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Plows JF, Vickers MH, Ganapathy TP, Bridge-Comer PE, Stanley JL, Reynolds CM. Interleukin-1 Receptor-1 Deficiency Impairs Metabolic Function in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Female Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e1900770. [PMID: 31738006 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Glucose intolerance during pregnancy is associated with short- and long-term maternal and offspring health consequences. In young male mice, knockout of the major pro-inflammatory mediator interleukin-1-receptor-1 (IL1R1) protects against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced glucose intolerance and metabolic dysfunction. This phenotype has not been examined during pregnancy. The hypothesis that IL1R1 depletion will protect females against HFD-induced glucose intolerance and metabolic dysfunction before, during, and post pregnancy is tested. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6J control and IL1R1 knockout (IL1R1-/- ) mice are randomized to either a control diet (10% kcal from fat) or HFD (45% kcal from fat), and three distinct cohorts are established: nulliparous, pregnant, and postpartum females. Contrary to the authors' hypothesis, it is found that IL1R1-/- does not protect against glucose intolerance in nulliparous or pregnant females, and while control HFD animals see a resolution of glucose tolerance postpartum, IL-1R1-/- mice remain impaired. These effects are accompanied by adipocyte hypertrophy, hyperleptinemia, and increased adipose tissue inflammatory gene expression. Maternal genotype differentially affects fetal growth in male and female fetuses, demonstrating sexual dimorphism in this genotype prior to birth. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that IL1R1 signaling is important for normal metabolic functioning in females, during and outside of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine F Plows
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Saban Research Institute, 4641 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Mark H Vickers
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thashma P Ganapathy
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pania E Bridge-Comer
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L Stanley
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clare M Reynolds
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Xu F, Yang S, Liu Y, Zheng X, Yang H, Zhang J, Ren Z, Yang J. Placental pathology and neonatal outcomes in pre-eclampsia with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 34:1149-1154. [PMID: 32627623 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1786513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate histopathological placental lesions and adverse neonatal outcomes by Pre-eclampsia (PE) with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of pregnancies with PE delivered between 1 January 2012 to 1 January 2014. Pregnant women with PE were recruited, and divided into PE with GDM (PE + GDM) group (n = 278) and PE without GDM (PE - GDM) group (n = 586). We compared the placental pathology and neonatal outcomes between the two groups. RESULTS The (PE + GDM) group was significantly associated with high placenta weight (534.8 ± 124.1 vs 519.3 ± 132.3 g, p = .011), the large diameter of the placenta (17.8 ± 2.2 vs 16.2 ± 2.7 cm, p = .016) than (PE - GDM) group. The incidence of chorioamnionitis in (PE + GDM) group was significantly higher than (PE - GDM) group [48.9% (136/278) vs 41.5% (243/586), p = .028], whereas there were no significant differences in umbilical cord length and infarction between the two groups. The (PE + GDM) group had a higher rate of prematurity [44.9% (125/278) vs 39.9% (234/586), p = .042] than (PE - GDM) group, in (PE + GDM) group the incidence of LGA [15.1% (42/278) vs 1.0% (6/586), p = .034], RDS [18.7% (52/278) vs 9.2% (54/586), p = .011] and hyperbilirubinemia [10.7% (30/278) vs 1.0% (6/586), p = .038] were higher than (PE - GDM) group. CONCLUSIONS GDM increased the offspring's complication in pregnancy with PE, the potential mechanism might be that GDM increased the placenta inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xu
- Department of Neonatology, Guang Dong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shumei Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Guang Dong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Guang Dong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuaner Zheng
- Department of Neonatology, Guang Dong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoming Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Guang Dong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangyu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Guang Dong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuxiao Ren
- Department of Neonatology, Guang Dong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Guang Dong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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3
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Baller D, Thomas DM, Cummiskey K, Bredlau C, Schwartz N, Orzechowski K, Miller RC, Odibo A, Shah R, Salafia CM. Gestational growth trajectories derived from a dynamic fetal-placental scaling law. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190417. [PMID: 31662073 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal trajectories characterizing growth rates in utero have relied primarily on goodness of fit rather than mechanistic properties exhibited in utero. Here, we use a validated fetal-placental allometric scaling law and a first principles differential equations model of placental volume growth to generate biologically meaningful fetal-placental growth curves. The growth curves form the foundation for understanding healthy versus at-risk fetal growth and for identifying the timing of key events in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baller
