSA, Adnan NA, Mohd FA, Othman AN, Abdul Rahim H, Azis MHA, Seman IA, Izzuddin MA, Shahabuddin NA, Nordiana AA. A review of ganoderma Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease detection and mapping using geospatial and advanced techniques. GEOCARTO INTERNATIONAL 2022; 37:8100-8126. [DOI: 10.1080/10106049.2021.1993350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Sharul Aikal Baharim
- Centre of Studies Surveying Science and Geomatics, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Nor Aizam Adnan
- Centre of Studies Surveying Science and Geomatics, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Fazly Amri Mohd
- Centre of Studies Surveying Science and Geomatics, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis, Arau, Malaysia
| | - Ainon Nisa Othman
- Centre of Studies Surveying Science and Geomatics, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Haris Abdul Rahim
- Centre of Studies Surveying Science and Geomatics, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Haris Abd Azis
- Centre of Studies Surveying Science and Geomatics, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Idris Abu Seman
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Persiaran Institusi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Abd Aziz Nordiana
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Persiaran Institusi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is grown on 17,000,000 hectares in Southeast Asia, producing oil and the by-product, palm kernel expeller (PKE), for export. Elaeis guineensis is typically produced on weathered acidic soils, with fertilisers and fungicides used to increase production. These amendments can contain elevated concentrations of trace elements (TEs), either as the active ingredient (e.g., Cu-based fungicides) or as contaminants, including F, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and U. TEs may accumulate in soil over time, and be taken up by plants, posing a food-chain transfer risk if allowed to exceed soil guideline values. We reviewed available literature on trace elements in soil, plant material, oil and PKE to evaluate the risk of TE accumulation due to phosphate fertiliser and Cu-fungicide use. TE concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cd were reported to be up to 69, 107 and 5.2 mg kg−1, respectively, in E. guineensis plantation soils, while Cu and As were reported to be up to 28.9 and 3.05 mg kg−1, respectively, in PKE (>50% their permissible limits). Iron, a TE, has also been reported in PKE up to 6130 mg kg−1 (>10-fold the permissible limit). TE accumulation is an emerging issue for the palm oil industry, which, if unaddressed, will negatively affect the industry’s economic and environmental sustainability. There are critical knowledge gaps concerning TEs in palm oil systems, including a general lack of research from Southeast Asian environments and information concerning key contaminants (Fe, Cu, As and Cd) in soils, plants and PKE.
Collapse
|
7
|
Faizah R, Putranto RA, Raharti VR, Supena N, Sukma D, Budiani A, Wening S, Sudarsono S. Defense response changes in roots of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings after internal symptoms of Ganoderma boninense Pat. infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:139. [PMID: 35331141 PMCID: PMC8944027 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm is associated with lignin during vegetative growth and salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis. The increase in the lignin content, SA accumulation, growth, and root biomass could indicate the resistance of oil palm seedlings to BSR disease. Therefore, although there are many studies on the interactions between the Ganoderma boninense and oil palm, research on evaluation of physiological processes, biochemistry, and molecules occurring during early internal symptoms of BSR in roots of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) are essential. RESULTS Ganoderma boninense inoculation indicated that C01, C02, and C05 seedlings were susceptible, while the other three seedlings, C03, C07, and C08, were resistant based on Ganoderma Disease Index (GDI). Infection by G. boninense in the most susceptible seedlings C05 reduced fresh weight of roots (FW) by 9.0%, and lignin content by 10.9%. The most resistant seedlings C08 were reduced by only 8.4%, and 0.2% regarding their fresh weight and lignin content, respectively. BSR disease induced SA accumulation in the most susceptible C08 and decreased peroxidase (PRX) enzyme (EC 1.11.1.7) activities in root tissues of oil palm seedlings except C07 and C08 where PRX activities remained high in the 4 months after planting. Infection with G. boninense also increased glutathione S-transferase U19-like (EgGSTU19) gene expression in the root tissues of susceptible seedlings, while laccase-24 (EgLCC24) gene expression was associated with resistance against BSR disease. Based on the relative expression of twelve genes, two genes are categorized as receptors (EgWAKL5, EgMIK1), two genes as biosynthesis signal transduction compound (EgOPR5, EgACO1), five genes as defense responses (EgROMT, EgSOT12, EgLCC24, EgGLT3, EgGSTU19), and one gene as trans-resveratrol di-O-methyltransferase-like (EgRNaseIII) predicted related to BSR infection. While two other genes remain unknown (EgUnk1, EgUnk2). CONCLUSIONS Ganoderma infection-induced SA accumulation and lignification in resistant accessions promote the seedlings root biomass. Oil palm seedlings have a synergistic physical, biochemical, and molecular defense mechanism to the BSR disease. The utilization of nucleotide-based molecular markers using EgLCC24 gene is able to detect resistant oil palm seedlings to G. boninense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rokhana Faizah
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Study Program, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Jl. Meranti, Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.
- Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, Jl. Brigjen Katamso No. 51, Medan, North Sumatera, 20158, Indonesia.
| | - Riza Arief Putranto
- Indonesian Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioindustry, Jl. Taman Kencana No. 1, Bogor, 16128, Indonesia
- PT Riset Perkebunan Nusantara (Nusantara Estate Crops Research), Jl. Salak no. 1A, Bogor, 16128, Indonesia
| | - Vivi Restu Raharti
- Department of Agrotechnology, Agriculture Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Jl. Dr. Soeparno No. 63, Karangwangkal, North Purwokerto, Central Java, 53122, Indonesia
| | - Nanang Supena
- Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, Jl. Brigjen Katamso No. 51, Medan, North Sumatera, 20158, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Sukma
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Study Program, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Jl. Meranti, Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Asmini Budiani
- Indonesian Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioindustry, Jl. Taman Kencana No. 1, Bogor, 16128, Indonesia
| | - Sri Wening
- Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, Jl. Brigjen Katamso No. 51, Medan, North Sumatera, 20158, Indonesia
| | - Sudarsono Sudarsono
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Study Program, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Jl. Meranti, Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao Z, Dong Y, Wang J, Zhang G, Zhang Z, Zhang A, Wang Z, Ma P, Li Y, Zhang X, Ye C, Xie Z. Comparative transcriptome analysis of melon (Cucumis melo L.) reveals candidate genes and pathways involved in powdery mildew resistance. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4936. [PMID: 35322050 PMCID: PMC8943038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew is a major disease in melon, primarily caused by Podosphaera xanthii (Px). Some melon varieties were resistant to powdery mildew, while others were susceptible. However, the candidate genes associated with resistance and the mechanism of resistance/susceptibility to powdery mildew in melon remain unclear. In this study, disease-resistant melon cultivar TG-1 and disease-susceptible melon cultivar TG-5 were selected for comparative transcriptome analysis. The results suggested that the numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in TG-5 was always more than that in TG-1 at each of the four time points after Px infection, indicating that their responses to Px infection may be different and that the active response of TG-5 to Px infection may be earlier than that of TG-1. Transcription factors (TFs) analysis among the DEGs revealed that the bHLH, ERF, and MYB families in TG-1 may play a vital role in the interaction between melon and powdery mildew pathogens. GO enrichment analysis of these DEGs in TG-5 showed that the SBP, HSF, and ERF gene families may play important roles in the early stage of melon development after Px infection. Finally, we speculated on the regulatory pathways of melon powdery mildew and found PTI and ABA signaling genes may be associated with the response to Px infection in melon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zengqiang Zhao
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Group Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Gene Resources Utilization, Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Dong
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Group Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Gene Resources Utilization, Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyu Wang
- Agricultural Science Research Institute, The Sixth Division of Xinjiang Production & Construction Group, Wujiaqu, 831300, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoli Zhang
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Group Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Gene Resources Utilization, Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiping Zhang
- Agricultural Science Research Institute, The Sixth Division of Xinjiang Production & Construction Group, Wujiaqu, 831300, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Group Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Gene Resources Utilization, Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Ma
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Group Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Gene Resources Utilization, Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Youzhong Li
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Group Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Gene Resources Utilization, Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiying Zhang
- Agricultural Science Research Institute, The Sixth Division of Xinjiang Production & Construction Group, Wujiaqu, 831300, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiu Ye
- Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zongming Xie
