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Huang LT, Li TJ, Li ML, Luo HY, Wang YB, Wang JH. Untargeted lipidomic analysis and network pharmacology for parthenolide treated papillary thyroid carcinoma cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:130. [PMID: 37095470 PMCID: PMC10123985 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03944-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With fast rising incidence, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common head and neck cancer. Parthenolide, isolated from traditional Chinese medicine, inhibits various cancer cells, including PTC cells. The aim was to investigate the lipid profile and lipid changes of PTC cells when treated with parthenolide. METHODS Comprehensive lipidomic analysis of parthenolide treated PTC cells was conducted using a UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS platform, and the changed lipid profile and specific altered lipid species were explored. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were performed to show the associations among parthenolide, changed lipid species, and potential target genes. RESULTS With high stability and reproducibility, a total of 34 lipid classes and 1736 lipid species were identified. Lipid class analysis indicated that parthenolide treated PTC cells contained higher levels of fatty acid (FA), cholesterol ester (ChE), simple glc series 3 (CerG3) and lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG), lower levels of zymosterol (ZyE) and Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) than controlled ones, but with no significant differences. Several specific lipid species were changed significantly in PTC cells treated by parthenolide, including the increasing of phosphatidylcholine (PC) (12:0e/16:0), PC (18:0/20:4), CerG3 (d18:1/24:1), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) (18:0), phosphatidylinositol (PI) (19:0/20:4), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (28:0), ChE (22:6), and the decreasing of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (16:1/17:0), PC (34:1) and PC (16:0p/18:0). Four key targets (PLA2G4A, LCAT, LRAT, and PLA2G2A) were discovered when combining network pharmacology and lipidomics. Among them, PLA2G2A and PLA2G4A were able to bind with parthenolide confirmed by molecular docking. CONCLUSIONS The changed lipid profile and several significantly altered lipid species of parthenolide treated PTC cells were observed. These altered lipid species, such as PC (34:1), and PC (16:0p/18:0), may be involved in the antitumor mechanisms of parthenolide. PLA2G2A and PLA2G4A may play key roles when parthenolide treated PTC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Tian Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tie-Jun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming-Lin Li
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Han-Yong Luo
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Bing Wang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Jia-He Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Nagayama Y, Hamada K. Reprogramming of Cellular Metabolism and Its Therapeutic Applications in Thyroid Cancer. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121214. [PMID: 36557253 PMCID: PMC9782759 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is a series of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms, providing energy required for cellular processes and building blocks for cellular constituents of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Cancer cells frequently reprogram their metabolic behaviors to adapt their rapid proliferation and altered tumor microenvironments. Not only aerobic glycolysis (also termed the Warburg effect) but also altered mitochondrial metabolism, amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism play important roles for cancer growth and aggressiveness. Thus, the mechanistic elucidation of these metabolic changes is invaluable for understanding the pathogenesis of cancers and developing novel metabolism-targeted therapies. In this review article, we first provide an overview of essential metabolic mechanisms, and then summarize the recent findings of metabolic reprogramming and the recent reports of metabolism-targeted therapies for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nagayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-95-819-7173; Fax: +81-95-819-7175
| | - Koichiro Hamada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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Paglia G, Smith AJ, Astarita G. Ion mobility mass spectrometry in the omics era: Challenges and opportunities for metabolomics and lipidomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:722-765. [PMID: 33522625 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Researchers worldwide are taking advantage of novel, commercially available, technologies, such as ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), for metabolomics and lipidomics applications in a variety of fields including life, biomedical, and food sciences. IM-MS provides three main technical advantages over traditional LC-MS workflows. Firstly, in addition to mass, IM-MS allows collision cross-section values to be measured for metabolites and lipids, a physicochemical identifier related to the chemical shape of an analyte that increases the confidence of identification. Second, IM-MS increases peak capacity and the signal-to-noise, improving fingerprinting as well as quantification, and better defining the spatial localization of metabolites and lipids in biological and food samples. Third, IM-MS can be coupled with various fragmentation modes, adding new tools to improve structural characterization and molecular annotation. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in IM-MS technologies and approaches utilized to support metabolomics and lipidomics applications and we assess the challenges and opportunities in this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Paglia
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro (MB), Italy
| | - Andrew J Smith
