Use of Cyclosporine Therapy in Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (SRNS): A Review

Protective effects of herbal compounds against cyclophosphamide-induced organ toxicity: a pathway-centered approach

Cyclophosphamide is a key component of numerous chemotherapeutic protocols, demonstrating broad-spectrum efficacy against various malignancies and non-cancerous conditions. This review examines CPM's metabolic pathways, therapeutic applications, and its resulting organ-specific toxicities. Despite its clinical benefits in treating nephrotic syndrome, encephalomyelitis, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and other diseases, CPM is associated with significant adverse effects on the kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, and intestines. The discussion delves into the molecular mechanisms underlying these toxicities, highlighting dysregulation in key signaling pathways, including Nrf2, NF-κB, MAPK/ERK, and AKT. In addressing these challenges, recent studies have identified various herbal drugs and phytochemicals capable of mitigating CPM-induced toxicity. Notable compounds such as cinnamaldehyde, baicalin, quercetin, and curcumin have demonstrated protective effects. Integrating these herbal formulations with CPM therapy is proposed to enhance patient safety and treatment efficacy. This review underscores the influence of CPM on apoptosis and inflammation pathways, which lead to alterations in organ-specific biomarkers. Phytochemicals may exert protective effects by restoring disrupted signaling pathways and normalizing altered biomarkers. The compilation of phytochemicals presented in this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers exploring other herbal products with potential protective effects against CPM toxicity. A significant gap in the current literature is the lack of clinical trials evaluating phytochemicals that mitigate CPM toxicity in vivo. Rigorous clinical studies are necessary to establish the efficacy and safety of herbal formulations in cancer treatment. Such research will clarify the role of natural remedies in complementing conventional therapies, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Review of molecular biological research on the treatment of membranous nephropathy with Tripterygium glycosides based on TCM theory

To explore the mechanism of Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside (TWP) in the treatment of membranous nephropathy (MN) by network pharmacology. TCMSP and DrugBank databases were used to screen the main targets of the main active components of Tripterygium glycosides, and OMIM and Gene Cards databases were used to search the gene targets of MN. UniProt database was used to normalize all the targets to get the intersection targets of TGs and MNs. Synergistic genes were uploaded to the STRING platform to construct a protein-protein interaction network and screen related core targets. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Genome Encyclopedia analyses of core targets were performed using the DAVID database. AutoDockTools software was used to verify the molecular docking between the active components of TGs and the synergistic genes. We identified 126 potential targets for the active component of Tripterygium glycosides, 584 MN-associated disease targets, and 28 co-acting genes. It mainly involves AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, lipid and atherosclerosis, IL-17 signaling pathway, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, NF-kappa B signaling pathway and other pathways and biological pathways in diabetic complications. The active component of that Tripterygium glycosides and the active site of the synergistic core target can the bond energy is less than -5kJ/mol. Tripterygium glycosides can regulate the release of inflammatory factors to treat MN through multiple active components, multiple disease targets, multiple biological pathways and multiple pathways, which provides a basis for broadening the clinical use of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of MN.

Astragalus membranaceus formula for moderate-high risk idiopathic membranous nephropathy: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is a noninflammatory autoimmune glomerulonephropathy. Based on the risk stratification for disease progression, conservative nonimmunosuppressive and immunosuppressive therapy strategies have been recommended. However, there remains challenges. Therefore, novel approaches to treat IMN are needed. We evaluated the efficacy of Astragalus membranaceus (A membranaceus) combined with supportive care or immunosuppressive therapy in the treatment of moderate-high risk IMN.

METHODS

We comprehensively searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, Wanfang Knowledge Service Platform, and SinoMed. We then performed a systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials assessing the two therapy methods.

RESULTS

The meta-analysis included 50 studies involving 3423 participants. The effect of A membranaceus combined with supportive care or immunosuppressive therapy is better than that of supportive care or immunosuppressive therapy along in regulating for improving 24 hours urinary total protein (MD = -1.05, 95% CI [-1.21, -0.89], P = .000), serum albumin (MD = 3.75, 95% CI [3.01, 4.49], P = .000), serum creatinine (MD = -6.24, 95% CI [-9.85, -2.63], P = .0007), complete remission rate (RR = 1.63, 95% CI [1.46, 1.81], P = .000), partial remission rate (RR = 1.13, 95% CI [1.05, 1.20], P = .0004).

