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Ribas MR, Schneider FK, Ribas DIR, Lass AD, Badicu G, Bassan JC. Genetic Polymorphisms and Their Impact on Body Composition and Performance of Brazilians in a 105 Km Mountain Ultramarathon. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:1751-1761. [PMID: 37754466 PMCID: PMC10528324 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13090127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the studied polymorphisms affect muscular proteins, aerobic adaptations, and recovery, their influence on the anthropometric variables and performance in ultramarathon runners is still poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the influence of ACTN3 R577X, ACE I/D, and CK MM A/G NcoI polymorphisms on the changes in the anthropometric variables and running time of 105 km mountain runners, in which 22 male Brazilian elite athletes (35.9 ± 6.5 years) were evaluated. Genotyping of the R577X (RR, RX, and XX), ACE I/D (DD, ID, and II), and CK MM A/G Ncol (AA, AG, and GG) polymorphisms was performed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique with DNA extracted from saliva. Body composition was determined via bioimpedance. Pre- and post-race weight differences were observed on athletes with the AA genotype (77.1 ± 5.9 kg; 74.6 ± 5.6 kg) compared with those with the AG genotype (74.5 ± 8.0 kg; 68 ± 5.1 kg) (p = 0.02; p = 0.02). The RR genotype showed a correlation between BMI and running time (R = 0.97; p = 0.004). The genotype II showed a correlation with % fat and fat mass concerning running time (R = 0.91; p = 0.003; R = 0.99; p < 0.0001). The AA genotype was associated with post-race weight and lean mass loss, while the RR genotype correlated with BMI, and the genotype II correlated with % body fat and fat mass in relation to times in the 105 km mountain ultramarathon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Romanovitch Ribas
- Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering and Industrial Informatics, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80230901, Brazil; (M.R.R.); (F.K.S.)
| | - Fábio Kurt Schneider
- Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering and Industrial Informatics, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80230901, Brazil; (M.R.R.); (F.K.S.)
| | | | - André Domingues Lass
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215901, Brazil;
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Braşov, Romania
| | - Júlio Cesar Bassan
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81310900, Brazil;
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Alakhdar Y, Cook J, Gallego D, Querol F, Chulvi-Medrano I, Alberola A, Hernández-Sánchez S. Association Between COL5a1, COL11a1, and COL11a2 Gene Variations and Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy in Young Athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:e152-e156. [PMID: 34009784 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tendinopathy is a prevalent condition in young athletes and in older nonathletic people. Recent tendinopathy research has shown a growing interest in the role played by genetic factors, basically genes involved in collagen synthesis and regulation, in view of collagen disorganization typically present in tendon pathologies. DESIGN A case-control, genotype-phenotype association study. SETTING La Ribera Hospital, Valencia, Spain. PARTICIPANTS A group of 137 young athletes (49 with rotator cuff tendon pathology and 88 healthy counterparts) who played upper-limb-loading sports were clinically and ultrasound (US) assessed for rotator cuff tendinopathy were included. INTERVENTION Genetic analysis was performed to determine whether there was a relationship between rotator cuff pathology and the genotype. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We hypothesized that the following single nucleotide polymorphisms: COL5a1 rs12722, COL11a1 rs3753841, COL11a1 rs1676486, and COL11a2 rs1799907 would be associated with rotator cuff tendinopathy. RESULTS A direct relationship between CC genotype and bilateral US pathological images was statistically significant (χ 2 = 0.0051) and confirmed by the Fisher test, with a correlation coefficient of 0.345 and a Cramer's v of 0.26. CONCLUSION A significant association was found between COL5a1 rs12722 genotype and rotator cuff pathology, with the CC genotype conferring increased risk of tendon abnormalities and being associated with rotator cuff pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Alakhdar
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jill Cook
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diana Gallego
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health, European University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Felipe Querol
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Iván Chulvi-Medrano
- Physical and Sports Education Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Alberola
- Department of Physiology, University de Valencia, Valencia, Spain ; and
| | - Sergio Hernández-Sánchez
- Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Physiotherapy Area, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan, Alicante, Spain
