Breakfast Type and Cardiovascular Mortality: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study

Association of Breakfast Consumption Frequency with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Among School Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Eastern China

Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between breakfast consumption frequency and both depression and anxiety symptoms among middle and high school students in Eastern China. Methods: In this school-based cross-sectional study, 27,001 middle and high school students were investigated in 2022. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between breakfast consumption frequency and both depression and anxiety symptoms. Results: The percentages of students who consumed breakfast daily, 6 days/week, 4-5 days/week, and ≤3 days/week were 71.0% (95%CI: 69.9-72.2), 8.3% (95%CI: 7.8-8.6), 11.9% (95%CI: 11.2-12.6), and 8.8% (95%CI: 8.2-9.5), respectively. After adjusting for socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, academic performance, self-reported health, and bullying victimization, compared to those consuming breakfast daily, the odds ratios (95%CI) for depression symptoms were 1.32 (1.15-1.52) for those consuming breakfast 6 days/week, 1.66 (1.49-1.84) for those consuming breakfast 4-5 days/week, and 1.74 (1.54-1.97) for those consuming breakfast ≤3 days/week, respectively (p < 0.001). The corresponding figures for anxiety symptoms were 1.31 (1.14-1.51), 1.35 (1.20-1.52), and 1.43 (1.23-1.66), respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Breakfast skipping is common among middle and high school students in Eastern China. The frequency of breakfast consumption is inversely associated with both depression symptoms and anxiety symptoms among adolescents.

Breakfast skipping and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Background: Numerous studies reported inconsistent association between breakfast skipping and all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer mortality. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to elucidate these associations. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched up to July 2023 for prospective cohort studies that assessed the association between breakfast skipping and all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality in general adults. A random effect model was used to estimate the pooled hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis performed. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the study and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Results: The final analysis included 9 cohort studies including 242 095 participants, with 6 studies for all-cause mortality, 4 studies for CVD mortality, and 2 studies for cancer mortality. Compared to regular breakfast consumption, skipping breakfast was associated with a higher risk of all-cause (HR: 1.27, 95% CI, 1.07-1.51, I2 = 77%), CVD (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.10-1.50, I2 = 0), and cancer (HR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.11-1.61, I2 = 0%) mortality. Sensitivity analysis revealed inconsistent results in all-cause and CVD mortality. Subgroup analysis showed significant association in studies with larger participants, longer follow-up, adjustments for energy intake, and high-quality articles. GRADE showed very low evidence for all-cause mortality and low evidence for CVD and cancer mortality. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of regular breakfast habits for health and longevity. However, these results require careful interpretation due to geographic limitations, potential heterogeneity, and instability.

Quality of life, household income, and dietary habits are associated with the risk of sarcopenia among the Chinese elderly

BACKGROUND

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL), which can be influenced by various aspects, especially socioeconomic status and lifestyle, has been identified as an important predictor of the prognosis of older adults. Dietary habit, a major part of lifestyle, can affect the nutritional status, which is closely correlated with the development of geriatric syndromes in the elderly.

AIMS

The aim of the study was to examine the association of HRQoL, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle with the risk and severity of sarcopenia, a geriatric syndrome characterized by progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength and function.

METHODS

A cross-sectional retrospective study with 2877 participants aged ≥65 years was performed. HRQoL was assessed using EuroQoL Five Dimensions questionnaire. Socioeconomic status was assessed by the educational attainment, occupation, and household income. Lifestyle was assessed using 12 items closely related to Chinese living habits. The information of daily dietary habits including tea, alcohol, type of diet, and volume of drinking water were collected. The associations of HRQoL, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle with the risk of sarcopenia were examined by multivariate regression logistical analysis. The potential causal role of age, body mass index, and waist circumference in the effect of HRQoL on sarcopenia risk was analyzed by causal mediation analysis.

RESULTS

High HRQoL [adjusted odds ratio (OR) =0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) =0.69-0.95, P=0.034] and household income levels (adjusted OR =0.74, 95% CI =0.57-0.95, P=0.019) were inversely associated with the risk of sarcopenia. Meanwhile, more consumption of spicy food (adjusted OR =1.34, 95% CI =1.09-1.81, P =0.037) and occasionally drinking (adjusted OR =1.46, 95% CI =1.07-2.00, P =0.016, as compared to those never drinking) were associated with higher risk of sarcopenia, while skipping breakfast occasionally (adjusted OR =0.37, 95% CI =0.21-0.64, P <0.001, as compared to those eating breakfast every day) and less consumption of salt (adjusted OR =0.71, 95% CI =0.52-0.96, P =0.026, as compared to those consuming high amount of salt) were associated with lower risk of sarcopenia. Further causal mediation analysis aimed to explore how much age, body mass index, and waist circumference might explain the effect of HRQoL on the risk of sarcopenia showed that the estimated proportion that mediated the effect of HRQoL on the risk of sarcopenia by age was 28.0%.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, our findings demonstrate that low levels of HRQoL and household income, more intake of salt and spicy food, and occasional intake of alcohol are correlated with higher risk of sarcopenia, while skipping breakfast occasionally is associated with lower risk of sarcopenia in a Chinese population of older adults.

Effect of skipping breakfast on cardiovascular risk factors: a grade-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies

Skipping breakfast is one of the most prevalent irregular eating habits. Several pieces of evidence have reported the association between breakfast omission and a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. Numerous publications have focused on the impact of skipping breakfast on various cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess this impact, especially with regard to anthropometric measurements, serum lipid profiles, blood pressure, and glycemic control indicators. A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to 1 April 2023. A total of 11 eligible trials were identified to evaluate the combined effects of skipping breakfast. Final integrated results demonstrated that breakfast omission significantly decreased the body weight (mean difference = -0.66, 95% CI: -1.09 to -0.24, p = 0.002, I2 = 0.0) and increased the level of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (mean difference = 9.89, 95% CI: 5.14 to 14.63, p = 0.000, I2 = 17.3). Subgroup analysis also revealed potential factors that may affect the outcomes, for example, the physiological condition of participants, duration, gender, and type of breakfast. In conclusion, skipping breakfast may reduce body weight while increasing the level of serum LDL-C at the same time. In view of the limited trials, further studies are needed to expound the role of breakfast omission in cardiovascular diseases.