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro (MB), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Astarita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Wang Y, Chen Z, Shima K, Zhong D, Yang L, Wang Q, Jiang R, Dong J, Lei Y, Li X, Cao L. Rapid diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma with machine learning and probe electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2022; 57:e4831. [PMID: 35562642 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Frozen section examination could provide pathological diagnosis for surgery of thyroid nodules, which is time-consuming, skill- and experience-dependent. This study developed a rapid classification method for thyroid nodules and machine learning. Total 69 tissues were collected including 43 nodules and 26 nodule-adjacent tissues. Intraoperative frozen section was first performed to give accurate diagnosis, and the rest frozen specimen were pretreated for probe electrospray ionization mass measurement. By multivariate analysis of mass scan data, a series compounds were found downregulated in the extraction solution of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), but some were found upregulated by mass spectrometry imaging. m/z 758.5713 ([PC[34:2] + H]+ ), m/z 772.5845 ([PC[32:0] + K]+ ), and m/z 786.6037 ([PC[36:2] + H]+ ) were firstly identified as potential biomarkers for nodular goiter (NG). Machine learning was employed by means of support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) algorithms. For classification of PTC from NG, SVM and RF algorithms exhibited the same performance and the concordance was 94.2% and 94.4% between prediction and pathological diagnosis with positive and negative mass dataset, respectively. For the classification of PTC from PTC adjacent tissues, SVM was better than RF and the concordance was 93.8% and 83.3% with positive and negative mass dataset, respectively. With the identified compounds as training features, the sensitivity and specificity are 87.5% and 88.9% for the test set. The developed method could also correctly predict the malignancy of one medullary thyroid carcinoma and one adenomatous goiter (benign). The diagnosis time is about 10 min for one specimen, and it is very promising for the intraoperative diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhe Chen
- Shimadzu China Innovation Center, Shimadzu Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Keisuke Shima
- Shimadzu China Innovation Center, Shimadzu Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Dingrong Zhong
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyang Wang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiying Jiang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Shimadzu China Innovation Center, Shimadzu Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Yajuan Lei
- Shimadzu China Innovation Center, Shimadzu Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Shimadzu China Innovation Center, Shimadzu Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Shimadzu China Innovation Center, Shimadzu Corporation, Beijing, China
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Mass Spectrometry and Mass Spectrometry Imaging-based Thyroid Cancer Analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-022-00218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Buszewska-Forajta M, Rafińska K, Buszewski B. Tissue sample preparations for preclinical research determined by molecular imaging mass spectrometry using MALDI. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1345-1361. [PMID: 35122386 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization - imaging mass spectrometry is an alternative tool, which can be implemented in order to obtain and visualize the "omic" signature of tissue samples. Its application to clinical study enables simultaneous imaging-based morphological observations and mass spectrometry analysis. Application of fully informative material like tissue, allows to obtain the complex and unique profile of analyzed samples. This knowledge leads to diagnose disease, study the mechanism of cancer development, select the potential biomarkers as well as correlating obtained image with prognosis. Nevertheless, it is worth to notice that this method is found to be objective but the result of analysis is mainly influenced by the sample preparation protocol, included collection of biological material, its preservation and processing. However, application of this approach requires a special sample preparation procedure. The main goal of the study is to present the current knowledge on the clinical application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization - imaging mass spectrometry in cancer research, with particular emphasis on the sample preparation step. For this purpose, several protocols based on cryosections and formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue were compiled and compared, taking into account the measured metabolites of potential diagnostic importance for a given type of cancer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Buszewska-Forajta
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, Toruń, 87-100, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rafińska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., Torun, 87-100, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., Torun, 87-100, Poland.,Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 4 Wileńska Str., Torun, 87-100, Poland
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Hou Y, Gao Y, Guo S, Zhang Z, Chen R, Zhang X. Applications of spatially resolved omics in the field of endocrine tumors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:993081. [PMID: 36704039 PMCID: PMC9873308 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.993081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine tumors derive from endocrine cells with high heterogeneity in function, structure and embryology, and are characteristic of a marked diversity and tissue heterogeneity. There are still challenges in analyzing the molecular alternations within the heterogeneous microenvironment for endocrine tumors. Recently, several proteomic, lipidomic and metabolomic platforms have been applied to the analysis of endocrine tumors to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tumor genesis, progression and metastasis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of spatially resolved proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics guided by mass spectrometry imaging and spatially resolved microproteomics directed by microextraction and tandem mass spectrometry. In this regard, we will discuss different mass spectrometry imaging techniques, including secondary ion mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and desorption electrospray ionization. Additionally, we will highlight microextraction approaches such as laser capture microdissection and liquid microjunction extraction. With these methods, proteins can be extracted precisely from specific regions of the endocrine tumor. Finally, we compare applications of proteomic, lipidomic and metabolomic platforms in the field of endocrine tumors and outline their potentials in elucidating cellular and molecular processes involved in endocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shudi Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- General Surgery, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Zhibin Zhang, ; Ruibing Chen, ; Xiangyang Zhang,