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Zouhal H, Coso JD, Jayavel A, Tourny C, Ravé G, Jebabli N, Clark CCT, Barthélémy B, Hackney AC, Abderrahman AB. Association between ACTN3 R577X genotype and risk of non-contact injury in trained athletes: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:359-368. [PMID: 34284153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to review, systematically, evidence concerning the link between the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and the rates and severity of non-contact injuries and exercise-induced muscle damage in athletes and individuals enrolled in exercise training programs. METHODS A computerized literature search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus, from inception until November 2020. All included studies compared the epidemiological characteristics of non-contact injury between the different genotypes of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism. RESULTS Our search identified 492 records. After the screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts, 13 studies examining the association between the ACTN3 genotypes and the rate and severity of non-contact injury were included in the analysis. These studies were performed in 6 different countries (Spain, Japan, Brazil, China, the Republic of Korea, and Italy) and involved a total participant pool of 1093 participants. Of the studies, 2 studies involved only women, 5 studies involved only men, and 6 studies involved both men and women. All the studies included were classified as high-quality studies (≥6 points in the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale score). Overall, evidence suggests there is an association between the ACTN3 R577X genotype and non-contact injury in 12 investigations. Six studies observed a significant association between ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and exercise induced muscle damage: 2 with non-contact ankle injury, 3 with non-contact muscle injury, and 1 with overall non-contact injury. CONCLUSION The present findings support the premise that possessing the ACTN3 XX genotype may predispose athletes to a higher probability of some non-contact injuries, such as muscle injury, ankle sprains, and higher levels of exercise-induced muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé)-EA 1274, Department of Sport Sciences, University of Rennes, Rennes F-35000, France.
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Rey Juan Carlos University, Centre for Sport Studies, Madrid 28032, Spain
| | - Ayyappan Jayavel
- SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| | - Claire Tourny
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, CETAPS EA 3832, F-76821, France
| | | | - Nidhal Jebabli
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | | | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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Alvarez-Romero J, Laguette MJN, Seale K, Jacques M, Voisin S, Hiam D, Feller JA, Tirosh O, Miyamoto-Mikami E, Kumagai H, Kikuchi N, Kamiya N, Fuku N, Collins M, September AV, Eynon N. Genetic variants within the COL5A1 gene are associated with ligament injuries in physically active populations from Australia, South Africa, and Japan. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:284-293. [PMID: 34821541 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2011426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous small-scale studies have shown an association between the COL5A1 gene and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. In this larger study, the genotype and allele frequency distributions of the COL5A1 rs12722 C/T and rs10628678 AGGG/deletion (AGGG/-) indel variants were compared between participants: (i) with ACL injury in independent and combined cohorts from South-Africa (SA) and Australia (AUS) vs controls (CON), and (ii) with any ligament (ALL) or only ACL injury in a Japanese (JPN) cohort vs CON. Samples were collected from SA (235 cases; 232 controls), AUS (362 cases; 80 controls) and JPN (500 cases; 1,403 controls). Genomic DNA was extracted and genotyped. Distributions were compared, and inferred haplotype analyses performed. No independent associations were noted for rs12722 or rs10628678 when the combined SA + AUS cohort was analysed. However, the C-deletion (rs12722-rs10628678) inferred haplotype was under-represented (p = 0.040, OR = 0.15, CI = 0.04-0.56), while the T-deletion inferred haplotype was over-represented in the female SA + AUS ACL participants versus controls (p < 0.001, OR = 4.74, CI = 1.66-13.55). Additionally, the rs12722 C/C genotype was under-represented in JPN CON vs ACL (p = 0.039, OR = 0.52, 0.27-1.00), while the rs10628678 -/- genotype was associated with increased risk of any ligament injuries (p = 0.035, OR = 1.31, CI = 1.02-1.68) in the JPN cohort. Collectively, these results highlight that a region within the COL5A1 3'-UTR is associated with ligament injury risk. This must be evaluated in larger cohorts and its functional relevance to the structure and capacity of ligaments and joint biomechanics be explored.Highlights The COL5A1 T-deletion inferred haplotype (rs12722-rs10628678) was associated with an increased risk of ACL rupture in the combined SA and AUS female participants.The COL5A1 C-deletion inferred haplotype (rs12722-rs10628678) was associated with a decreased risk of ACL rupture in the combined SA and AUS female participants.The COL5A1 rs12722 C/C and rs10628678 -/- genotypes were associated with increased risk of ACL rupture and of ligament injuries in JPN, respectively.A region within the COL5A1 3'-UTR is associated with risk of ligament injury, including ACL rupture, and therefore the functional significance of this region on ligament capacity and joint biomechanics requires further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary-Jessica N Laguette
