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Bohrer BM, Wang Y, Landero JL, Young M, Hansen B, Pollmann DS, Mellencamp MA, Van De Weyer L, Aldaz A. The effects of dietary net energy on grow-finish performance and carcass characteristics of market gilts managed with immunological suppression of ovarian function and estrus (Improvest). Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae026. [PMID: 38496705 PMCID: PMC10943419 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of net energy (NE) during the grow-finish period on live performance and carcass characteristics of market gilts managed with immunological suppression of ovarian function and estrus (Improvest®; IMP) compared with market gilts not managed with Improvest (CON). The 104-d study began when 1,008 gilts (11 wk old; average starting weight of 30.8 kg) were allocated by weight to 48 pens with 21 gilts/pen. Half of the pens were randomly selected to be managed with Improvest while the other half of the pens were not managed with Improvest. Three dietary programs differing in their NE were formulated over five dietary phases (according to standardized ileal digestible lysine requirements) to provide an average of 2,218 kcal/kg (low NE), 2,343 kcal/kg (medium NE), or 2,468 kcal/kg (high NE). The experiment was designed as a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of Improvest management and NE. For the overall study period, there were no significant interactions (P ≥ 0.20) for average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), or Gain:Feed (G:F). There were also no significant interactions between Improvest management and NE (P ≥ 0.30) for carcass characteristics. However, IMP gilts consumed more feed (6.8% greater ADFI; P < 0.01), grew faster (5.0% greater ADG; P < 0.01), were less efficient (1.8% lower G:F; P < 0.01), heavier (3.5 kg hot carcass weight; P < 0.01), and fatter (1.9 mm greater backfat thickness and 1.26% less predicted lean carcass yield; P < 0.01). No difference (P = 0.21) in carcass dressing percentage between IMP and CON gilts was reported. For the overall study period, gilts fed low NE and medium NE diets consumed more feed compared with gilts fed high NE diets (6.8% more ADFI for low NE and 5.7% more for medium NE; P < 0.01), and gilts fed low NE diets grew 2.5% slower (P < 0.01) than gilts fed medium NE diets, while gilts fed high NE diets were intermediate and not different from the other NE treatments. This resulted in gilts fed Low NE diets being the least efficient (3.8% lower G:F than medium NE and 7.1% lower G:F than High NE; P < 0.01). Overall, these data indicate that typical Improvest response levels were sustained at each of the NE treatments evaluated in this study as there were no significant interactions for Improvest management and NE; however, consideration should still be provided to the known production impacts of low NE diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Bohrer
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Malachy Young
- Gowan’s Feed Consulting, Wainwright, AB T9W 1L2, Canada
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Bohrer B, Wang Y, Landero J, Young M, Hansen B, Pollmann DS, Mellencamp M, Van De Weyer L, Aldaz A. The effects of dietary net energy on grow-finish performance and carcass characteristics of male market pigs managed with immunological castration (Improvest). Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae027. [PMID: 38504947 PMCID: PMC10949435 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of dietary net energy (NE) during the grow-finish period on live performance and carcass characteristics of intact male pigs managed with immunological castration (Improvest) compared with physically castrated (PC) male pigs. The 101-d study began when 1,008 pigs (504 intact male pigs and 504 PC male pigs; 10 wk old) were allocated by weight to 48 pens with 21 intact males or 21 PC males per pen. Three dietary NE treatments were fed to pigs using five dietary phases (dietary programs were formulated according to standardized ileal digestible lysine requirements of Improvest males or PC males) to provide an average of 2,212 kcal/kg (low NE), 2,337 kcal/kg (medium NE), or 2,462 kcal/kg (high NE). The experiment was designed and analyzed as a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of Improvest management and NE. For the overall study period, there were no significant interactions between Improvest management and NE (P ≥ 0.19) for average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), or gain:feed (G:F). There were also no significant interactions between Improvest management and NE (P ≥ 0.06) for carcass characteristics. Improvest males consumed less feed (5.3% lower ADFI; P < 0.01), grew faster (5.1% greater ADG; P < 0.01), and were more efficient (11.2% greater G:F; P < 0.01) compared with PC males. Hot carcass weight (HCW) did not differ (P = 0.16) between