- Xinjiang Production & Construction Group Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Gene Resources Utilization, Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ganoderma zonatum Is the Causal Agent of Basal Stem Rot in Oil Palm in Colombia. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030230. [PMID: 35330232 PMCID: PMC8953267 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal stem rot (BSR), caused by Ganoderma spp., is one of the most important emerging oil palm diseases in Colombia, and is restricted to two oil palm production areas in the country. To identify the causal agent of the disease, basidiocarp of oil palms affected by BSR were used to prepare isolates, and their pathogenicity was then assessed in pre-nursery plants. Four-month-old oil palm seedlings were inoculated with rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis) blocks colonized with dikaryotic mycelia of Ganoderma. The incidence, severity, and symptoms of the pathogen were assessed. A multiregional analysis (ITS, rpb2, and tef1-α) was carried out to identify the isolates; all isolates were determined to be Ganoderma zonatum. Phylogenetic analyses with the three regions yielded concordant phylogenetic information and supported the distinction of the isolates with high bootstrap support. Seven isolates (CPBsZN-01-29, CPBsZN-02-30, CPBsZN-03-31, CPBsZN-04-34, CPBsZN-05-35, CPBsZN-06-36, and CPBsZN-07-38) were pathogenic in oil palm, with incidences greater than 90% and a maximum severity of 34%, and the highest severity index was found in isolates CPBsZN-03-31, CPBsZN-04-34, and CPBsZN-06-36. The pathogen was recovered from inoculated oil palms in all cases. This study reveals the pathogenic association of Ganoderma zonatum with BSR in Colombia.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ong CE, Ahmad R, Goh YK, Azizan KA, Baharum SN, Goh KJ. Growth modulation and metabolic responses of Ganoderma boninense to salicylic acid stress. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0262029. [PMID: 34972183 PMCID: PMC8719765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Various phenolic compounds have been screened against Ganoderma boninense, the fungal pathogen causing basal stem rot in oil palms. In this study, we focused on the effects of salicylic acid (SA) on the growth of three G. boninense isolates with different levels of aggressiveness. In addition, study on untargeted metabolite profiling was conducted to investigate the metabolomic responses of G. boninense towards salicylic acid. The inhibitory effects of salicylic acid were both concentration- (P < 0.001) and isolate-dependent (P < 0.001). Also, growth-promoting effect was observed in one of the isolates at low concentrations of salicylic acid where it could have been utilized by G. boninense as a source of carbon and energy. Besides, adaptation towards salicylic acid treatment was evident in this study for all isolates, particularly at high concentrations. In other words, inhibitory effect of salicylic acid treatment on the fungal growth declined over time. In terms of metabolomics response to salicylic acid treatment, G. boninense produced several metabolites such as coumarin and azatyrosine, which suggests that salicylic acid modulates the developmental switch in G. boninense towards the defense mode for its survival. Furthermore, the liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) analysis showed that the growth of G. boninense on potato dextrose agar involved at least four metabolic pathways: amino acid metabolism, lipid pathway, tryptophan pathway and phenylalanine pathway. Overall, there were 17 metabolites that contributed to treatment separation, each with P<0.005. The release of several antimicrobial metabolites such as eudistomin I may enhance G. boninense's competitiveness against other microorganisms during colonisation. Our findings demonstrated the metabolic versatility of G. boninense towards changes in carbon sources and stress factors. G. boninense was shown to be capable of responding to salicylic acid treatment by switching its developmental stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cu Ean Ong
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., Kota Damansara, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rafidah Ahmad
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - You Keng Goh
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., Kota Damansara, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kamalrul Azlan Azizan
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syarul Nataqain Baharum
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kah Joo Goh
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., Kota Damansara, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wei L, John Martin JJ, Zhang H, Zhang R, Cao H. Problems and Prospects of Improving Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Pathogen Resistance of Oil Palm. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122622. [PMID: 34961092 PMCID: PMC8704689 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Oil palm crops are the most important determinant of the agricultural economy within the segment of oilseed crops. Oil palm growing in their natural habitats are often challenged simultaneously by multiple stress factors, both abiotic and biotic that limit crop productivity and are major constraints to meeting global food demands. The stress-tolerant oil palm crops that mitigate the effects of abiotic stresses on crop productivity are crucially needed to sustain agricultural production. Basal stem rot threatens the development of the industry, and the key to solving the problem is to breed new oil palm varieties resistant to adversity. This has created a need for genetic improvement which involves evaluation of germplasm, pest and disease resistance, earliness and shattering resistance, quality of oil, varieties for different climatic conditions, etc. In recent years, insights into physiology, molecular biology, and genetics have significantly enhanced our understanding of oil palm response towards such stimuli as well as the reason for varietal diversity in tolerance. In this review, we explore the research progress, existing problems, and prospects of oil palm stress resistance-based physiological mechanisms of stress tolerance as well as the genes and metabolic pathways that regulate stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wei
