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Foutsop AF, Ateufack G, Adassi BM, Yassi FB, Kom TD, Noungoua CM, Petsou A, Ngoupaye GT. The Aqueous Lyophilisate of Alchemilla Kiwuensis Engl. (Rosaceae) Displays Antiepileptogenic and Antiepileptic Effects on PTZ-induced Kindling in rats: Evidence of Modulation of Glutamatergic and GABAergic Pathways Coupled to Antioxidant Properties. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3228-3248. [PMID: 37436614 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03982-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Alchemilla kiwuensis Engl. (Rosaceae) (A. kiwuensis) is an herbaceous plant traditionally used by Cameroonians to treat epilepsy and other central nervous system disorders. The present study evaluated the antiepileptogenic and antiepileptic effects of A. kiwuensis (40 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg) following Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling as well as its sub-chronic toxicity. Following an initial i.p administration of a challenge dose (70 mg/kg), Wistar rats of both sexes received sub convulsive doses (35 mg/kg) of PTZ every other day, one hour after the oral gavage of animals with treatments, until two consecutive stage 4, in all animals of negative control. Seizure progression, latency, duration, and repetition were noted. Twenty-four hours later, animals were dissected to extract their hippocampi. The resulting homogenates were used to evaluate Malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, catalase activity, GABA, GABA-Transaminase, glutamate, glutamate transporter 2, IL-1β and TGF-1 β. Sub-chronic toxicity was conducted according to OECD 407 guidelines. The lyophilisate of A. kiwuensis significantly increased the latency of seizure appearance, delayed seizure progression and decreased seizure repetition and duration. Biochemical analysis revealed that the lyophilisate significantly increased the catalase activity, reduced glutathione, GABA, glutamate transporter 2 and TGF-1B levels. The lyophilisate equally caused a significant decreased in the GABA-Transaminase activity, malondialdehyde, and IL-1 β levels. There was no noticeable sign of toxicity. A. kiwuensis possesses antiepileptic and antiepiletogenic effects by enhancing GABAergic neurotransmission and antioxidant properties, coupled to modulation of glutamatergic and neuroinflammatory pathways and is innocuous in a sub-chronic model. These justifies its local use for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Fossueh Foutsop
- Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O BOX: 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Gilbert Ateufack
- Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O BOX: 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Blesdel Maxwell Adassi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, P.O BOX: 814, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Francis Bray Yassi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O BOX: 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Tatiana Diebo Kom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, P.O BOX: 814, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Chretien Mbeugangkeng Noungoua
- Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O BOX: 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Adolph Petsou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, P.O BOX: 814, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Gwladys Temkou Ngoupaye
- Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O BOX: 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
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de Lima Rosa G, Guzzo EFM, Nunes SEB, Padilha RB, Domingues AM, Barbosa BB, Siqueira IR, Coitinho AS. Aerobic exercise, alone or combined with an anti-inflammatory drug, reduces the severity of epileptic seizures and levels of central pro-inflammatory cytokines in an animal model of epileptic seizures. Epilepsy Res 2022; 186:107018. [PMID: 36126608 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.107018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder and there is increasing evidence about the role of inflammation in epileptogenesis. These findings have spurred the search for new immunomodulatory approaches that can improve prognosis. Using an animal model of chemically-induced epileptic seizures, we tested exercise alone as non-pharmacological therapy, and exercise combined with an anti-inflammatory drug. Five groups were used: sedentary, diazepam, aerobic exercise alone, aerobic exercise combined with an anti-inflammatory drug, and naive control. Our goal was to compare the severity of the epileptic seizures between groups as well as seizure latency in a pentylenetetrazole-induced paradigm. Cytokine levels (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10) were measured. Both exercise groups showed a reduction in seizure severity and lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the cortex, while the levels of cytokines in the hippocampus remained unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel de Lima Rosa
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Edson Fernando Muller Guzzo
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvia Elisandra Bitello Nunes
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bremm Padilha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Muliterno Domingues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Brayan Braz Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ionara Rodrigues Siqueira
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Simon Coitinho