Improvest males and PC males (attributed to 1.6 percentage unit lower dressing percentage for Improvest males; P < 0.01); however, Improvest males were leaner (0.9 mm less backfat and 0.65% greater predicted lean yield; P < 0.01) compared with PC males. For the overall study period, pigs fed low NE and medium NE diets consumed 7.5% and 4.6% more feed (P < 0.01) than pigs fed high NE diets, respectively, and pigs fed low NE diets grew 1.7% slower (P < 0.02) than pigs fed medium NE and high NE diets. This resulted in pigs fed low NE diets having 4.4% lower G:F compared with pigs fed medium NE and 8.6% lower G:F compared with pigs fed high NE diets (P < 0.01). Pigs fed low NE had 3.0 kg lighter (P < 0.01) HCW compared with medium NE, while high NE had intermediate HCW that did not differ from the other two treatments. Overall, typical Improvest response levels for live performance and carcass characteristics when compared with PC males were achieved for each of the NE treatments evaluated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Bohrer
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jose L Landero
- Gowan’s Feed Consulting, Wainwright, Alberta, CanadaT9W 1L2
| | - Malachy Young
- Gowan’s Feed Consulting, Wainwright, Alberta, CanadaT9W 1L2
| | | | | | | | | | - Alvaro Aldaz
- Zoetis Inc., Parsippany, New Jersey, NJ 07054, USA
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Van den Broeke A, Aluwé M, Kress K, Stefanski V, Škrlep M, Batorek N, Ampe B, Millet S. Effect of dietary energy level in finishing phase on performance, carcass and meat quality in immunocastrates and barrows in comparison with gilts and entire male pigs. Animal 2022; 16:100437. [PMID: 35007882 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunocastration, a technique consisting of two vaccinations against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), can be used as alternative to surgical castration of piglets. It reduces boar taint and allows higher economic and ecological efficiency compared to barrows. The feeding strategy of immunocastrates, however, can still be improved. After second vaccination, when immunisation becomes fully effective, feed intake of immunocastrates increases sharply. This study aimed to investigate whether energy intake of immunocastrates after second vaccination could be reduced by lowering the dietary energy level of the finishing phase, without negatively affecting animal performance and quality of pork production. We hypothesised that immunocastrates already reach their limits in voluntary feed intake after second vaccination, and therefore would not be able to compensate the lower dietary energy level, in contrast to barrows. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of high-energy diet (HE, net energy (NE) = 10.2 MJ/kg) compared to low-energy diet (LE, NE = 8.8 MJ/kg) in barrows and immunocastrates and as a reference, gilts and entire male pigs on a standard high-energy diet were included. CP and standardised ileal digestible amino acid levels were similar in both diets. For each treatment, eight pen replicates of six pigs per pen were evaluated on performance, carcass quality, meat and fat quality, digestibility, economic and ecological sustainability, behaviour and effectiveness of immune response. No difference in feed intake of immunocastrates between LE and HE could be demonstrated. As a result, daily energy intake of immunocastrates was higher on HE compared to LE, which resulted in a higher daily gain on HE. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of immunocastrates on HE did not differ significantly with FCR of entire males. Barrows did not show higher average daily gain on HE compared to LE. Nitrogen efficiency was better in HE compared to LE, without negative effects on digestibility, carcass quality, economic parameters, behaviour or immune response. Small positive effects on the palatability of the meat of immunocastrates on HE were observed, although consumers did not prefer one of both feeds. Immunocastration was successful in reducing sexual and aggressive behaviour as well as in lowering the prevalence of boar taint from 15% in EM to 0% in immunocastrates. However, in two out of 96 immunocastrates (one on HE and one on LE), the immunocastration was not fully effective. In conclusion, this study did not show advantages of feeding immunocastrates or barrows a low-energy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van den Broeke
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | - M Aluwé
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - K Kress
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; German Genetic, Im Wolfer 10, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - V Stefanski
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Škrlep
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ul. 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - N Batorek