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Human Biology Department, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, ESSM, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Research Centre for Health Through Physical Activity and Sport, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kirsten Seale
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Oren Tirosh
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,School Health Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne Australia
| | - Eri Miyamoto-Mikami
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kumagai
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Department of Training Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kamiya
- Faculty of Budo and Sport Studies, Tenri University, Nara, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Fuku
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Malcolm Collins
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Human Biology Department, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Research Centre for Health Through Physical Activity and Sport, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alison V September
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Human Biology Department, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Research Centre for Health Through Physical Activity and Sport, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Influence of Alpha-Actinin-3 R577X Polymorphism on Muscle Damage and the Inflammatory Response after an Acute Strength Training Session. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5447100. [PMID: 36567902 PMCID: PMC9788900 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5447100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to verify the influence of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism on muscle damage and the inflammatory response after an acute strength training (ST) session. Twenty-seven healthy male individuals (age: 25 ± 4.3 years) participated in the study, including 18 RR/RX and 9 XX individuals. The participants were divided into two groups (RR/RX and XX groups) and subjected to an acute ST session, which consisted of a series of leg press, leg extension machine, and seated leg curl machine. The volunteers were instructed to perform the greatest volume of work until concentric muscle failure. Each volunteer's performance was analyzed as the load and total volume of training, and the blood concentrations of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), interleukin-8 (IL-8), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), myoglobin, testosterone, and cortisol were measured before the ST session and 30 min and 24 h postsession. The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism effect was observed, with increased concentrations of CCL2 (p < 0.01), IL-8 (p < 0.01), and LDH (p < 0.001) in XX individuals. There was an increase in the concentration of CK in the RR/RX group compared to XX at 24 h after training (p > 0.01). The testosterone/cortisol ratio increased more markedly in the XX group (p < 0.001). Regarding performance, the RR/RX group presented higher load and total volume values in the training exercises when compared to the XX group (p < 0.05). However, the XX group presented higher values of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) than the RR/RX group (p < 0.05). The influence of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism on muscle damage and the inflammatory response was observed after an acute ST session, indicating that the RR/RX genotype shows more muscle damage and a catabolic profile due to a better performance in this activity, while the XX genotype shows more DOMS.
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6
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Beckley S, Dey R, Stinton S, van der Merwe W, Branch T, September AV, Posthumus M, Collins M. The Association of Variants within Types V and XI Collagen Genes with Knee Joint Laxity Measurements. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122359. [PMID: 36553626 PMCID: PMC9778334 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Joint laxity is a multifactorial phenotype with a heritable component. Mutations or common polymorphisms within the α1(V) (COL5A1), α1(XI) (COL11A1) and α2(XI) (COL11A2) collagen genes have been reported or proposed to associate with joint hypermobility, range of motion and/or genu recurvatum. The aim of this study was to investigate whether polymorphisms within these collagen-encoding genes are associated with measurements of knee joint laxity and computed ligament length changes within the non-dominant leg. One hundred and six healthy participants were assessed for genu recurvatum (knee hyperextension), anterior-posterior tibial translation, external-internal tibial rotation and ligament length changes during knee rotation of their non-dominant leg. Participants were genotyped for COL5A1 rs12722 (T/C), COL11A1 rs3753841 (C/T), COL11A1 rs1676486 (T/C) and COL11A2 rs1799907 (A/T). The genotype-genotype combination of any two or more of the four COL5A1 rs12722 CC, COL11A1 rs3753841 CC, COL11A1 rs1676486 TT and COL11A2 rs1799907 AA genotypes was associated with decreased active and passive knee hyperextension. These genotype-genotype combinations, including sex (male), increased age and decreased body mass collectively, also contributed to decreased passive knee hyperextension. These findings suggest that COL5A1, COL11A1 and COL11A2 gene-gene interactions are associated with knee hyperextension measurements of the non-dominant leg of healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Beckley