| | - Ruibing Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Zhibin Zhang, ; Ruibing Chen, ; Xiangyang Zhang,
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Zhibin Zhang, ; Ruibing Chen, ; Xiangyang Zhang,
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8
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Du Y, Fan P, Zou L, Jiang Y, Gu X, Yu J, Zhang C. Serum Metabolomics Study of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Based on HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:593510. [PMID: 33598460 PMCID: PMC7882692 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.593510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined metabolite profile differences between serum samples of thyroid papillary carcinoma (PTC) patients and healthy controls, aiming to identify candidate biomarkers and pathogenesis pathways in this cancer type. Serum samples were collected from PTC patients (n = 80) and healthy controls (n = 80). Using principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discrimination analysis(PLS-DA), orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), t-tests, and the volcano plot, a model of abnormal metabolic pathways in PTC was constructed. PCA, PLS-DA, and OPLS-DA analysis revealed differences in serum metabolic profiles between the PTC and control group. OPLS-Loading plot analysis, combined with Variable importance in the projection (VIP)>1, Fold change (FC) > 1.5, and p < 0.05 were used to screen 64 candidate metabolites. Among them, 22 metabolites, including proline betaine, taurocholic acid, L-phenylalanine, retinyl beta-glucuronide, alpha-tocotrienol, and threonine acid were upregulated in the PTC group; meanwhile, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan, 2-arachidonylglycerol, citric acid, and other 42 metabolites were downregulated in this group. There were eight abnormal metabolic pathways related to the differential metabolites, which may be involved in the pathophysiology of PTC. Six metabolites yielded an area under the receiver operating curve of >0.75, specifically, 3-hydroxy-cis-5-tetradecenoylcarnitine, aspartylphenylalanine, l-kynurenine, methylmalonic acid, phenylalanylphenylalanine, and l-glutamic acid. The Warburg effect was observed in PTC. The levels of 3-hydroxy-cis-5-tetradecenoylcarnitine, aspartylphenylalanine, l-kynurenine, methylmalonic acid, phenylalanine, and L-glutamic acid may help distinguish PTC patients from healthy controls. Aspartic acid metabolism, glutamic acid metabolism, urea cycle, and tricarboxylic acid cycle are involved in the mechanism of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Peizhi Fan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lianhong Zou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Metabonomics, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Metabonomics, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaowen Gu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaojie Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Wang Y. Applications of Lipidomics in Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1316:25-39. [PMID: 33740241 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6785-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipids have many critical biological functions in cancer. There are characteristic changes of lipid metabolism and metabolites in different physiological and pathological processes. Lipidomics is an emerging discipline of metabolomics for systematic analysis of lipids in organisms, tissues, or cells and the molecules that interact with them. With the development of new analytical techniques, especially the application and development of mass spectrometry techniques, the determination of lipids can be carried out quickly and accurately and has a high throughput. A large number of studies have shown that abnormal lipid metabolism is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. The application of lipidomics technology can reveal changes in lipids and relative abnormal metabolic pathways associated with tumors. Moreover, it shows a wide range of application prospects in the identification of tumor lipid biomarkers, early tumor diagnosis, and the discovery of antitumor drug targets. This chapter mainly introduces the application and development direction of lipidomics in the diagnosis and therapy of different tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
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10
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The Potential of Metabolomics in the Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155272. [PMID: 32722293 PMCID: PMC7432278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine system malignancy. However, there is still a lack of reliable and specific markers for the detection and staging of this disease. Fine needle aspiration biopsy is the current gold standard for diagnosis of thyroid cancer, but drawbacks to this technique include indeterminate results or an inability to discriminate different carcinomas, thereby requiring additional surgical procedures to obtain a final diagnosis. It is, therefore, necessary to seek more reliable markers to complement and improve current methods. "Omics" approaches have gained much attention in the last decade in the field of biomarker discovery for diagnostic and prognostic characterisation of various pathophysiological conditions. Metabolomics, in particular, has the potential to identify molecular markers of thyroid cancer and identify novel metabolic profiles of the disease, which can, in turn, help in the classification of pathological conditions and lead to a more personalised therapy, assisting in the diagnosis and in the prediction of cancer behaviour. This review considers the current results in thyroid cancer biomarker research with a focus on metabolomics.