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Sahin H, Yucel O, Emik S, Senturk GE. Protective Effects of Intranasally Administrated Oxytocin-Loaded Nanoparticles on Pentylenetetrazole-Kindling Epilepsy in Terms of Seizure Severity, Memory, Neurogenesis, and Neuronal Damage. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1923-1937. [PMID: 35713692 PMCID: PMC9264347 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling is an animal model for studying human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), which is characterized by alterations of hippocampal neurons and memory. Although the intranasal (IN) administration of oxytocin (OT) has limited efficiency, nanoparticles (NPs) are a promising candidate to deliver OT to the brain. However, there are very limited data on epilepsy research about oxytocin-loaded nanoparticles (NP-OTs). The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of IN administration of chronic NP-OTs on the hippocampus of PTZ-induced male epileptic rats in terms of seizure severity, memory, neurogenesis, and neuronal damage. Saline/OT/NP-OTs were administrated to both control (Ctrl) and PTZ groups intranasally. Consequently, saline and PTZ were injected, respectively, 25 times every 48 h. Then, seizure severity (score and latency) was calculated for the PTZ groups. A spatial working memory evaluation test (SWMET) was performed after the last injection. Hippocampus histopathology, neurogenesis, and apoptosis were demonstrated. Serum total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels and the oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured. We showed that OTs and NP-OTs prevented the kindling development and had positive effects on seizure severity. SWMET-related behaviors were also recovered in the PTZ + NP-OT group. A significant increase of neurogenesis and decrease of apoptosis in the hippocampus of the PTZ + NP-OT group were observed, while OTs and NP-OTs had protective effects against PTZ-induced damage to hippocampal neurons. Our results indicate that the chronic administration of NP-OTs may have positive effects on hippocampal damage via increasing neurogenesis and decreasing apoptosis and seizure severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Sahin
- Department
of Histology and Embryology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University—Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Oguz Yucel
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University—Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - Serkan Emik
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University—Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - Gozde Erkanli Senturk
- Department
of Histology and Embryology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University—Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
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Fokoua AR, Ajayi AM, Ben-Azu B, Chouna R, Folarin O, Olopade J, Nkeng-Efouet PA, Aderibigbe AO, Umukoro S, Nguelefack TB. The antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of the Psychotria camptopus Verd. Hook. (Rubiaceae) stem bark methanol extract contributes to its antiepileptogenic activity against pentylenetetrazol kindling in male Wistar rats. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:2015-2027. [PMID: 34460047 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00825-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A substantial number of epileptic patients are resistant to the current medication thus necessitating the search for alternative therapies for intractable forms of the disease. Previous studies demonstrated the acute anticonvulsant properties of the methanol extract of the stem bark of Psychotria camptopus (MEPC) in rats. This study investigated the effects of MEPC on pentylenetetrazole-kindled Wistar rats. Kindling was induced by intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole (37.5 mg/kg) on every alternate day, 1 h after each daily oral pretreatment of rats (8 ≤ n ≤ 10) with MEPC (40, 80 and 120 mg/kg), vehicle or diazepam (3 mg/kg) for 43 days. The kindling development was monitored based on seizure episodes and severity. Rats' brains were collected on day 43 for the determination of oxidative stress parameters. The histomorphological features and neuronal cell viability of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus were also assessed using H&E and Cresyl violet stains. Chronic administration of pentylenetetrazole time-dependently decreased the latency to myoclonic and generalized seizures, and increased seizure scores and the number of kindled rats. MEPC and diazepam significantly increased the latencies to myoclonic jerks and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These substances also reduced seizure score and the number of rats with PTZ-kindling. MEPC improved glutathione status and decreased lipid peroxidation in the brains of kindled rats. MEPC also exhibited neuroprotection against pentylenetetrazole-induced hippocampal and PFC neuronal damages. These results suggest that P. camptopus has antiepileptogenic activity, which might be related to the augmentation of antioxidant and neuroprotective defense mechanisms, and further confirm its usefulness in the management of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliance Romain Fokoua
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Fondation Alango-Reference Hospital of African medicine, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Abayomi Mayowa Ajayi
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Rodolphe Chouna
- Fondation Alango-Reference Hospital of African medicine, Dschang, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Oluwabusayo Folarin
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - James Olopade
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Pepin Alango Nkeng-Efouet
- Fondation Alango-Reference Hospital of African medicine, Dschang, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Adegbuyi Oladele Aderibigbe
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Umukoro
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Télesphore Benoît Nguelefack
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
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de Lima Rosa G, Muller Guzzo E, Muliterno Domingues A, Bremm Padilha R, Dias de Oliveira Amaral V, Simon Coitinho A. Effects of prednisolone on behavioral and inflammatory profile in animal model of PTZ-induced seizure. Neurosci Lett 2020; 743:135560. [PMID: 33359047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition that affects 1%-2% of the world population. Although research about the disease is advancing and a wide variety of drugs is available, about 30 % of patients have refractory epilepsy which cannot be controlled with the most common drugs. This highlights the need for a better understanding of the disorder and new types of treatment for it. Against this backdrop, a growing body of evidence has reported that inflammation may play a role both in the origin and in the progression of seizures. It has shown a tendency to be both the root and the result of epilepsy. This investigation aimed to assess