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Diana M Thomas
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Kevin Cummiskey
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Carl Bredlau
- Department of Computer Science, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Nadav Schwartz
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Richard C Miller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, NJ 07039, USA
| | - Anthony Odibo
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Ruchit Shah
- Placental Analytics, New Rochelle, NY 10538, USA
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4
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Chen L, Merkhan MM, Forsyth NR, Wu P. Chorionic and amniotic membrane-derived stem cells have distinct, and gestational diabetes mellitus independent, proliferative, differentiation, and immunomodulatory capacities. Stem Cell Res 2019; 40:101537. [PMID: 31422237 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with the advantages of being non-invasive and having fewer ethical issues, are a promising source for cell therapy. Gestational diabetes (GDM) alters the uterine environment and may affect the therapeutic potential of MSCs derived from placenta. Therefore, we evaluated the biological properties of amniotic (AMSCs) and chorionic membrane MSCs (CMSCs) from human GDM placenta in order to explore their therapeutic potential. In comparison of GDM-/Healthy- CMSCs and AMSCs, the immunophenotypes and typical stellate morphology of MSC were similar in CMSCs irrespective of disease state while the MSC morphology in GDM-AMSCs was less evident. GDM- and Healthy- CMSCs displayed an enhanced proliferation rate and tri-lineage differentiation capacity compared with AMSCs. Notably, GDM-CMSCs had a significantly increased adipogenic ability than Healthy-CMSCs accompanied by increased transcriptional responsiveness of PPARγ and ADIPOQ induction. The secretome effect of Healthy- and GDM- CMSCs/AMSCs by using conditioned media and coculture experiments, suggests that GDM- and Healthy- CMSCs provided an equivalent immunoregulatory effect on suppressing T-cells activation but a reduced effect of GDM-CMSCs on macrophage regulation. However, Healthy- and GDM- CMSCs displayed a superior immunomodulatory capacity in regulation of both T-cells and macrophages than AMSCs. In summary, we highlight the importance of the maternal GDM intrauterine environment during pregnancy and its impact on CMSCs/AMSCs proliferation ability, CMSCs adipogenic potential, and macrophage regulatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Chen
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
| | - Marwan M Merkhan
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK; College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Nicholas R Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
| | - Pensee Wu
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK; Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent, UK; Keele Cardiovascular Research Group, Institute for Applied Clinical Sciences and Centre for Prognosis Research, Institute of Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
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5
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De Clercq K, Persoons E, Napso T, Luyten C, Parac-Vogt TN, Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Kerckhofs G, Vriens J. High-resolution contrast-enhanced microCT reveals the true three-dimensional morphology of the murine placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13927-13936. [PMID: 31249139 PMCID: PMC6683600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902688116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering of the mouse genome identified many genes that are essential for embryogenesis. Remarkably, the prevalence of concomitant placental defects in embryonic lethal mutants is highly underestimated and indicates the importance of detailed placental analysis when phenotyping new individual gene knockouts. Here we introduce high-resolution contrast-enhanced microfocus computed tomography (CE-CT) as a nondestructive, high-throughput technique to evaluate the 3D placental morphology. Using a contrast agent, zirconium-substituted Keggin polyoxometalate (Zr-POM), the soft tissue of the placenta (i.e., different layers and cell types and its vasculature) was imaged with a resolution of 3.5 µm voxel size. This approach allowed us to visualize and study early and late stages of placental development. Moreover, CE-CT provides a method to precisely quantify placental parameters (i.e., volumes, volume fraction, ratio of different placental layers, and volumes of specific cell populations) that are crucial for statistical comparison studies. The CE-CT assessment of the 3D morphology of the placentas was validated (i) by comparison with standard histological studies; (ii) by evaluating placentas from 2 different mouse strains, 129S6 and C57BL/6J mice; and (iii) by confirming the placental phenotype of mice lacking phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-p110α. Finally, the Zr-POM-based CE-CT allowed for inspection of the vasculature structure in the entire placenta, as well as detecting placental defects in pathologies characterized by embryonic resorption and placental fusion. Taken together, Zr-POM-based CE-CT offers a quantitative 3D methodology to investigate placental development or pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien De Clercq
