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Fu J, Weber S, Turn SQ. Comprehensive Characterization of Kukui Nuts as Feedstock for Energy Production in Hawaii. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:22567-22574. [PMID: 37396206 PMCID: PMC10308387 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Fuel properties of oil-bearing kukui (Aleurites moluccana) nuts, a commonly found crop in Hawaii and tropical Pacific regions, were comprehensively studied to evaluate their potential for bioenergy production. Proximate and ultimate analyses, heating value, and elemental composition of the seed, shell, and de-oiled seed cake were determined across five sampling locations in Hawaii. The aged and freshly harvested kukui seeds were found to have similar oil contents, ranging from 61 to 64%wt. Aged seeds, however, have 2 orders of magnitude greater free fatty acids than those freshly harvested (50% vs 0.4%). The nitrogen content of the de-oiled kukui seed cake was found to be comparable to that of the soybean cake. Aging of kukui seeds can decrease the flashpoint temperature and increase the liquid-solid phase transition temperatures of kukui oil obtained. Mg and Ca are the major ash-forming elements present in the kukui shells, >80%wt of all metal elements detected, which may reduce deposition problems for thermochemical conversion in comparison with hazelnut, walnut, and almond shells. The study also revealed that kukui oil has similar characteristics to canola, indicating that it is well-suited for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Fu
- . Tel.: 808-956-5944. Fax: 808-956-2336
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Aniza R, Chen WH, Pétrissans A, Hoang AT, Ashokkumar V, Pétrissans M. A review of biowaste remediation and valorization for environmental sustainability: Artificial intelligence approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121363. [PMID: 36863440 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biowaste remediation and valorization for environmental sustainability focuses on prevention rather than cleanup of waste generation by applying the fundamental recovery concept through biowaste-to-bioenergy conversion systems - an appropriate approach in a circular bioeconomy. Biomass waste (biowaste) is discarded organic materials made of biomass (e.g., agriculture waste and algal residue). Biowaste is widely studied as one of the potential feedstocks in the biowaste valorization process due to its being abundantly available. In terms of practical implementations, feedstock variability from biowaste, conversion costs and supply chain stability prevent the widespread usage of bioenergy products. Biowaste remediation and valorization have used artificial intelligence (AI), a newly developed idea, to overcome these difficulties. This report analyzed 118 works that applied various AI algorithms to biowaste remediation and valorization-related research published between 2007 and 2022. Four common AI types are utilized in biowaste remediation and valorization: neural networks, Bayesian networks, decision tree, and multivariate regression. The neural network is the most frequent AI for prediction models, the Bayesian network is utilized for probabilistic graphical models, and the decision tree is trusted for providing tools to assist decision-making. Meanwhile, multivariate regression is employed to identify the relationship between experimental variables. AI is a remarkably effective tool in predicting data, which is reportedly better than the conventional approach owing to its characteristics of time-saving and high accuracy. The challenge and future work in biowaste remediation and valorization are briefly discussed to maximize the model's performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Aniza
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; International Doctoral Degree Program on Energy Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, 411, Taiwan.
| | | | - Anh Tuan Hoang
- Institute of Engineering, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Veeramuthu Ashokkumar
- Biorefineries for Biofuels & Bioproducts Laboratory, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
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Matsubara T, Thanh TC, Hue BTB, Takenaka N, Maeda Y. Bio-diesel Fuel Material Supply in Vietnam and Its Current and Future Potentiality with a Focus on Rubber Seed Oil. J Oleo Sci 2023; 72:219-232. [PMID: 36740251 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess22309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diesel fuel usage in Vietnam is increasing rapidly, but most of it is imported from overseas. In this study, we investigated the possibility of popularizing bio-diesel fuel (BDF) made from Vietnamese origin resources as a sustainable energy solution. The world's energy cost fluctuates significantly depending on economic or political movements, especially after the Russian invasion of Ukraine began in 2022. This caused energy prices soar, attacking the global economy in a short period and requiring a wide range of energy supply sources. We aim to promote commercial BDF production in Vietnam for future energy security and contribution to the Vietnamese economy. Eight necessary factors were investigated to choose suitable material for BDF production. The factors are as follows: 1) material with Vietnamese origin, 2) sufficient and continuous supply volume, 3) sufficient quality to run diesel engines, including common-rail diesel engines, 4) inedibility, 5) low enough freezing point, 6) ease of collection, 7) affordability, and 8) availability of valuable elements in the material. If a suitable material candidate is not stable, it may be changed over time. In this study, the focus material was rubber seed oil. Because rubber production in Vietnam is quite stable with over 900,000 ha plantation area, and there is a potentiality to collect seeds and produce about 50,000 tons of BDF annually. In addition, the quality of rubber seeds based BDF is very high, such as low enough freezing point, etc. However, most of those rubber seeds are currently not collected and used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Norimichi Takenaka
- Graduate School of Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University