CONCLUSIONS

Adjunctive use of A membranaceus preparations combined with supportive care or immunosuppressive therapy have a promising treatment for improving complete response rate, partial response rate, serum albumin, and reducing proteinuria, serum creatinine levels compared to immunosuppressive therapy in people with MN being at moderate-high risk for disease progression. Given the inherent limitations of the included studies, future well-designed randomized controlled trials are required to confirm and update the findings of this analysis.

Risks and renal outcomes of severe acute kidney injury in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome

BACKGROUND

Risks and renal outcomes of severe acute kidney injury (AKI) in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS), particularly those who require dialysis, have not been fully explored.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study enrolled children who had been diagnosed with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome at the National Center for Child Health and Development between March 2002 and December 2018. Children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome or SRNS-related gene mutations were excluded.

RESULTS

Sixty-two children with SRNS (37 boys; median age, 3.6 years [interquartile range (IQR) 2.0-10.3]) were enrolled. Sixteen patients (25.8%) had severe AKI, including nine patients (14.5%) who received dialysis. The period from nephrotic syndrome (NS) onset to partial remission (median [IQR]) was not significantly influenced by dialysis status, but tended to be longer in the dialysis group (125 days [74-225] vs. 40 days [28-113]; p = 0.09); notably, no patient developed chronic kidney disease during the follow-up period. Infection and posterior reversible encephalopathy (PRES) were significantly associated with AKI. Patients with AKI tended to require dialysis in the presence of infection, undergo treatment with cyclosporine A, and have PRES. The period from onset of NS to AKI was significantly longer in the dialysis group (26 days [15.5-46.0] vs. 4 days [0.0-14.0]; p = 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Dialysis was commonly required among children with SRNS who exhibited severe AKI. The period from onset of NS to partial remission tended to be longer in patients receiving dialysis, whereas renal prognosis was satisfactory during subsequent follow-up.

The Advantages of Polymeric Hydrogels in Calcineurin Inhibitor Delivery

In recent years, polymeric hydrogels (PolyHy) have been extensively explored for their applications in biomedicine as biosensors, in tissue engineering, diagnostic processes, and drug release. The physical and chemical properties of PolyHy indicate their potential use in regulating drug delivery. Calcineurin inhibitors, particularly cyclosporine (CsA) and tacrolimus (TAC), are two important immunosuppressor drugs prescribed upon solid organ transplants. Although these drugs have been used since the 1970s to significantly increase the survival of transplanted organs, there are concerns regarding their undesirable side effects, primarily due to their highly variable concentrations. In fact, calcineurin inhibitors lead to acute and chronic toxicities that primarily cause adverse effects such as hypertension and nephrotoxicity. It is suggested from the evidence that the encapsulation of calcineurin inhibitors into PolyHy based on polysaccharides, specifically alginate (Alg), offers effective drug delivery with a stable immunosuppressive response at the in vitro and in vivo levels. This not only may reduce the adverse effects but also would improve the adherence of the patients by the effective preservation of drug concentrations in the therapeutic ranges.

Effects of Jian Pi Qu Shi Formula on intestinal bacterial flora in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy: A prospective randomized controlled trial

Background

The incidence of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) has recently increased remarkably. Immune dysfunction caused by disordered intestinal flora might be an important factor affecting IMN. The Jian Pi Qu Shi Formula (JPQSF) shows promise in treating IMN. Here, we sequenced 16S rRNA genes to compare intestinal flora between patients with IMN and healthy persons. We also conducted a randomized controlled clinical trial to further compare the intestinal flora of patients with IMN treated with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and western medicine (WM).