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China; (L.W.); (J.J.J.M.); (H.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Wenchang 571339, China
| | - Jerome Jeyakumar John Martin
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China; (L.W.); (J.J.J.M.); (H.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Wenchang 571339, China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China; (L.W.); (J.J.J.M.); (H.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Wenchang 571339, China
| | - Ruining Zhang
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China; (L.W.); (J.J.J.M.); (H.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Wenchang 571339, China
| | - Hongxing Cao
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China; (L.W.); (J.J.J.M.); (H.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Wenchang 571339, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tao X, Liu M, Yuan Y, Liu R, Qi K, Xie Z, Bao J, Zhang S, Shiratake K, Tao S. Transcriptome provides potential insights into how calcium affects the formation of stone cell in Pyrus. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:831. [PMID: 34789145 PMCID: PMC8600858 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The content of stone cells in pears has a great influence on taste. Stone cells are formed by the accumulation of lignin. The treatment of exogenous calcium can affect the lignin synthesis, but this Ca-mediated mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the author performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of callus of pears (Pyrus x bretschneideri) treated with calcium nitrate Ca (NO3)2 to investigate the role of calcium in lignin synthesis. Results There were 2889 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) detected between the Control and Ca (NO3)2 treatment in total. Among these 2889 DEGs, not only a large number of genes related to Ca single were found, but also many genes were enriched in secondary metabolic pathway, especially in lignin synthesis. Most of them were up-regulated during the development of callus after Ca (NO3)2 treatment. In order to further explore how calcium nitrate treatment affects lignin synthesis, the author screened genes associated with transduction of calcium signal in DEGs, and finally found CAM, CML, CDPK, CBL and CIPK. Then the author identified the PbCML3 in pears and conducted relevant experiments finding the overexpression of PbCML3 would increase the content of pear stone cells, providing potential insights into how Ca treatment enhances the stone cell in pears. Conclusions Our deep analysis reveals the effects of exogenous calcium on calcium signal and lignin biosynthesis pathway. The function of PbCML3 on stone cells formation was verified in pear. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08161-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yazhou Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruonan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhihua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianping Bao
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Ala'er, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | | | - Shutian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ganapathy D, Siddiqui Y, Ahmad K, Adzmi F, Ling KL. Alterations in Mycelial Morphology and Flow Cytometry Assessment of Membrane Integrity of Ganoderma boninense Stressed by Phenolic Compounds. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:930. [PMID: 34571807 PMCID: PMC8468247 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Global increase in demand for palm oil has caused an intensification in oil palm plantation; however, production is greatly hindered by Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma boninense. There are many approaches to controlling BSR, although, there is no accurate, sustainable and effective method to suppress G. boninense completely. Hence, four phenolic compounds [Gallic acid (GA), Thymol (THY), Propolis (PRO) and Carvacrol (CARV)] were selected to evaluate their antifungal effect, ability to alter the mycelium morphology, and fungal cell integrity against G. boninense. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed and 94% of inhibition was exerted by GA on G. boninense growth. Scanning Electron Microscopy and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy observations revealed that GA and THY treatment caused severe damage to the mycelium and recorded the highest amount of sugar and electrolyte leakage. The study of cell integrity and morphological disruption has elucidated the reduction of G. boninense cell viability. Generally, our findings confirm the fungistatic effects of GA and THY. The evolution of phenolic compounds during the phytopathology studies indicated their coherence in eradicating the G. boninense. It is proposed that GA and THY had the potential to be developed further as a natural antifungal treatment to suppress G. boninense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daarshini Ganapathy
- Laboratory of Sustainable Agronomy and Crop Protection, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (D.G.); (F.A.); (K.L.L.)
| | - Yasmeen Siddiqui
- Laboratory of Sustainable Agronomy and Crop Protection, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (D.G.); (F.A.); (K.L.L.)
| | - Khairulmazmi Ahmad
- Laboratory of Sustainable Agronomy and Crop Protection, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (D.G.); (F.A.); (K.L.L.)