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Wang W, Chang J, Jia B, Liu J. The Blood Biomarkers of Thyroid Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:5431-5438. [PMID: 32753960 PMCID: PMC7351621 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s261170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction With the gradual increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer, people’s attention to thyroid cancer has also gradually increased. Although the prognosis of thyroid cancer is rather mild compared to other cancers, it will still bring a heavy psychological burden on people who have been diagnosed. At present, the diagnosis of thyroid cancer mainly depends on ultrasound and percutaneous fine needle aspiration (pFNA). Due to the unsatisfactory accuracy of the diagnosis methods we use now, there are still some thyroid nodules that cannot be clearly diagnosed before surgery. Methods In this article, we have searched for relevant research on blood markers of thyroid cancer in the past five years and categoried them into four groups. Discussion Though we have not found a biomarker which can diagnose thyroid cancer both sensitively and specifically, we do found many substances that are related to it, and have the potential to recognize it and help the diagnosis. And perhaps combined models can do it better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Wang
- First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, General Surgery Department, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtao Chang
- First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, General Surgery Department, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Baosong Jia
- First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, General Surgery Department, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, General Surgery Department, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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Dickinson A, Saraswat M, Joenväärä S, Agarwal R, Jyllikoski D, Wilkman T, Mäkitie A, Silén S. Mass spectrometry-based lipidomics of oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue reveals aberrant cholesterol and glycerophospholipid metabolism - A Pilot study. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100807. [PMID: 32559714 PMCID: PMC7303674 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolic reprogramming is one hallmark of cancer. Lipid metabolism is regulated by numerous enzymes, many of which are targeted by several drugs on the market. We aimed to characterize the lipid alterations in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) as a basis for understanding its lipid metabolism, thus identifying potential therapeutic targets. We compared lipid species, classes, and glycerophospholipid (GPL) fatty acid species between paired tumor tissue and healthy oral tongue mucosa samples from 10 OSCC patients using a QExactive mass spectrometer. After filtering the 1370 lipid species identified, we analyzed 349 species: 71 were significantly increased in OSCC. The GPL metabolism pathway was most represented by the lipids differing in OSCC (P = .005). Cholesterol and the GPLs phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and phosphatidylinositols were most significantly increased in OSCC tissue (FC 1.8, 2.0, 2.1, and 2.3 and, P = .003, P = .005, P = .002, P = .007). In conclusion, we have demonstrated a shift in the lipid metabolism in these OSCC samples by characterizing the detailed landscape. Predominantly, cholesterol and GPL metabolism were altered, suggesting that interactions with sterol regulatory binding proteins may be involved. The FA composition changes of the GPLs suggest increased de novo lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Dickinson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 263, FI-00029, HUS, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mayank Saraswat
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, PO Box 21, FI-00014, Finland; HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Joenväärä
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, PO Box 21, FI-00014, Finland; HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rahul Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Jyllikoski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 263, FI-00029, HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommy Wilkman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 263, FI-00029, HUS, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suvi Silén