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ul. 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - B Ampe
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - S Millet
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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Paternostre L, De Boever J, Millet S. Interaction between fat and fiber level on nutrient digestibility of pig feed. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chassé É, Guay F, Bach Knudsen KE, Zijlstra RT, Létourneau-Montminy MP. Toward Precise Nutrient Value of Feed in Growing Pigs: Effect of Meal Size, Frequency and Dietary Fibre on Nutrient Utilisation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092598. [PMID: 34573564 PMCID: PMC8471499 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feed costs are the most important in swine production. Precise determination of nutritional values of pig diets can help reducing feed costs by reducing security margins for nutrients and therefore provide a more sustainable swine production. In commercial farms, pigs have free access to feed and eat with no limitation according to their natural behaviour. In contrast, during digestibility trials, pigs are restricted in their daily intake of feed, which is distributed in a limited number of meals. The number of meals per day and the amount of feed consumed daily can affect the digestibility of the nutrients, the transit time and the metabolism. To reduce feed costs, by-products are frequently added to diets. Most by-products are rich in dietary fibre, which are known to have negative effects on digestibility. Enzymes can be supplemented in the diet to counteract the negative aspects of dietary fibre, but their efficiency can vary depending on the number of meals per day and the amount of feed consumed daily. Abstract Nutritional values of ingredients have been and still are the subject of many studies to reduce security margins of nutrients when formulating diets to reduce feed cost. In most studies, pigs are fed a limited amount of feed in a limited number of meals that do not represent how pigs are fed in commercial farm conditions. With free access to feed, pigs follow their intrinsic feeding behaviour. Feed intake is regulated by satiety and satiation signals. Reducing the feed intake level or feeding frequency can affect digestibility and transit time and induce metabolic changes. To reduce feed costs, alternative ingredients that are frequently rich in dietary fibre are added to diets. Fibre acts on the digestion process and transit time by decreasing energy density and causing viscosity. Various analyses of fibre can be realised, and the measured fibre fraction can vary. Exogenous enzymes can be added to counteract the effect of fibre, but digestive tract conditions, influenced by meal size and frequency, can affect the efficiency of supplemented enzymes. In conclusion, the frequency and size of the meals can affect the digestibility of nutrients by modulating gastrointestinal tract conditions (pH and transit time), metabolites (glucose and short-chain fatty acids) and hormones (glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide tyrosine tyrosine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Élisabeth Chassé
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, 2425 Rue de l’Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.G.); (M.-P.L.-M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Frédéric Guay
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, 2425 Rue de l’Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.G.); (M.-P.L.-M.)
| | | | - Ruurd T. Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada;
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Smit MN, Zhou X, Landero JL, Young MG, Beltranena E. Dietary energy level, feeder space, and group size on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing barrows and gilts. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab122. [PMID: 34405134 PMCID: PMC8364436 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To benefit from feeding low net energy (NE) diets, growing-finishing pigs must be able to increase feed intake to compensate for lower caloric density, but this might be difficult in pens with a high stocking density. Access to the feeder, trough space, and(or) floor area may limit voluntary feed intake. The objective of this study was to clarify the relationships among dietary NE level, feeder space, group size, sex, and interactions in growing-finishing pigs. In a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, 1,920 pigs (33 kg) housed in 96 fully slatted floor pens (6.1 × 2.4 m) with 2 or 3 feeder spaces, and 18 or 22 barrows or gilts per pen, were fed either low (9.2 MJ/kg) or high (9.85 MJ/kg) NE diets over 5 growth phases (Grower 1: day [d] 0 to 20, Grower 2: d 21 to 41, Grower 3: d 42 to 62, Finisher 1: d 63 to 80, Finisher 2: d 81 to slaughter). Pen