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Fariz Adzmi
- Laboratory of Sustainable Agronomy and Crop Protection, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (D.G.); (F.A.); (K.L.L.)
| | - Kong Lih Ling
- Laboratory of Sustainable Agronomy and Crop Protection, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (D.G.); (F.A.); (K.L.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Current strategies and perspectives in detection and control of basal stem rot of oil palm. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2840-2849. [PMID: 34012325 PMCID: PMC8116965 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid expansion of oil palm (OP) has led to its emergence as a commodity of strategic global importance. Palm oil is used extensively in food and as a precursor for biodiesel. The oil generates export earnings and bolsters the economy of many countries, particularly Indonesia and Malaysia. However, oil palms are prone to basal stem rot (BSR) caused by Ganoderma boninense which is the most threatening disease of OP. The current control measures for BSR management including cultural practices, mechanical and chemical treatment have not proved satisfactory. Alternative control measures to overcome the G. boninense problem are focused on the use of biological control agents and many potential bioagents were identified with little proven practical application. Planting OP varieties resistant to G. boninense could provide the ideal long-term solution to basal stem rot. The total resistance of palms to G. boninense has not yet been reported, and few examples of partial resistances have been observed. Importantly, basidiospores are now recognized as the method by which the disease is spread, and control methods require to be revaluated because of this phenomenon. Many methods developed to prevent the spread of the disease effectively are only tested at nursery levels and are only reported in national journals inhibiting the development of useful techniques globally. The initial procedures employed by the fungus to infect the OP require consideration in terms of the physiology of the growth of the fungus and its possible control. This review assesses critically the progress that has been made in BSR development and management in OP.
Collapse
|
15
|
Expression of Genes Encoding Manganese Peroxidase and Laccase of Ganoderma boninense in Response to Nitrogen Sources, Hydrogen Peroxide and Phytohormones. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111263. [PMID: 33114747 PMCID: PMC7692562 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma produces lignolytic enzymes that can degrade the lignin component of plant cell walls, causing basal stem rot to oil palms. Nitrogen sources may affect plant tolerance to root pathogens while hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) play important roles in plant defense against pathogens. In this study, we examined the expression of genes encoding manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase (Lac) in Ganoderma boninense treated with different nitrogen sources (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate), JA, SA and H2O2. Transcripts encoding MnP and Lac were cloned from G. boninense. Of the three GbMnP genes, GbMnP_U6011 was up-regulated by all nitrogen sources examined and H2O2 but was down-regulated by JA. The expression of GbMnP_U87 was only up-regulated by JA while GbMnP_35959 was up-regulated by ammonium nitrate but suppressed by sodium nitrate and down-regulated by H2O2. Among the three GbLac genes examined, GbLac_U90667 was up-regulated by ammonium nitrate, JA, SA and H2O2; GbLac_U36023 was up-regulated by JA and H2O2 while GbLac_U30636 was up-regulated by SA but suppressed by ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate, JA and H2O2. Differential expression of these genes may be required by their different functional roles in G. boninense.