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 263, FI-00029, HUS, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Harris A, Roseborough A, Mor R, Yeung KKC, Whitehead SN. Ganglioside Detection from Formalin-Fixed Human Brain Tissue Utilizing MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:479-487. [PMID: 31971797 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is used to perform mass spectrometric analysis directly on biological samples providing visual and anatomical spatial information on molecules within tissues. A current obscuration of MALDI-IMS is that it is largely performed on fresh frozen tissue, whereas clinical tissue samples stored long-term are fixed in formalin, and the fixation process is thought to cause signal suppression for lipid molecules. Studies have shown that fresh frozen tissue sections applied with an ammonium formate (AF) wash prior to matrix application in the MALDI-IMS procedure display an increase in observed signal intensity and sensitivity for lipid molecules detected within the brain while maintaining the spatial distribution of molecules throughout the tissue. In this work, we investigate the viability of formalin-fixed tissue imaging in a clinical setting by comparing MALDI data of fresh frozen and postfixed rat brain samples, along with postfixed human brain samples washed with AF to assess the capabilities of ganglioside analysis in MALDI imaging of formalin-fixed tissue. Results herein demonstrate that MALDI-IMS spectra for gangliosides, including GM1, were significantly enhanced in fresh frozen rat brain, formalin-fixed rat brain, and formalin-fixed human brain samples through the use of an AF wash. Improvements in MALDI-IMS image quality were demonstrated, and the spatial distribution of molecules was retained. Results indicate that this method will allow for the analysis of gangliosides from formalin-fixed clinical samples, which can open additional avenues for neurodegenerative disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - A Roseborough
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Rahul Mor
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Ken K-C Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Shawn N Whitehead
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
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14
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Gawin M, Kurczyk A, Stobiecka E, Frątczak K, Polańska J, Pietrowska M, Widłak P. Molecular Heterogeneity of Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Comparison of Primary Tumors and Synchronous Metastases in Regional Lymph Nodes by Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Endocr Pathol 2019; 30:250-261. [PMID: 31664609 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-019-09593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intra-tumor heterogeneity results from both genetic heterogeneity of cancer (sub)clones and phenotypic plasticity of cancer cells that could be induced by different local microenvironments. Here, we used mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to compare molecular profiles of primary tumors located in the thyroid gland and their synchronous metastases in regional lymph nodes to analyze phenotypic heterogeneity in papillary thyroid cancer. Two types of cancerous (primary tumor and metastasis) and two types of not cancerous (thyroid gland and lymph node) regions of interest (ROIs) were delineated in postoperative material from 11 patients, then the distribution of tryptic peptides (spectral components) was analyzed by MSI in all tissue regions. Moreover, tryptic peptides identified by shotgun proteomics in corresponding tissue lysates were matched to components detected by MSI to enable their hypothetical protein annotation. Unsupervised segmentation of all cancer ROIs revealed that different clusters dominated in tumor ROIs and metastasis ROIs. The intra-patient similarity between thyroid and tumor ROIs was higher than the intra-patient similarity between tumor and metastasis ROIs. Moreover, the similarity between tumor and its metastasis from the same patients was lower than similarities among tumors and among metastases from different patients (inter-patient similarity was higher for metastasis ROIs than for tumor ROIs). Components differentiating between tumor and its metastases were annotated as proteins involved in the organization of the cytoskeleton and chromatin, as well as proteins involved in immunity-related functions. We concluded that phenotypical heterogeneity between primary tumor and lymph node metastases from the same patient was higher than inter-tumor heterogeneity between primary tumors from different patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gawin
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agata Kurczyk
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewa Stobiecka
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Frątczak
- Data Mining Division, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Joanna Polańska
- Data Mining Division, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Monika Pietrowska
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Piotr Widłak
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland.