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Shaah MA, Hossain MS, Allafi F, Ab Kadir MO, Ahmad MI. Biodiesel production from candlenut oil using a non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification process: optimization, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9845-9861. [PMID: 35424910 PMCID: PMC8963261 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00571a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the feasibility of biodiesel production from candlenut oil using supercritical methanol (scMeOH) as a non-catalytic transesterification process. The influence of the scMeOH transesterification process was determined with varying pressure (85-145 bar), temperature (260-300 °C), methanol to oil (M : O) ratio (15 : 1-35 : 1), and reaction time (15-25 min). The experimental conditions of the scMeOH transesterification process were designed using central composite design (CCD) of experiments, and the process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). It was found that scMeOH temperature, pressure, M : O ratio, and reaction time substantially influenced the transesterification process. The maximum biodiesel yield of 96.35% was obtained at an optimized scMeOH transesterification process at the pressure of 115 bar, the temperature of 285 °C, M : O ratio of 30 : 1, and reaction time of 22 min. A second-order kinetics model and Eyring equations were utilized to determine the kinetics and thermodynamics of biodiesel production from candlenut oil. The activation energy value was determined to be 28.35 KJ mol-1. Analyses of the thermodynamic properties of biodiesel revealed that the transesterification process was non-spontaneous and endothermic. The physicochemical properties of produced candlenut biodiesel via scMeOH complied with most of the biodiesel properties as per ASTM D6751 and EN14214, thereby referring to good quality biodiesel production. The findings of the present study reveal that the scMeOH is an effective non-catalytic transesterification process for biodiesel production from candlenut oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Abdulhakim Shaah
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Penang Malaysia +6046533678 +6046532216 +6046532214
| | - Md Sohrab Hossain
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Penang Malaysia +6046533678 +6046532216 +6046532214
| | - Faisal Allafi
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Penang Malaysia +6046533678 +6046532216 +6046532214
| | - Mohd Omar Ab Kadir
- Pultex Sdn Bhd Jalan Kampung Jawa, Bayan Baru 11950 Bayan Lepas Penang Malaysia
| | - Mardiana Idayu Ahmad
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Penang Malaysia +6046533678 +6046532216 +6046532214
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Syimir Fizal AN, Hossain MS, Zulkifli M, Khalil NA, Abd Hamid H, Ahmad Yahaya AN. Implementation of the supercritical CO 2 technology for the extraction of candlenut oil as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production: potential and limitations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREEN ENERGY 2022; 19:72-83. [DOI: 10.1080/15435075.2021.1930007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Noor Syimir Fizal
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (MICET), Alor Gajah, Malacca, Malaysia
| | - Md Sohrab Hossain
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Muzafar Zulkifli
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (MICET), Alor Gajah, Malacca, Malaysia
| | - Nor Afifah Khalil
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (MICET), Alor Gajah, Malacca, Malaysia
| | - Hamidah Abd Hamid
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (MICET), Alor Gajah, Malacca, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Naim Ahmad Yahaya
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (MICET), Alor Gajah, Malacca, Malaysia
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Saeed LI, Khalaf AM, Fadhil AB. Biodiesel production from milk thistle seed oil as nonedible oil by cosolvent esterification–transesterification process. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqaa I. Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Girls Mosul University Mosul Iraq
| | - Ahmed M. Khalaf
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al‐Dour Technical Institute Northern Technical University Mosul Iraq
| | - Abdelrahman B. Fadhil
- Laboratory Researches of Industrial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Science Mosul University Mosul Iraq
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Villarante NR, Ibarrientos CH. Physicochemical Characterization of Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana)-derived Biodiesel Purified with Deed Eutectic Solvents. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:113-123. [PMID: 33431766 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-oil candlenut (Aleurites moluccana)-derived biodiesel was purified using new generation solvents called Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and physicochemical properties of the purified biodiesel were assessed according to the accepted international standards for biodiesel (ASTM D6751; EN 14214). Binary and ternary choline chloride-based DESs containing glycerol and ethylene glycol as hydrogen bond donors were synthesized. The results of the investigation showed that the quality of DESs-purified biodiesel generally improved compared with the unpurified biodiesel and fulfilled the accepted standard limits for biodiesel except carbon residue and oxidation stability properties. Choline chloride/ethylene glycol (ChCl/Eg, 1:2 molar ratio) having a DES/biodiesel ratio of 1:1 (DES2-11) has enhanced the Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) content of unpurified biodiesel from 81.89% to 98.13%, and the oxidation stability from 2.36 h to 3.06 h. 1H NMR examination showed the successful synthesis of DESs; GC-MS analysis of candlenut oil and its biodiesel revealed oil and fatty acid methyl ester compositions, respectively. The similarity in FAME compositions between DESs-purified and unpurified biodiesel as revealed through GC-MS examination suggests the selective removal of impurities and the efficiency of DESs in improving the quality of candlenut-derived biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson R Villarante
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila
| | - Chelsea H Ibarrientos
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila
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