Methods

Among 40 patients with IMN treated at Department of Nephrology in Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine between July 2016 and December 2018, we compared 30 of them with 10 healthy persons (controls). The IMN group was randomly assigned to receive JPQSF (TCM) or immunosuppressant WM therapy in (n = 15 per group) for 6 months. Intestinal microbiota diversity was analyzed using alpha diversity and beta diversity. Intestinal flora that significantly differed between the groups was analyzed using MetaStat. The effects and safety of the therapies were determined based on the values for plasma albumin, 24-h urine protein excretion, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), complete blood count, and liver enzymes. All data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0 statistical software.

Results

Baseline characteristics did not significantly differ between the IMN and healthy groups, or the TCM and WM groups. After six months of treatment, 24-h urinary protein significantly declined in the TCM and WM groups (before and after treatment: 3.24 ± 1.74 vs. 1.73 ± 1.85 g, P < 0.05 and 3.94 ± 1.05 vs. 1.91 ± 1.18 g, P < 0.05, respectively). Plasma albumin was significantly increased in the TCM group (before vs. after treatment: 32.44 ± 9.04 vs. 39.99 ± 7.03 g/L, P < 0.05), but did not significantly change in the WM group (31.55 ± 4.23 vs. 34.83 ± 9.14 g/L, P > 0.05). Values for urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and eGFR did not significantly change in either group. The alpha diversity index for intestinal flora differed between the IMN and healthy groups, and the TCM and WM groups. Comparisons of multiple samples (beta diversity) revealed differences in intestinal flora between the IMN and healthy groups, and the TCM and WM groups. The Metastat analysis findings showed that the main genera that differed between the IMN group before treatment and the healthy group were Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Bifidobacterium (77), Dorea, Escherichia-Shigella, Parabacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Coprococcus_3. After TCM therapy, the main differential genera were Butyricimonas, Bacteroides, Alistipes, and Lachnospira, and after WM therapy, these were Ruminococcus_2, Lachnospiraceae_ND3007_group, Lachnospira, Bifidobacterium, Alistipes, and [Eubacterium]_ventriosum_group.

Conclusion

Patients with IMN might have disordered intestinal flora, and JPQSF can regulate intestinal flora in patients with IMN.

Research Progress in the Treatment of Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy using Traditional Chinese Medicine

This article reviews the most significant literature of the recent years on the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). One major goal of the article is to classify and summarize the research on the clinical aspects and the associated mechanisms of the use of Chinese herbal compounds and single drugs to treat IMN. It was found that TCM treats IMN via two major approaches: by benefiting qi, activating blood circulation and eliminating dampness, or by benefiting qi and nourishing yin. The method of benefiting qi, to activate blood circulation and eliminate dampness for dredging channels, is the most popular. The commonly used drugs in this approach include Huang Qi (astragalus), Dang Shen (codonopsis root), Bai Zhu (white atractylodes rhizome), Fu Ling (poria cocos), Dang Gui (angelica sinensis), and so on. Several randomized, controlled, clinical trials are reviewed in the article, including a multicenter one.

Management of atrial fibrillation-flutter: uptodate guideline paper on the current evidence

The term 'flutter' and 'fibrillation' were first coined to differentiate the differences between fast, regular contractions in Atrial Flutter (AFLUT) with irregular, vermiform contractions of Atrial Fibrillation (AFIB). Management of these two diseases has been a challenge for physicians. Rate control (along with rhythm control) is the first line of management for symptomatic AFIB/AFLUT with Rapid Ventricular Rate (RVR). In some situations, atrial rhythms may not be well controlled by these anti-arrhythmic drugs, making cardioversion to sinus rhythm necessary. Anti-coagulation therapy in both the disease population is essential. Catheter ablation is an effective treatment option in certain patients that have AFIB/AFLUT refractory to medical management. Newer techniques like left atrial appendage (LAA) has been developed and is a highly attractive concept for the future in the management of AFIB/AFLUT. Newer novel drugs targeting specific ion channels are approaching the stages of clinical investigation. However, while advances in technologies have helped elucidate many aspects of these diseases, many mysteries still remain. This literature review serves as one of the guideline papers for current up-to-date management on both AFIB and AFLUT.