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15
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Holzlechner M, Eugenin E, Prideaux B. Mass spectrometry imaging to detect lipid biomarkers and disease signatures in cancer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019; 2:e1229. [PMID: 32729258 PMCID: PMC7941519 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current methods to identify, classify, and predict tumor behavior mostly rely on histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular determinants. However, better predictive markers are required for tumor diagnosis and evaluation. Due, in part, to recent technological advancements, metabolomics and lipid biomarkers have become a promising area in cancer research. Therefore, there is a necessity for novel and complementary techniques to identify and visualize these molecular markers within tumors and surrounding tissue. RECENT FINDINGS Since its introduction, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has proven to be a powerful tool for mapping analytes in biological tissues. By adding the label-free specificity of mass spectrometry to the detailed spatial information of traditional histology, hundreds of lipids can be imaged simultaneously within a tumor. MSI provides highly detailed lipid maps for comparing intra-tumor, tumor margin, and healthy regions to identify biomarkers, patterns of disease, and potential therapeutic targets. In this manuscript, recent advancement in sample preparation and MSI technologies are discussed with special emphasis on cancer lipid research to identify tumor biomarkers. CONCLUSION MSI offers a unique approach for biomolecular characterization of tumor tissues and provides valuable complementary information to histology for lipid biomarker discovery and tumor classification in clinical and research cancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Holzlechner
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and AnatomyThe University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB)GalvestonTexas
| | - Eliseo Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and AnatomyThe University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB)GalvestonTexas
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and AnatomyThe University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB)GalvestonTexas
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16
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Capitoli G, Piga I, Galimberti S, Leni D, Pincelli AI, Garancini M, Clerici F, Mahajneh A, Brambilla V, Smith A, Magni F, Pagni F. MALDI-MSI as a Complementary Diagnostic Tool in Cytopathology: A Pilot Study for the Characterization of Thyroid Nodules. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091377. [PMID: 31527543 PMCID: PMC6769566 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study applies for the first time as Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) on real thyroid Fine Needle Aspirations (FNAs) to test its possible complementary role in routine cytology in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules. The primary aim is to evaluate the potential employment of MALDI-MSI in cytopathology, using challenging samples such as needle washes. Firstly, we designed a statistical model based on the analysis of Regions of Interest (ROIs), according to the morphological triage performed by the pathologist. Successively, the capability of the model to predict the classification of the FNAs was validated in a different group of patients on ROI and pixel-by-pixel approach. Results are very promising and highlight the possibility to introduce MALDI-MSI as a complementary tool for the diagnostic characterization of thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Capitoli
- Center of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, 20900 Vedano al Lambro, Italy.
| | - Isabella Piga
- Proteomics and Metabolomics platform, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, 20900 Vedano al Lambro, Italy.
| | - Stefania Galimberti
- Center of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, 20900 Vedano al Lambro, Italy.
| | - Davide Leni
- Department of radiology, San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 ASST Monza, Italy.
| | | | - Mattia Garancini
- Department of Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 ASST Monza, Italy.
| | - Francesca Clerici
- Proteomics and Metabolomics platform, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, 20900 Vedano al Lambro, Italy.
| | - Allia Mahajneh
- Proteomics and Metabolomics platform, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, 20900 Vedano al Lambro, Italy.
| | - Virginia Brambilla
- Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 ASST Monza, Italy.
| | - Andrew Smith
- Proteomics and Metabolomics platform, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, 20900 Vedano al Lambro, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Magni
- Proteomics and Metabolomics platform, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, 20900 Vedano al Lambro, Italy.
| | - Fabio Pagni
- Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 ASST Monza, Italy.
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17
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Abooshahab R, Gholami M, Sanoie M, Azizi F, Hedayati M. Advances in metabolomics of thyroid cancer diagnosis and metabolic regulation. Endocrine 2019; 65:1-14. [PMID: 30937722 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancers (TCs) are the most frequent endocrine malignancy with an unpredictable fast-growing incidence, especially in females all over the world. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) analysis is an accurate diagnostic method for detecting thyroid nodules and classification of TC. Though simplicity, safety, and accuracy of FNAB, 15-30% of cases are indeterminate, and it is not possible to determine the exact cytology of the specimen. This demands the need for innovative methods capable to find crucial biomarkers with adequate sensitivity for diagnosis and prediction in TC researches. Cancer-based metabolomics is a vast emerging field focused on the detection of a large set of metabolites extracted from biofluids or tissues. Using analytical chemistry procedures allows for the potential recognition of cancer-based metabolites for the purposes of advancing the era of personalized medicine. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with separation techniques e.g., gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) are the main approaches for metabolic studies in cancers. The immense metabolite profiling has provided a chance to discover novel biomarkers for early detection of thyroid cancer and reduce unnecessary aggressive surgery. In this review, we recapitulate the recent advances and developed methods of diverse metabolomics tools and metabolic phenotypes of thyroid cancer, following a brief discussion of recent challenges in the thyroid cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Abooshahab