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, Gynecology-Pediatrics and Urology Research Group (G-PURE), Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Centre for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eleonora Persoons
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, Gynecology-Pediatrics and Urology Research Group (G-PURE), Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Centre for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tina Napso
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Luyten
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, Gynecology-Pediatrics and Urology Research Group (G-PURE), Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tatjana N Parac-Vogt
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Institute of Mechanics, Materials, and Civil Engineering, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Vriens
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis & Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, Gynecology-Pediatrics and Urology Research Group (G-PURE), Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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Badran M, Abuyassin B, Ayas N, Laher I. Intermittent hypoxia impairs uterine artery function in pregnant mice. J Physiol 2019; 597:2639-2650. [PMID: 31002746 DOI: 10.1113/jp277775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a chronic condition characterized by intermittent hypoxia that induces oxidative stress and inflammation leading to cardiovascular disease. Women can develop OSA during late pregnancy, which is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. However, the effects of OSA throughout pregnancy on fetoplacental outcomes are unknown. Using a mouse model of intermittent hypoxia, we evaluated main uterine artery function, spiral artery remodelling, circulating angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors, and placental hypoxia and oxidative stress at gestational day 14.5 in pregnant mice. Gestational intermittent hypoxia increased placental weight but decreased fetal weight, impaired uterine artery function, increased circulating angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors, and induced placental hypoxia and oxidative stress, but had no impact on spiral artery remodelling. Our results suggest that pregnant women experiencing OSA during pregnancy could be at risk of maternal and fetal complications. ABSTRACT Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) and is associated with increased inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. OSA is a common sleep disorder and remains under-diagnosed; it can increase the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women. We investigated the effects of gestational IH (GIH) on uterine artery function, spiral artery remodelling and placental circulating angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors in pregnant female mice. WT C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks) were exposed to either GIH ( F I O 2 12%) or intermittent air ( F I O 2 21%) for 14.5 days of gestation. Exposure to GIH reduced fetal weight but increased placental weight. GIH dams had higher plasma levels of oxidative stress (8-isoprostane) and inflammatory markers (tumour necrosis factor-α). GIH significantly reduced uterine artery function as indicated by reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and enhanced vasoconstriction. Plasma levels of placental angiogenic and anti-angiogenic markers (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, soluble endoglin, angiogenic placental growth factor-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor) were higher in pregnant mice exposed to GIH. There was no evidence of impaired spiral artery remodelling based on immunostaining with α-smooth muscle actin and cytokeratin-7, and also by measurements of lumen area. Immunostaining for markers of hypoxia (pimonidazole) and oxidative stress (4-hydroxynonenal) were higher in mice exposed to GIH. Our data show that GIH adversely affects uterine vascular function and may be a mechanism by which gestational OSA leads to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Badran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Bisher Abuyassin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Najib Ayas
- Divisions of Critical Care and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Sleep Disorders Program, UBC Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Providence Healthcare, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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7
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Combination of vitamin B12 active forms improved fetal growth in Wistar rats through up-regulation of placental miR-16 and miR-21 levels. Life Sci 2017; 191:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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8
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Wilcox CR, Holder B, Jones CE. Factors Affecting the FcRn-Mediated Transplacental Transfer of Antibodies and Implications for Vaccination in Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1294. [PMID: 29163461 PMCID: PMC5671757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
