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Muller Guzzo EF, Rosa G, Lourenço de Lima AMD, Padilha R, Coitinho A. Piroxicam reduced the intensity of epileptic seizures in a kindling seizure model. Neurol Res 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38679045 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2024.2345032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: The close relationship between inflammatory processes and epileptic seizures is already known, although the exact pathophysiological mechanism is unclear. In this study, the anticonvulsant capacity of piroxicam, an anti-inflammatory drug, was evaluated. A rat pentylenetetrazole kindling model was used.Methods: Male Wistar rats, 8-9 weeks old, received piroxicam (0.15 and 0.30 mg/kg), diazepam (2 mg/kg) or saline for 14 days, and PTZ, on alternate days. Intraperitoneal was chosen as the route of administration. The intensity of epileptic seizures was assessed using a modified Racine scale. The open field test and object recognition analysis were performed at the beginning of the study to ensure the safety of the drugs used. At the end of the protocol, the animals were euthanized to measure the levels of inflammatory (TNF-a and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines in the cortex, hippocampus, and serum.Results:There were no changes in the open field test and object recognition analysis. Piroxicam was found to decrease Racine scale scores at both concentrations. The reported values for IL-6 levels remained steady in all structures, whereas the TNF-alpha level in the cortex was higher in animals treated with piroxicam than in the saline and diazepam subjects. Finally, animals treated with the anti-inflammatory drug presented reduced IL-10 levels in the cortex and hippocampus.onclusions: Using inflammation as a guiding principle, the anticonvulsant effect of PIRO could be associated with the hippocampal circuits, since this structure showed no increase in inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Rosa
- Postgraduate Program in Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Padilha
- Postgraduate Program in Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriana Coitinho
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Guzzo EFM, de Lima Rosa G, Domingues AM, Padilha RB, Coitinho AS. Reduction of seizures and inflammatory markers by betamethasone in a kindling seizure model. Steroids 2023; 193:109202. [PMID: 36828350 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic disease characterized by an ongoing predisposition to seizures. Although inflammation has emerged as a crucial factor in the etiology of epilepsy, no approaches to anti-inflammatory treatment have been clinically proven to date. Betamethasone (a corticosteroid drug used in the clinic for its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects) has never been evaluated in attenuating the intensity of seizures in a kindling animal model of seizures. Using a kindling model in male wistar rats, this study evaluated the effect of betamethasone on the severity of seizures and levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins. Seizures were induced by pentylenetetrazole (30 mg/kg) on alternate days for 15 days. The animals were divided into four groups: a control group treated with saline, another control group treated with diazepam (2 mg/kg), and two groups treated with betamethasone (0.125 and 0.250 mg/kg, respectively). Open field test was conducted. Betamethasone treatments were effective in reducing the intensity of epileptic seizures. There were lower levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and interleukin-1β in the cortex, compared to the saline group, on the other hand, levels in the hippocampus remained similar to the control groups. There was no change in the levels of interleukin-6 in the evaluated structures. Serum inflammatory mediators remained similar. Lower quantities of inflammatory mediators in the central nervous system may have been the key to the reduced severity of seizures on the Racine scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Fernando Muller Guzzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel de Lima Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Muliterno Domingues
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bremm Padilha
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Simon Coitinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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de Lima Rosa G, Guzzo EFM, Nunes SEB, Padilha RB, Domingues AM, Barbosa BB, Siqueira IR, Coitinho AS. Aerobic exercise, alone or combined with an anti-inflammatory drug, reduces the severity of epileptic seizures and levels of central pro-inflammatory cytokines in an animal model of epileptic seizures. Epilepsy Res 2022; 186:107018. [PMID: 36126608 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.107018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder and there is increasing evidence about the role of inflammation in epileptogenesis. These findings have spurred the search for new immunomodulatory approaches that can improve prognosis. Using an animal model of chemically-induced epileptic seizures, we tested exercise alone as non-pharmacological therapy, and exercise combined with an anti-inflammatory drug. Five groups were used: sedentary, diazepam, aerobic exercise alone, aerobic exercise combined with an anti-inflammatory drug, and naive control. Our goal was to compare the severity of the epileptic seizures between groups as well as seizure latency in a pentylenetetrazole-induced paradigm. Cytokine levels (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10) were measured. Both exercise groups showed a reduction in seizure severity and lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the cortex, while the levels of cytokines in the hippocampus remained unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel de Lima Rosa
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Edson Fernando Muller Guzzo
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvia Elisandra Bitello Nunes
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bremm Padilha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Muliterno Domingues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Brayan Braz Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ionara Rodrigues Siqueira
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Simon Coitinho
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Guzzo EFM, de Lima Rosa G, Bremm RP, Meska CP, Vargas CR, Coitinho AS. Parameters of Oxidative Stress and Behavior in Animals Treated with Dexametasone and Submitted to Pentylenetetrazol Kindling. J Epilepsy Res 2021; 11:113-119. [PMID: 35087719 PMCID: PMC8767226 DOI: 10.14581/jer.21017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Oxidative stress (OS) is defined as an excessive production of reactive oxygen species that cannot be neutralized by the action of antioxidants, but also as an alteration of the cellular redox balance. The relationship between OS and epilepsy is not yet fully understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone on OS levels and memory in the kindling model induced by pentylenetetrazole. Methods The animals were divided in six groups: control group that received no treatment, vehicle group treated with vehicle, diazepam group, and groups treated with dexamethasone (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg). Treated animals received pentylenetetrazole in alternated days for 15 days. Inhibitory avoidance test was conducted in 2 hours and OS was evaluated after animal sacrifice. Results Regarding the treatment with dexamethasone, there was no significant difference when compared to the control groups in relation to the inhibitory avoidance test. On OS levels, there was a decrease in catalase activity levels in the hippocampus and an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and glutathione peroxidase levels in the hippocampus. Conclusions The anticonvulsant effect of dexametasone remains uncertain. Immunological mechanisms, with the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, seem to be the key to this process. The mechanisms that generate OS are probably related to the anticonvulsant effects found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Fernando Muller Guzzo
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences University, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriel de Lima Rosa
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences University, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Padilha Bremm
- Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline Paula Meska
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carmen Regla Vargas
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriana Simon Coitinho
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences University, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, University Federal of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Guzzo EFM, Pedrini DB, Breigeiron MK. Inflammatory signs and epileptic crisis in patients admitted in an emergency unit. Rev Gaucha Enferm 2020; 41:e20190074. [DOI: 10.1590/1983-1447.2020.20190074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate inflammatory signs presented in medical records of patients with a main diagnosis of epileptic seizures, admitted in an emergency unit. Method: Cross-sectional and retrospective study. The sample was composed of 191 medical records, from children, adolescents, adults, and elders, with a clinical diagnosis of epileptic seizures, admitted between June 2016 and June 2017 at the emergency unit of a hospital in Porto Alegre/RS. Results: The prevalent inflammatory signs were tachypnea (33.5%) and/or fever (27.2%) associated with leukocytosis (P=0.030). Children/adolescents had seizures less frequently (P=0.010) and these were due to fever (P=0.000). Adults presented seizures more frequently (P=0.006), which were related to medication/intoxication (P=0.000). In elders, seizures occurred due to metabolic or circulatory abnormalities (P=0.000), less often due to fever (P=0.005). Conclusion: Seizures are related to fever and tachypnea, being caused by different etiologies according to age, being more frequent in adults. Fever is related to leukocytosis, regardless of age.
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