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Varga I, Hammer N, Pavlíková L, Poilliot A, Klein M, Mikušová R. Terminological discrepancies and novelties in the histological description of the female genital system: proposed amendments for clinical-translational anatomy. Anat Sci Int 2024:10.1007/s12565-024-00772-8. [PMID: 38683308 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Histological terminology of the female genital organs is currently a part of the internationally accepted nomenclature Terminologia Histologica (TH), the latest edition of which dates back to 2008. Many new discoveries have been documented within 16 years since then, and many discrepancies have been found. This paper aims to revise the terminology from clinical and educational perspectives comprehensively. The authors thoroughly searched the current edition of "Terminologia Histologica: International Terms for Human Cytology and Histology," focusing on missing and controversial terms in the chapter Female genital system. The authors identified six controversial and ambiguous terms and four missing important histological terms. The authors also discussed the addition of less used eponymic terms in the histological description of female genital organs like Hamperl cells, Popescu cells, Kroemer lacunae, Balbiani bodies, Call-Exner bodies, membrane of Slavianski, nabothian cysts, or anogenital sweat glands of van der Putte. We expect the second and revised edition of the TH to be published soon and hope that the Federative International Program on Anatomical Terminology will approve and incorporate all these propositions and suggestions. We also strongly recommend using the official internationally accepted Latin and English histological nomenclature-the TH, either in oral or written form, both in theoretical and clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Varga
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Spitalska Street 24, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Niels Hammer
- Division of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Branch, Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology (IWU), Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Lada Pavlíková
- Faculty of Health Care Studies, University of Western Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Amelie Poilliot
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Klein
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Spitalska Street 24, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Renáta Mikušová
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Spitalska Street 24, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Neumann PE, Houle M, Russell S, Stiles L, Ottone NE, Del Sol M. Revisiting the Latin vocabulary of Terminologia Histologica: I. Nouns. Clin Anat 2024; 37:337-343. [PMID: 38251059 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Almost 20% of the Latin nouns (193/993) in Terminologia Histologica (TH), the international standard nomenclature for human histology and cytology, display linguistic problems, particularly in the areas of orthography, gender, and declension. Some anatomists have opposed efforts to restore the quality of the Latin nomenclature as pedantry, preferring to create or modify Latin words so that they resemble words in English and other modern languages. A Latin microanatomical nomenclature is vulnerable to the criticism of anachronism, so the requirement for the use of authentic Latin, including derivation of new words from Greek and Latin words rather than from modern languages, if possible, may be even greater than it is for the anatomical nomenclature. The most common problem identified here appears to have been caused by derivation of Latin nouns by addition of -us and -um second declension endings to English words. Many Latin nouns (128) in TH contain one of six morphemes that have been treated this way even though the original Greek words are either first declension masculine or third declension neuter nouns. Ironically, deriving Latin nouns directly from Greek morphemes often results in words that look more familiar to speakers of Romance and Germanic languages than those derived indirectly through modern languages (e.g., astrocyte, collagene, dendrita, lipochroma, osteoclasta and telomere instead of astrocytus, collagenum, dendritum, lipochromum, osteoclastus, and telomerus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Neumann
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mélanie Houle
- Département d'études anciennes et de sciences des religions, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Russell
- Department of Greek and Roman Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lewis Stiles
- Department of History, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Nicolás E Ottone
- Departamento de Odontología Integral Adultos, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Mariano Del Sol
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Kachlik D, Musil V, Blankova A, Marvanova Z, Miletin J, Trachtova D, Dvorakova V, Baca V. A plea for extension of the anatomical nomenclature: Vessels. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2021; 21:208-220. [PMID: 33259774 PMCID: PMC7982069 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.5256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is the fourth and last part of a series aimed at extending and correcting the anatomical nomenclature. Because of the rapid development of internet and the use of electronic formats in communication in anatomy, embryology, histology, medical education, and clinical medicine, an appropriate, precise, and concise anatomical nomenclature is required. Such tool enables to avoid any potential confusion and possible scientific/medical mistakes. The up-to-date official anatomical terminology, Terminologia Anatomica, is available longer than 20 years and needs to be refined and extended. The authors have collected and listed 210 terms and completed them with definitions and/or explanations. We aimed to start a discussion about their potential incorporation into the new revised version of the Terminologia Anatomica. This article is primarily focused on the vessels of the human body (arteries, veins, and lymphatic system).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kachlik