body weight (BW) and average daily feed disappearance (ADFD) were measured for each growth phase, biweekly from the start of shipping and at slaughter. Warm carcasses were weighed and graded (Destron). For the entire trial, pigs fed low versus (vs.) high NE diets had 0.119 kg/d greater (P < 0.001) ADFD, but 0.556 MJ/d lower (P < 0.050) average daily caloric disappearance (ADCD), and 0.017 kg/kg lower (P < 0.001) gain-to-feed (G:F). Pens with 18 vs. 22 pigs had 0.062 kg/d greater (P < 0.001) ADFD, 0.730 MJ/d greater (P < 0.010) ADCD, and 0.029 kg/d greater (P < 0.001) average daily weight gain (ADWG). Pigs in pens with 3 vs. 2 feeding spaces had 0.051 kg/d greater (P < 0.010) ADFD, 0.511 MJ/d greater (P = 0.050) ADCD but 0.004 kg/kg lower (P < 0.050) G:F. Pigs fed low vs. high NE diets had 0.6 kg lower (P < 0.050) carcass weight and 0.9 mm lower (P < 0.050) loin depth. Pens with 18 vs. 22 pigs took 2.8 days less (P < 0.001) to reach 130 kg slaughter BW. Pens with 18 vs. 22 pigs had a 0.4 %-point decrease (P < 0.050) in dressing percentage. Feeding low vs. high NE diets reduced (P < 0.001) feed cost by Can$21.87/tonne, $3.34/pig, $0.03/kg gain, and increased (P < 0.05) gross income subtracting feed cost by $1.82/pig. Housing 18 vs. 22 pigs per pen increased (P < 0.010) ISFC by $1.98 per pig. Lack of interactions between NE level, feeder space, and group size for ADFD indicate that low NE diets can be fed to pigs even if they have lower than recommended floor area allowance during part of the finishing phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda N Smit
- Livestock and Crops Division, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xun Zhou
- Gowans Feed Consulting, Wainwright, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Eduardo Beltranena
- Livestock and Crops Division, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Hou L, Wang L, Wen X, Yang X, Gao K, Zhu C, Li L, Xiao H, Jiang Z. Meta-analysis of energy intake of growing-finishing pigs in China. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:78-87. [PMID: 34106488 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Data from 655 treatments of 116 studies were used in a meta-analysis to determine the daily digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy (NE) intake of Chinese growing-finishing pigs, and to predict feed efficiency responses to change in dietary DE, ME and NE. Three alternative functions (i.e., polynomial, Bridges and asymptotic function) were employed for fitting daily DE, ME or NE intakes to mean body weight. The results showed that the three models from the current study provided reasonable fit (all R2 > 0.83) for the energy intake data. However, under the same energy system, the polynomial function had the smallest Akaike's information criteria (AIC) and residual standard deviation (RSD), followed by Bridges and asymptotic functions. The three model-generated energy intakes of growing pigs were significantly less than that of the Chinese Feeding Standard of Swine, but similar to that of the National Research Council (2012), while the values of finishing pigs were greater than both standards. Compared with those that predict feed efficiency based on DE or ME, the equation with NE as a predictor had the minimized AIC and RSD. It was also found that feed efficiency increased with increasing dietary energy density (DED), but this response varied with pig body weight, and the lighter pigs were more sensitive to DED than heavier pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiguo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Aymerich P, Soldevila C, Bonet J, Gasa J, Coma J, Solà-Oriol D. The Implications of Nutritional Strategies that Modify Dietary Energy and Lysine for Growth Performance in Two Different Swine Production Systems. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091638. [PMID: 32932974 PMCID: PMC7552148 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Reducing dietary energy is a common practice for dealing with the price volatility of high energy sources, such as fats and oils, which are the costliest constraints in swine feed formulation. Theoretically, pigs can overcome a reduced energy density by increasing feed intake; however, as other factors like fibrous ingredients limit feed intake physically rather than metabolically, reducing dietary energy could also entail a lower energy intake. The expected effect on feed intake also influences lysine intake, and therefore, when NE trials are conducted, it is necessary to ensure that lysine is not a limiting factor for growth. In the present work, the effects of two dietary energy and lysine levels were tested in a factorial arrangement. The same approach of different levels was analyzed in two different swine production systems targeting different carcass traits. The experiment showed that in one system, reducing energy density did not impair growth; however, in the