the impact of prednisolone, a steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in an animal model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures, at 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg doses. We also examined the degree of seizure severity and the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the treated animals. Four treatment groups were used (saline, diazepam, prednisolone 1 mg/kg, and prednisolone 5 mg/kg) and, in addition to their own daily treatments, subconvulsant doses of pentylenetetrazole (25 mg/kg) were administered every other day during a test protocol that lasted 14 days. After treatment, the cytokines interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured in the animals' sera, hippocampi, and prefrontal cortices. Animals treated with prednisolone presented less severe seizures than the animals in the saline group, and there was a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in central structures, but not peripheral ones. In short, an animal model of chemically-induced epileptic seizures was used, in which the animals were treated with doses of prednisolone, and these animals presented less severe seizures than the negative control group (saline), in addition to showing decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, in the hippocampi and prefrontal cortices, but not the sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel de Lima Rosa
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Edson Muller Guzzo
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Muliterno Domingues
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bremm Padilha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitória Dias de Oliveira Amaral
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Simon Coitinho
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Activation on a Pentylenetetrazole-Kindling Rat Model. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9050108. [PMID: 31091715 PMCID: PMC6562858 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9050108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To study the possible anti-seizure and neuroprotective effect of glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP1) analogue (liraglutide) in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced kindled rat model and its underlying mechanisms. Methods: Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were allocated into 3 equal groups; i) Normal group: normal rats received normal saline, ii) PTZ (kindling) group: received PTZ (50 mg/Kg intraperitoneally (i.p.)) every other day for 2 weeks and iii) PTZ + GLP1 group: same as the PTZ group but rats received liraglutide (75 µg/kg i.p. daily) for 2 weeks before PTZ injection. Seizure severity score, seizure latency and duration were assessed. Also, the expression of caspase-3 (apoptotic marker) and β-catenin (Wnt pathway) by western blotting, markers of oxidative stress (GSH, CAT and MDA) by biochemical assay and the expression of LC3 (marker of autophagy) and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) by immunostaining were assessed in hippocampal regions of brain tissues. Results: PTZ caused a significant increase in Racine score and seizure duration with a significant decrease in seizure latency. These effects were associated with a significant increase in MDA, β-catenin, caspase-3, Hsp70 and LC3 in brain tissues (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, liraglutide treatment caused significant attenuation in PTZ-induced seizures, which were associated with significant improvement in markers of oxidative stress, reduction in LC3, caspase-3 and β-catenin and marked increase in Hsp70 in hippocampal regions (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Activation of GLP1R might have anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects against PTZ-induced epilepsy. These effects could be due to suppression of oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy and upregulation of Hsp70.
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Pais-Vieira M, Yadav AP, Moreira D, Guggenmos D, Santos A, Lebedev M, Nicolelis MAL. A Closed Loop Brain-machine Interface for Epilepsy Control Using Dorsal Column Electrical Stimulation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32814. [PMID: 27605389 PMCID: PMC5015048 DOI: 10.1038/srep32814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although electrical neurostimulation has been proposed as an alternative treatment for drug-resistant cases of epilepsy, current procedures such as deep brain stimulation, vagus, and trigeminal nerve stimulation are effective only in a fraction of the patients. Here we demonstrate a closed loop brain-machine interface that delivers electrical stimulation to the dorsal column (DCS) of the spinal cord to suppress epileptic seizures. Rats were implanted with cortical recording microelectrodes and spinal cord stimulating electrodes, and then injected with pentylenetetrazole to induce seizures. Seizures were detected in real time from cortical local field potentials, after which DCS was applied. This method decreased seizure episode frequency by 44% and seizure duration by 38%. We argue that the therapeutic effect of DCS is related to modulation of cortical theta waves, and propose that this closed-loop interface has the potential to become an effective and semi-invasive treatment for refractory epilepsy and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pais-Vieira
- Department of Neurobiology Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências da Vida e da Saúde, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Amol P. Yadav
- Department of Neurobiology Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Derek Moreira
- Department of Neurobiology Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David Guggenmos
- Department of Neurobiology Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amílcar Santos
- Department of Neurobiology Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mikhail Lebedev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neuroengineering Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Miguel A. L. Nicolelis
- Department of Neurobiology Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Neuroengineering Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience of Natal, Natal, Brazil
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