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Health Care Studies, College of Polytechnics Jihlava, Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Musil
- Centre of Scientific Information, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Blankova
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Marvanova
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Miletin
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Trachtova
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vlasta Dvorakova
- Department of Health Care Studies, College of Polytechnics Jihlava, Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Baca
- Department of Health Care Studies, College of Polytechnics Jihlava, Jihlava, Czech Republic
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Mihalcea CE, Moroşanu AM, Murăraşu D, Puiu L, Cinca SA, Voinea SC, Mirancea N. Analysis of TP53 gene and particular infrastructural alterations in invasive ductal mammary carcinoma. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2021; 61:441-447. [PMID: 33544795 PMCID: PMC7864295 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted in order to determine the mutational status of TP53 gene and to determine some particular aspects from ultrastructural level in invasive mammary ductal carcinoma. The cellular signaling pathway involving the TP53 gene acts in biological deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair processes and cell cycle arrest following a signal transmitted to the p53 protein when posttranslational changes occur in the cell due to stress induced in the cell by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Cellular stress activates the transcription factor function of the protein that initiates, as the case may be, either DNA repair or programmed cell death (apoptosis). The TP53 gene is commonly mutated in many human cancers and also has a highly polymorphic grade. To determine the mutational status of the exons 4–9 of the TP53 gene, we used extracted DNA from fresh breast tissue, and we analyzed it through direct sequencing. In mammary carcinoma, the mutation frequency of TP53 is running between 20–40% and, in regards the polymorphism, at least 14 different forms were identified, that are associated with cancer risk. The mutation type distribution showed a predominance of deletions and a reduced frequency of substitutions comparing with International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) database. Taken in consideration the importance of the tumor associated stroma in tumor development, we have also investigated some particular aspects at the infrastructural level of invasive mammary ductal carcinoma, notably concerning telocytes as tumor stroma interstitial cells by transmission electron microscopy analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Elena Mihalcea
- Department of Plant and Animal Cytobiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania;
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Kachlík D, Varga I, Báča V, Musil V. Variant Anatomy and Its Terminology. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:medicina56120713. [PMID: 33353179 PMCID: PMC7766054 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56120713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Variant anatomy, which is an integral part of anatomical science, is related to abnormalities in the human body structure. Our understanding of variant anatomy is based on thousand years of anatomical experience. These abnormalities generally do not interfere with the function of the human body and do not typically manifest as pathological nosological units. However, under certain conditions, these abnormalities can worsen existing pathological states or even evoke new ones. Understanding variant anatomy is a basic skill not only of mere anatomists, but also of clinicians who work in fields involving both diagnostic techniques and therapeutic interventions. To gain and retain a good knowledge of the most frequent and clinically relevant anatomical variations, a simple, clear, and exactly defined nomenclature of variant structures is needed. A list of items comprising variant anatomy, which have been incorporated into the internationally accepted nomenclatures Terminologia Anatomica (1998) and Terminologia Neuroanatomica (2017), is described and analyzed. Examples of the most common anatomical variations related to terminology are mentioned, and variant anatomy as a whole and its role in understanding current anatomy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kachlík
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Úvalu 84, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Health Care Studies, College of Polytechnics Jihlava, Tolstého 16, 58601 Jihlava, Czech Republic;
| | - Ivan Varga
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81372 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-90-119-547
| | - Václav Báča
- Department of Health Care Studies, College of Polytechnics Jihlava, Tolstého 16, 58601 Jihlava, Czech Republic;
| | - Vladimír Musil
- Centre of Scientific Information, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic;
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