other system, it limited growth slightly by limiting fat deposition. Although reducing energy density increased feed intake, pigs could not reach a similar energy intake, and consequently were more efficient using energy for growth. Abstract This work aimed to determine the impacts of lowering dietary net energy (NE) density in two swine production systems that produce pigs with different carcass traits. To ensure that dietary lysine was not limiting growth, two studies were conducted in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with NE and standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) as experimental factors. A total of 1248 pigs were used in each study, Pietrain (Exp. 1, males non-castrated) or Duroc (Exp. 2, males castrated) sired. Reducing NE resulted in a greater feed intake; however, this was not sufficient to reach the same NE intake. While in Exp. 1 a 3.2% lower NE intake did not impair average daily gain (ADG; p = 0.220), in Exp. 2 a 4.7% lower NE intake reduced ADG by 1.4% (p = 0.027). Furthermore, this effect on ADG entailed a reduced ham fat thickness (p = 0.004) of the first marketed pigs. Increasing SID Lys only had a positive effect in Exp. 1, but no significant interaction between NE and SID Lys was reported (p ≥ 0.100). Therefore, dietary NE can be reduced without impairing growth performance when pigs can increase feed intake sufficiently, and thus, limit energy deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Aymerich
- Vall Companys Group, 25191 Lleida, Spain; (C.S.); (J.B.); (J.C.)
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.G.); (D.S.-O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-682-888-640
| | - Carme Soldevila
- Vall Companys Group, 25191 Lleida, Spain; (C.S.); (J.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Jordi Bonet
- Vall Companys Group, 25191 Lleida, Spain; (C.S.); (J.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Josep Gasa
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.G.); (D.S.-O.)
| | - Jaume Coma
- Vall Companys Group, 25191 Lleida, Spain; (C.S.); (J.B.); (J.C.)
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.G.); (D.S.-O.)
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Boyd RD, Zier-Rush CE, Moeser AJ, Culbertson M, Stewart KR, Rosero DS, Patience JF. Review: innovation through research in the North American pork industry. Animal 2019; 13:2951-2966. [PMID: 31426881 PMCID: PMC6874321 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119001915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article involved a broad search of applied sciences for milestone technologies we deem to be the most significant innovations applied by the North American pork industry, during the past 10 to 12 years. Several innovations shifted the trajectory of improvement or resolved significant production limitations. Each is being integrated into practice, with the exception being gene editing technology, which is undergoing the federal approval process. Advances in molecular genomics have been applied to gene editing for control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and to identify piglet genome contributions from each parent. Post-cervical artificial insemination technology is not novel, but this technology is now used extensively to accelerate the rate of genetic progress. A milestone was achieved with the discovery that dietary essential fatty acids, during lactation, were limiting reproduction. Their provision resulted in a dose-related response for pregnancy, pregnancy maintenance and litter size, especially in maturing sows and ultimately resolved seasonal infertility. The benefit of segregated early weaning (12 to 14 days of age) was realized for specific pathogen removal for genetic nucleus and multiplication. Application was premature for commercial practice, as piglet mortality and morbidity increased. Early weaning impairs intestinal barrier and mucosal innate immune development, which coincides with diminished resilience to pathogens and viability later in life. Two important milestones were achieved to improve precision nutrition for growing pigs. The first involved the updated publication of the National Research Council nutrient requirements for pigs, a collaboration between scientists from America and Canada. Precision nutrition advanced further when ingredient description, for metabolically available amino acids and net energy (by source plant), became a private sector nutrition product. The past decade also led to fortuitous discoveries of health-improving components in ingredients (xylanase, soybeans). Finally, two technologies converged to facilitate timely detection of multiple pathogens in a population: oral fluids sampling and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for pathogen analysis. Most critical diseases in North America are now routinely monitored by oral fluid sampling and prepared for analysis using PCR methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Boyd