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Gholami
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Maryam Sanoie
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Luberto C, Haley JD, Del Poeta M. Imaging with mass spectrometry, the next frontier in sphingolipid research? A discussion on where we stand and the possibilities ahead. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 219:1-14. [PMID: 30641043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last ten years, mass spectrometry (MS) has become the favored analytical technique for sphingolipid (SPL) analysis and measurements. Indeed MS has the unique ability to both acquire sensitive and quantitative measurements and to resolve the molecular complexity characteristic of SPL molecules, both across the different SPL families and within the same SPL family. Currently, two complementary MS-based approaches are used for lipid research: analysis of lipid extracts, mainly by infusion electrospray ionization (ESI), and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) from a sample surface (i.e. intact tissue sections, cells, model membranes, thin layer chromatography plates) (Fig. 1). The first allows for sensitive and quantitative information about total lipid molecular species from a given specimen from which lipids have been extracted and chromatographically separated prior to the analysis; the second, albeit generally less quantitative and less specific in the identification of molecular species due to the complexity of the sample, allows for spatial information of lipid molecules from biological specimens. In the field of SPL research, MS analysis of lipid extracts from biological samples has been commonly utilized to implicate the role of these lipids in specific biological functions. On the other hand, the utilization of MSI in SPL research represents a more recent development that has started to provide interesting descriptive observations regarding the distribution of specific classes of SPLs within tissues. Thus, it is the aim of this review to discuss how MSI technology has been employed to extend the study of SPL metabolism and the type of information that has been obtained from model membranes, single cells and tissues. We envision this discussion as a complementary compendium to the excellent technical reviews recently published about the specifics of MSI technologies, including their application to SPL analysis (Fuchs et al., 2010; Berry et al., 2011; Ellis et al., 2013; Eberlin et al., 2011; Kraft and Klitzing, 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Luberto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
| | - John D Haley
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States; Veterans Administrations Medical Center, Northport, NY, United States
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19
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Piga I, Casano S, Smith A, Tettamanti S, Leni D, Capitoli G, Pincelli AI, Scardilli M, Galimberti S, Magni F, Pagni F. Update on: proteome analysis in thyroid pathology - part II: overview of technical and clinical enhancement of proteomic investigation of the thyroid lesions. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:937-948. [PMID: 30290700 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1532793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An accurate diagnostic classification of thyroid lesions remains an important clinical aspect that needs to be addressed in order to avoid 'diagnostic' thyroidectomies. Among the several 'omics' techniques, proteomics is playing a pivotal role in the search for diagnostic markers. In recent years, different approaches have been used, taking advantage of the technical improvements related to mass spectrometry that have occurred. Areas covered: The review provides an update of the recent findings in diagnostic classification, in genetic definition and in the investigation of thyroid lesions based on different proteomics approaches and on different type of specimens: cytological, surgical and biofluid samples. A brief section will discuss how these findings can be integrated with those obtained by metabolomics investigations. Expert commentary: Among the several proteomics approaches able to deepen our knowledge of the molecular alterations of the different thyroid lesions, MALDI-MSI is strongly emerging above all. In fact, MS-imaging has also been demonstrated to be capable of distinguishing thyroid lesions, based on their different molecular signatures, using cytological specimens. The possibility to use the material obtained by the fine needle aspiration makes MALDI-MSI a highly promising technology that could be implemented into the clinical and pathological units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Piga
- a Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Milano-Bicocca, Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit , Vedano al Lambro , Italy.,b Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Milano-Bicocca, Section of Pathology , Monza , Italy
| | - Stefano Casano
- b Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Milano-Bicocca, Section of Pathology , Monza , Italy
| | - Andrew Smith
- a Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Milano-Bicocca, Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit , Vedano al Lambro , Italy
| | - Silvia Tettamanti
- a Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Milano-Bicocca, Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit , Vedano al Lambro , Italy
| | - Davide Leni
- c Department of Radiology , San Gerardo Hospital , Monza , Italy
| | - Giulia Capitoli
- d Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Milano-Bicocca, Centre of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology , Monza , Italy
| | | | | | - Stefania Galimberti
- d Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Milano-Bicocca, Centre of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology , Monza , Italy
| | - Fulvio Magni
- a Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Milano-Bicocca, Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit , Vedano al Lambro , Italy
| | - Fabio Pagni
- b Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Milano-Bicocca, Section of Pathology , Monza , Italy
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