Collapse
|
16
|
Md Saad M, Ali NS, Meon S. Relationship between Ganoderma Ergosterol Concentration and Basal Stem Rot Disease Progress on Elaeis guineensis. Trop Life Sci Res 2020; 31:19-43. [PMID: 32963709 PMCID: PMC7485531 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2020.31.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal stem rot (BSR) is a devastating disease to Malaysian oil palm. Current techniques employed for BSR disease detection on oil palm are laborious, time consuming, costly, and subjected to accuracy limitations. An ergosterol detection method was developed, whereby it correlated well with the degree of infection in oil palm. This current study was designed to study the relationship between Ganoderma biomass, ergosterol concentration, BSR disease progress and to validate the efficiency of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method for extraction of ergosterol compound. In addition, testing on the sensitivity of thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis for detection of ergosterol was also the aim of this study. The optimised procedure involved extracting a small amount of Ganoderma-infected oil palm root tissues suspended in low volumes of solvent followed by irradiation in a conventional microwave oven at 70°C and medium high power for 30 s, resulting in simultaneous extraction and saponification. Based on the results obtained, MAE method may be effective in extracting low to high yields of ergosterol from infected oil palm roots demonstrating disease scale 2, 3 and 4. Positive relationship was observed between ergosterol content and inoculation period starting day 3 in the inoculated oil palm seedlings and hour 6 in germinated seeds. TLC analysis demonstrated a good correlation with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantification. Therefore, a semi-quantitative TLC analysis may be applied for handling a large amount of samples during onset field survey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muniroh Md Saad
- Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nusaibah Syd Ali
- Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sariah Meon
- Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
An Overview of the Oil Palm Industry: Challenges and Some Emerging Opportunities for Nanotechnology Development. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The increase in the world’s oil demand due to the rise of the global population urges more research into the production of sustainable vegetable oilseeds, among which palm oil is the most suitable candidate as it is the most efficient oilseed crop in the world. In an effort to drive the oil palm industry in the areas of food safety and security nanotechnology could offer a sustainable alternative. However, the utilization of nanotechnology in the oil palm industry is still limited. In this review, we aim to encourage the researchers to fully utilize nanotechnology as an alternative solution to tackle the challenges faced by the oil palm industry. Moreover, we also aim to highlight the opportunities for nanotechnology development in oil palm-based related research. The major points are as follows: (1) Nanosensing enables real-time monitoring of plantation status and crop progression, including soil, water and nutrient management, early pest/disease detection, and the spreading of pests/diseases. The use of nanosensing conveniently extends into advanced breeding topics, such as the development of disease-tolerant plants; (2) Nanotechnology could be the answer for the development of integrated management of pest and disease. Active agricultural ingredients can be entrapped or encapsulated into nanocarrier systems to improve their solubility, stability, enhance their efficient delivery to site-specific targets, with longer shelf life, and consequently improved efficacy; (3) Valuable nanomaterials can be isolated and generated from oil palm biomass waste. The utilization of oil palm biomass waste could overcome the issue of the massive production of waste in the oil palm industry and palm oil mills, where oil only accounts for 10% of the biomass, while 90% is comprised of the generated biowastes. (4) Palm oil can be utilized as a green alternative as a capping and stabilizing agent in the biosynthesis of metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles. In addition, nanoemulsion formulations using palm oil in drug delivery systems offer advantages such as low toxicity, enhance bioavailability and solubility of the drugs, apart from being inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
Collapse
|
18
|
Integration of Transcriptome, Proteome, and Metabolome Provides Insights into How Calcium Enhances the Mechanical Strength of Herbaceous Peony Inflorescence Stems. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020102. [PMID: 30704139 PMCID: PMC6406379 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Weak stem mechanical strength severely restrains cut flowers quality and stem weakness can be alleviated by calcium (Ca) treatment, but the mechanisms underlying Ca-mediated enhancement of stem mechanical strength remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed a comparative transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analysis of herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) inflorescence stems treated with nanometer Ca carbonate (Nano-CaCO₃). In total, 2643 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 892 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected between the Control and nano-CaCO₃ treatment. Among the 892 DEPs, 152 were coregulated at both the proteomic and transcriptomic levels, and 24 DEPs related to the secondary cell wall were involved in signal transduction, energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and lignin biosynthesis, most of which were upregulated after nano-CaCO₃ treatment during the development of inflorescence stems. Among these four pathways, numerous differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) related to lignin biosynthesis were identified. Furthermore, structural observations revealed the thickening of the sclerenchyma cell walls, and the main wall constitutive component lignin accumulated significantly in response to nano-CaCO₃ treatment, thereby indicating that Ca can enhance the mechanical strength of the inflorescence stems by increasing the lignin accumulation. These results provided insights into how Ca treatment enhances the mechanical strength of inflorescence stems in P. lactiflora.
Collapse
|