- Hanor Company, 128 W KY Ave, Franklin, KY 42134, USA
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, 120 W Broughton Dr, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - C. E. Zier-Rush
- Rush Consulting, 373 Saint Martin Cir, Richmond Hill, GA 31324, USA
| | - A. J. Moeser
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - M. Culbertson
- Global Product Development, Genus PIC USA, 100 Bluegrass Commons Blvd, Hendersonville, TN 37075, USA
| | - K. R. Stewart
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, 270 S Russell St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - D. S. Rosero
- The Hanor Company, 4005 E. Owen K. Garriott, Enid, OK 73701, USA
| | - J. F. Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 1221 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Smit M, Landero J, Young M, Beltranena E. Effects of feeding canola meal or soy expeller at two dietary net energy levels on growth performance, dressing and carcass characteristics of barrows and gilts. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ouweltjes W, Verschuren L, Pijlman J, Bergsma R, Schokker D, Knol E, van der Aar P, Molist F, Calus M. The repeatability of individual nutrient digestibility in pigs. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sánchez JP, Ragab M, Quintanilla R, Rothschild MF, Piles M. Genetic parameters and expected responses to selection for components of feed efficiency in a Duroc pig line. Genet Sel Evol 2017; 49:86. [PMID: 29191169 PMCID: PMC5710070 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-017-0362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improving feed efficiency (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{FE}}$$\end{document}FE) is a key factor for any pig breeding company. Although this can be achieved by selection on an index of multi-trait best linear unbiased prediction of breeding values with optimal economic weights, considering deviations of feed intake from actual needs (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{RFI}}$$\end{document}RFI) should be of value for further research on biological aspects of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{FE}}$$\end{document}FE. Here, we present a random regression model that extends the classical definition of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{RFI}}$$\end{document}RFI by including animal-specific needs in the model. Using this model, we explore the genetic determinism of several \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{FE}}$$\end{document}FE components: use of feed for growth (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{WG}}$$\end{document}WG), use of feed for backfat deposition (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{FG}}$$\end{document}FG), use of feed for maintenance (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{MW}}$$\end{document}MW), and unspecific efficiency in the use of feed (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{RFI}}$$\end{document}RFI). Expected response to alternative selection indexes involving different components is also studied. Results Based on goodness-of-fit to the available feed intake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{FI}}$$\end{document}FI) data, the model that assumes individual (genetic and permanent) variation in the use of feed for maintenance, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{WG}}$$\end{document}WG and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{FG}}$$\end{document}FG showed the best performance. Joint individual variation in feed allocation to maintenance, growth and backfat deposition comprised 37% of the individual variation of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{FI}}$$\end{document}FI. The estimated heritabilities of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{RFI}}$$\end{document}RFI using the model that accounts for animal-specific needs and the traditional \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{RFI}}$$\end{document}RFI model were 0.12 and 0.18, respectively. The estimated heritabilities for the regression coefficients were 0.44, 0.39 and 0.55 for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{MW}}$$\end{document}MW, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{WG}}$$\end{document}WG and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{FG}}$$\end{document}FG, respectively. Estimates of genetic correlations of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{RFI}}$$\end{document}RFI were positive with amount of feed used for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{WG}}$$\end{document}WG and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{FG}}$$\end{document}FG but negative for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{MW}}$$\end{document}MW. Expected response in overall efficiency, reducing \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{FI}}$$\end{document}FI without altering performance, was 2.5% higher when the model assumed animal-specific needs than when the traditional definition of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{RFI}}$$\end{document}RFI was considered. Conclusions Expected response in overall efficiency, by reducing \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{FI}}$$\end{document}FI without altering performance, is slightly better with a model that assumes animal-specific needs instead of batch-specific needs to correct \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{FI}}$$\end{document}FI. The relatively small difference between the traditional \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{RFI}}$$\end{document}RFI model and our model is due to random intercepts (unspecific use of feed) accounting for the majority of variability in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{FI}}$$\end{document}FI. Overall, a model that accounts for animal-specific needs for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{MW}}$$\end{document}MW, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{WG}}$$\end{document}WG and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{FG}}$$\end{document}FG is statistically superior and allows for the possibility to act differentially on \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{FE}}$$\end{document}FE components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Sánchez
- Genetica i Millora Animal, IRTA, Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mohamed Ragab
- Genetica i Millora Animal, IRTA, Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain.,Poultry Production Department, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Raquel Quintanilla
- Genetica i Millora Animal, IRTA, Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Max F Rothschild
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Miriam Piles
- Genetica i Millora Animal, IRTA, Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain
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Acosta J, Patience JF, Boyd RD. Comparison of growth and efficiency of dietary energy utilization by growing pigs offered feeding programs based on the metabolizable energy or the net energy system. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:1520-30. [PMID: 27136011 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The NE system describes the useful energy available for growth better than the ME system. The use of NE in diet formulation should maintain growth performance and carcass parameters when diets contain a diversity of ingredients. This study compared the growth performance of pigs on diets formulated using either the ME or the NE system. A total of 944 gilts and 1,110 castrates (40.8 ± 2.0 kg initial BW) were allotted to group pens and assigned to 1 of 5 different feeding programs according to a randomized complete block design. The 5 treatments included: a corn-soybean meal control diet (CTL), a corn-soybean meal diet plus corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), formulated to be equal in ME to the CTL diet (ME-D), a corn-soybean meal diet plus corn DDGS, formulated to be equal in NE to the CTL diet (NE-D), a corn-soybean meal diet plus corn DDGS and corn germ meal, to be equal in ME to the CTL diet (ME-DC) and a corn-soybean meal diet plus corn DDGS and corn germ meal, formulated to be equal in NE to the CTL diet (NE-DC). When required, fat was added as an energy source. Pigs were harvested at an average BW of 130.3 ± 4.0 kg. Growth performance was not affected by treatment ( = 0.581, = 0. 177, and = 0.187 for ADG, ADFI, and G:F, respectively). However, carcass growth decreased with the addition of coproducts except for the NE-D treatment ( = 0.016, = 0.001, = 0.018, = 0.010, and = 0.010 for dressing percentage, HCW, carcass ADG, back fat, and loin depth, respectively). Carcass G:F and lean percentage did not differ among treatments ( = 0.109 and = 0.433, respectively). On the other hand, NE intake decreased ( = 0.035) similarly to that of carcass gain, suggesting a relationship between NE intake and energy retention. Calculations of NE per kilogram of BW gain differed among treatments ( = 0.010), but NE per kilogram of carcass was similar among treatments ( = 0.640). This suggests that NE may be better than ME at explaining the carcass results. Finally, ME intake and ME per kilogram of BW gain were not different among treatments ( = 0.112), but ME per kilogram of carcass gain was different among treatments ( = 0.048). In conclusion, the sequential addition of coproducts in diets formulated on an NE or ME basis can result in similar growth performance, but carcass parameters may be affected independently of the energy system used. However, formulating diets based on NE tended to improve predictability of growth, especially carcass parameters.