At birth, neonates are particularly vulnerable to infection and transplacental transfer of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from mother to fetus provides crucial protection in the first weeks of life. Transcytosis of IgG occurs via binding with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in the placental synctiotrophoblast. As maternal vaccination becomes an increasingly important strategy for the protection of young infants, improving our understanding of transplacental transfer and the factors that may affect this will become increasingly important, especially in low-income countries where the burden of morbidity and mortality is highest. This review highlights factors of relevance to maternal vaccination that may modulate placental transfer—IgG subclass, glycosylation of antibody, total maternal IgG concentration, maternal disease, infant gestational age, and birthweight—and outlines the conflicting evidence and questions that remain regarding the complexities of these relationships. Furthermore, the intricacies of the Ab–FcRn interaction remain poorly understood and models that may help address future research questions are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Wilcox
- National Institute of Health Research Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Holder
- Paediatrics Section, Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre for International Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine E Jones
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
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9
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The relationship between birth and placental weights changes with placental size. Early Hum Dev 2017; 111:56-59. [PMID: 28618274 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Placental expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1): Gender-specific relation with human placental growth. Placenta 2016; 48:119-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Ramos A, Caimari F, Pujol I, García-Patterson A, Ginovart G, Adelantado J, Corcoy R. In women with gestational diabetes mellitus factors influencing growth have a larger effect on placental weight than on birth weight. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 202:60-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hayward CE, Lean S, Sibley CP, Jones RL, Wareing M, Greenwood SL, Dilworth MR. Placental Adaptation: What Can We Learn from Birthweight:Placental Weight Ratio? Front Physiol 2016; 7:28. [PMID: 26903878 PMCID: PMC4742558 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate fetal growth relies upon adequate placental nutrient transfer. Birthweight:placental weight ratio (BW:PW ratio) is often used as a proxy for placental efficiency, defined as the grams of fetus produced per gram placenta. An elevated BW:PW ratio in an appropriately grown fetus (small placenta) is assumed to be due to up-regulated placental nutrient transfer capacity i.e., a higher nutrient net flux per gram placenta. In fetal growth restriction (FGR), where a fetus fails to achieve its genetically pre-determined growth potential, placental weight and BW:PW ratio are often reduced which may indicate a placenta that fails to adapt its nutrient transfer capacity to compensate for its small size. This review considers the literature on BW:PW ratio in both large cohort studies of normal pregnancies and those studies offering insight into the relationship between BW:PW ratio and outcome measures including stillbirth, FGR, and subsequent postnatal consequences. The core of this review is the question of whether BW:PW ratio is truly indicative of altered placental efficiency, and whether changes in BW:PW ratio reflect those placentas which adapt their nutrient transfer according to their size. We consider this question using data from mice and humans, focusing upon studies that have measured the activity of the well characterized placental system A amino acid transporter, both in uncomplicated pregnancies and in FGR. Evidence suggests that BW:PW ratio is reduced both in FGR and in pregnancies resulting in a small for gestational age (SGA, birthweight < 10th centile) infant but this effect is more pronounced earlier in gestation (<28 weeks). In mice, there is a clear association between increased BW:PW ratio and increased placental system A activity. Additionally, there is good evidence in wild-type mice that small placentas upregulate placental nutrient transfer to prevent fetal undergrowth. In humans, this association between BW:PW ratio and placental system A activity is less clear and is worthy of further consideration, both in terms of system A and other placental nutrient transfer processes. This knowledge would help decide the value of measuring BW:PW ratio in terms of determining the risk of poor health outcomes, both in the neonatal period and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Hayward
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustManchester, UK
| | - Samantha Lean
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustManchester, UK
| | - Colin P Sibley
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustManchester, UK
| | - Rebecca L Jones
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustManchester, UK
| | - Mark Wareing
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustManchester, UK
| | - Susan L Greenwood
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustManchester, UK
| | - Mark R Dilworth
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustManchester, UK
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Jin F, Qiao C, Luan N, Shang T. The expression of the imprinted gene pleckstrin homology-like domain family A member 2 in placental tissues of preeclampsia and its effects on the proliferation, migration and invasion of trophoblast cells JEG-3. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26218012 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Chong Qiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Nannan Luan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Tao Shang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
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