Long QT Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature and Current Evidence

Long QT syndrome (LQT) represents a heterogeneous family of cardiac electrophysiologic disorders characterized by QT prolongation and T-wave abnormalities on the electrocardiogram. It is commonly associated with syncope, however, sudden cardiac death can occur due to torsades de pointes. LQT is a clinical diagnosis and should be suspected in individuals on the basis of clinical presentation, family history and ECG characteristics. Management is focused on the prevention of syncope and ultimately sudden death. Complete cessation of symptoms is the goal. Life-style modification, beta blockers and ICD implantation are the most important therapeutic modalities in proper management of patients with LQT. Awareness should be raised regarding possible circumstances that could increase the risk of QT prolongation. Advanced age, hypokalemia, a history of heart failure, and structural heart disease are often mentioned in this context. Prudent consideration is needed before making a decision to recommend an ICD implantation in a young, active patient. Medical and/or device therapy still represent important therapeutic modalities in the management of patients with LQT with careful clinical judgement for the substrate of patients who will benefit. Insights from benchside to bedside have facilitated progress toward better therapeutic strategies, there also remains a need for tailoring management toward individuals in a mechanism-specific manner to optimize care. In addition, continued progress toward fundamental understanding of mechanisms of ion channel function and drug-channel interaction will guide the development of more effective, mechanism-based molecular agents in the treatment of LQT.

Calcineurin inhibitors and nephrotoxicity in children

BACKGROUND

Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) are commonly given to transplant recipients of kidneys and other solid organs and to patients with immune disorders, such as steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome, and frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome. Although CNIs remain the most effective available immunosuppressant agent, there is clinical concern regarding possible long-term nephrotoxicity. This concern is especially significant in children who have a longer life expectancy and greater growth rate.

DATA SOURCES

In this review, we analyzed the literatures to identify original articles that examined use of CNIs in children who received organ transplantation and nephropathy to assess the available evidence of their nephrotoxicity. PubMed, Elsevier, and Tompson ISI Web of Knowledge were searched for identifying relevant papers.

RESULTS

Clinical research supports the presence of CNI-related nephrotoxicity. However, some researchers have questioned the prevalence and seriousness of chronic CNIs nephrotoxicity, especially because the pathological lesions typically associated with long-term CNI use are nonspecific. Many researchers have focused on early markers of CNI nephrotoxicity, and the methods that may help prevent and manage nephrotoxicity.

CONCLUSIONS

Future research should focus on investigating early markers of CNI nephrotoxicity and strategies for improved immunosuppressant therapy, and developing alternative treatments. CNI-mediated nephrotoxicity should always be taken seriously in clinic.

Immunosuppressive therapy for steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis examining the efficacy of cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin, and tacrolimus in treating steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome.

METHODS

Medline, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were searched until May 02, 2017 using the keywords: immunosuppressive therapy, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine A, and tacrolimus. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including patients with SRNS treated with an immunosuppressive therapy or placebo.

RESULTS

Seven RCTs were included, and the number of patients ranged from 30 to 131. Conventional pair-wise meta-analysis indicated a higher odds of complete or partial remission with tacrolimus as compared to cyclophosphamide [odds ratio (OR) 4.908, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.278-10.576, P < 0.001], and cyclophosphamide (OR 0.143, 95% CI 0.028-0.721, P = 0.019) and placebo (OR 0.043, 95% CI 0.012-0.157, P < 0.001) were associated with a lower likelihood of complete or partial remission than cyclosporine. Bayesian analysis indicated that tacrolimus and cyclosporine were the best and the second-best agents for inducing a complete or partial remission (rank probability = 0.53 for tacrolimus and 0.46 for cyclosporine).

CONCLUSION

As compared to cyclophosphamide and cyclosporin, tacrolimus is more effective at inducing remission in patients with SRNS.

Genetic variation in the glucocorticoid pathway involved in interindividual differences in the glucocorticoid treatment

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used for treating asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, nephrotic syndrome, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and other autoimmune diseases. However, in a subgroup of patients, failure to respond to GCs is known as GC resistance or GC insensitivity. This represents an important barrier to effective treatment and a clinical problem requiring an urgent solution. Genetic variation in the GC pathway is a significant factor in interindividual differences in GC treatment. This article reviews the pharmacogenetics of GCs in diverse diseases based on the GC pathway.