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Formulating diets containing corn distillers dried grains with solubles on a net energy basis: Effects on pig performance and on energy and nutrient digestibility1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.15232/pas.2015-01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Brand TS, Carstens PD, Hoffman LC. The effect of dietary energy concentrations on production variables of ostrich chicks (Struthio camelus var. domesticus). Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:610-8. [PMID: 25266635 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.956286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different dietary energy concentrations on ostrich production variables were examined in two separate trials. The first trial tracked changes in production variables from the pre-starter phase through the starter phase and grower phase. The second trial was based on the finisher phase per se. In both trials, the influence of dietary energy on feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and growth variables was investigated. Additionally, basic abattoir weights were recorded, and measurements of the feathers and skin were performed. In both trials, three diets with different concentrations of dietary energy were given during each phase where the low-, medium- and high-energy concentrations for each phase were as follows: 13.5, 14.5 and 15.5 MJ ME/kg feed pre-starter; 12.5, 13.5 and 14.5 MJ ME/kg feed starter; 10.5, 11.5 and 12.5 MJ ME/kg feed grower and 9.5, 10.5 and 11.5 MJ ME/kg feed finisher. Feed and water were available ad libitum in both trials. Overall, it was found that the best performance for growth, FCR, skin size and grade, live weight, carcass weight and thigh weight were obtained on the medium-energy diet during the pre-starter, starter and grower phases. During the finisher phase, improved growth rate and tanned skin size was found in birds given the diet with the highest energy concentration (11.5 MJ ME/kg feed). Carcass weight, growth rate and certain feather variables were also significantly influenced by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Brand
- a Directorate: Animal Sciences , Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Elsenburg , Cape Town , South Africa
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Schinckel AP, Einstein ME, Jungst S, Matthews JO, Fields B, Booher C, Dreadin T, Fralick C, Tabor S, Sosnicki A, Wilson E, Boyd RD. The impact of feeding diets of high or low energy concentration on carcass measurements and the weight of primal and subprimal lean cuts. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2012; 25:531-40. [PMID: 25049594 PMCID: PMC4092906 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pigs from four sire lines were allocated to a series of low energy (LE, 3.15 to 3.21 Mcal ME/kg) corn-soybean meal-based diets with 16% wheat midds or high energy diets (HE, 3.41 to 3.45 Mcal ME/kg) with 4.5 to 4.95% choice white grease. All diets contained 6% DDGS. The HE and LE diets of each of the four phases were formulated to have equal lysine:Mcal ME ratios. Barrows (N = 2,178) and gilts (N = 2,274) were fed either high energy (HE) or low energy (LE) diets from 27 kg BW to target BWs of 118, 127, 131.5 and 140.6 kg. Carcass primal and subprimal cut weights were collected. The cut weights and carcass measurements were fitted to allometric functions (Y = A CW(B)) of carcass weight. The significance of diet, sex or sire line with A and B was evaluated by linearizing the equations by log to log transformation. The effect of diet on A and B did not interact with sex or sire line. Thus, the final model was (B)) where Diet = -0.5 for the LE and 0.5 for HE diets and A and B are sire line-sex specific parameters. cut weight = (1+bD(Diet)) A(CW Diet had no affect on loin, Boston butt, picnic, baby back rib, or sparerib weights (p>0.10, bD = -0.003, -0.0029, 0.0002, 0.0047, -0.0025, respectively). Diet affected ham weight (bD = -0.0046, p = 0.01), belly weight (bD = 0.0188, p = 0.001) three-muscle ham weight (bD = -0.014, p = 0.001), boneless loin weight (bD = -0.010, p = 0.001), tenderloin weight (bD = -0.023, p = 0.001), sirloin weight (bD = -0.009, p = 0.034), and fat-free lean mass (bD = -0.0145, p = 0.001). Overall, feeding the LE diets had little impact on primal cut weight except to decrease belly weight. Feeding LE diets increased the weight of lean trimmed cuts by 1 to 2 percent at the same carcass weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M E Einstein
- PIC North America, Hendersonville, TN 37075, USA
| | - S Jungst
- PIC North America, Hendersonville, TN 37075, USA
| | - J O Matthews
- PIC North America, Hendersonville, TN 37075, USA
| | - B Fields
- PIC North America, Hendersonville, TN 37075, USA
| | - C Booher
- PIC North America, Hendersonville, TN 37075, USA
| | - T Dreadin
- PIC North America, Hendersonville, TN 37075, USA
| | | | - S Tabor
- The Hanor Company, Franklin, KY 42123, USA
| | - A Sosnicki
- PIC North America, Hendersonville, TN 37075, USA
| | - E Wilson
- PIC North America, Hendersonville, TN 37075, USA
| | - R D Boyd
- The Hanor Company, Franklin, KY 42123, USA
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