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS) and the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) International Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Roopam Dey
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Shaun Stinton
- End Range of Motion Improvement, Atlanta, GA 30324, USA
| | - Willem van der Merwe
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS) and the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) International Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
- Sports Science Orthopaedic Clinic, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Thomas Branch
- End Range of Motion Improvement, Atlanta, GA 30324, USA
| | - Alison V. September
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS) and the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) International Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Mike Posthumus
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS) and the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) International Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
- Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Malcolm Collins
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS) and the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) International Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-21-650-4574
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Maestro A, Del Coso J, Aguilar-Navarro M, Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Morencos E, Revuelta G, Ruiz Casares E, Perucho T, Varillas-Delgado D. Genetic profile in genes associated with muscle injuries and injury etiology in professional soccer players. Front Genet 2022; 13:1035899. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1035899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many causes define injuries in professional soccer players. In recent years, the study of genetics in association with injuries has been of great interest. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between muscle injury-related genes, injury risk and injury etiology in professional soccer players. In a cross-sectional cohort study, one hundred and twenty-two male professional football players were recruited. AMPD1 (rs17602729), ACE (rs4646994), ACTN3 (rs1815739), CKM (rs8111989) and MLCK (rs2849757 and rs2700352) polymorphisms were genotyped by using Single Nucleotide Primer Extension (SNPE). The combined influence of the six polymorphisms studied was calculated using a total genotype score (TGS). A genotype score (GS) of 2 was assigned to the “protective” genotype for injuries, a GS of 1 was assigned to the heterozygous genotype while a GS of 0 was assigned to the “worst” genotype. Injury characteristics and etiology during the 2021/2022 season were classified following a Consensus Statement for injuries recording. The distribution of allelic frequencies in the AMPD1 and MLCK c.37885C>A polymorphisms were different between non-injured and injured soccer players (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively). The mean total genotype score (TGS) in non-injured soccer players (57.18 ± 14.43 arbitrary units [a.u.]) was different from that of injured soccer players (51.71 ± 12.82 a.u., p = 0.034). There was a TGS cut-off point (45.83 a.u.) to discriminate non-injured from injured soccer players. Players with a TGS beyond this cut-off had an odds ratio of 1.91 (95%CI: 1.14–2.91; p = 0.022) to suffer an injury when compared with players with lower TGS. In conclusion, TGS analysis in muscle injury-related genes presented a relationship with professional soccer players at increased risk of injury. Future studies will help to develop this TGS as a potential tool to predict injury risk and perform prevention methodology in this cohort of football players.
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Jacob Y, Anderton RS, Cochrane Wilkie JL, Rogalski B, Laws SM, Jones A, Spiteri T, Hince D, Hart NH. Genetic Variants within NOGGIN, COL1A1, COL5A1, and IGF2 are Associated with Musculoskeletal Injuries in Elite Male Australian Football League Players: A Preliminary Study. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:126. [PMID: 36219268 PMCID: PMC9554075 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00522-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Australian Football is a dynamic team sport that requires many athletic traits to succeed. Due to this combination of traits, as well as technical skill and physicality, there are many types of injuries that could occur. Injuries are not only a hindrance to the individual player, but to the team as a whole. Many strength and conditioning personnel strive to minimise injuries to players to accomplish team success. PURPOSE To investigate whether selected polymorphisms have an association with injury occurrence in elite male Australian Football players. METHODS Using DNA obtained from 46 elite male players, we investigated the associations of injury-related polymorphisms across multiple genes (ACTN3, CCL2, COL1A1, COL5A1, COL12A1, EMILIN1, IGF2, NOGGIN, SMAD6) with injury incidence, severity, type (contact and non-contact), and tissue (muscle, bone, tendon, ligament) over 7 years in one Australian Football League team. RESULTS A significant association was observed between the rs1372857 variant in NOGGIN (p = 0.023) and the number of total muscle injuries, with carriers of the GG genotype having a higher estimated number of injuries, and moderate, or combined moderate and high severity rated total muscle injuries. The COL5A1 rs12722TT genotype also had a significant association (p = 0.028) with the number of total muscle injuries. The COL5A1 variant also had a significant association with contact bone injuries (p = 0.030), with a significant association being found with moderate rated injuries. The IGF2 rs3213221-CC variant was significantly associated with a higher estimated number of contact tendon injuries per game (p = 0.028), while a higher estimated number of total ligament (p = 0.019) and non-contact ligament (p = 0.002) injuries per game were significantly associated with carriage of the COL1A1 rs1800012-TT genotype. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary study is the first to examine associations between genetic variants and injury in Australian Football. NOGGIN rs1372857-GG, COL5A1 rs12722-TT, IGF2 rs3213221-CC, and COL1A1 rs1800012-TT genotypes held various associations with muscle-, bone-, tendon- and ligament-related injuries of differing severities. To further increase our understanding of these, and other, genetic variant associations with injury, competition-wide AFL studies that use more players and a larger array of gene candidates is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ysabel Jacob
- grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Ryan S. Anderton
- grid.266886.40000 0004 0402 6494Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, WA Australia ,grid.266886.40000 0004 0402 6494School of Health Science, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Jodie L. Cochrane Wilkie
- grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA Australia ,grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, WA Perth, Australia
| | | | - Simon M. Laws
- grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA Australia ,grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA Australia ,grid.1032.00000 0004 0375 4078School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Anthony Jones
- West Coast Eagles Football Club, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Tania Spiteri
- grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Dana Hince
- grid.266886.40000 0004 0402 6494Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Hart
- grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA Australia ,grid.266886.40000 0004 0402 6494Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, WA Australia ,grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, WA Perth, Australia ,grid.1014.40000 0004 0367 2697Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA Australia ,grid.1024.70000000089150953Faculty of Health, School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD Australia
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9
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Del Coso J, Rodas G, Buil MÁ, Sánchez-Sánchez J, López P, González-Ródenas J, Gasulla-Anglés P, López-Samanes Á, Hernández-Sánchez S, Iztueta A, Moreno-Pérez V. Association of the ACTN3 rs1815739 Polymorphism with Physical Performance and Injury Incidence in Professional Women Football Players. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091635. [PMID: 36140803 PMCID: PMC9498709 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The p.R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) in the ACTN3 gene causes individuals with the XX genotype to be deficient in functional α-actinin-3. Previous investigations have found that XX athletes are more prone to suffer non-contact muscle injuries, in comparison with RR and RX athletes who produce a functional α-actinin-3 in their fast-twitch fibers. This investigation aimed to determine the influence of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism on physical performance and injury incidence of players competing in the women’s Spanish first division of football (soccer). Using a cross-sectional experiment, football-specific performance and epidemiology of non-contact football-related injuries were recorded in a group of 191 professional football players. ACTN3 R577X genotype was obtained for each player using genomic DNA samples obtained through buccal swabs. A battery of physical tests, including a countermovement jump, a 20 m sprint test, the sit-and-reach test and ankle dorsiflexion, were performed during the preseason. Injury incidence and characteristics of non-contact injuries were obtained according to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) statement for one season. From the study sample, 28.3% of players had the RR genotype, 52.9% had the RX genotype, and 18.8% had the XX genotype. Differences among genotypes were identified with one-way analysis of variance (numerical variables) or chi-square tests (categorical variables). Jump height (p = 0.087), sprint time (p = 0.210), sit-and-reach distance (p = 0.361), and dorsiflexion in the right (p = 0.550) and left ankle (p = 0.992) were similar in RR, RX, and XX football players. A total of 356 non-contact injuries were recorded in 144 football players while the remaining 47 did not sustain any non-contact injuries during the season. Injury incidence was 10.4 ± 8.6, 8.2 ± 5.7, and 8.9 ± 5.3 injuries per/1000 h of football exposure, without differences among genotypes (p = 0.222). Injury rates during training (from 3.6 ± 3.7 to 4.8 ± 2.1 injuries per/1000 h of training exposure, p = 0.100) and match (from 47.8 ± 9.5 to 54.1 ± 6.3 injuries per/1000 h of match exposure, p = 0.209) were also similar in RR, RX, and XX football players. The ACTN3 genotype did not affect the mode of onset, the time needed to return to play, the type of injury, or the distribution of body locations of the injuries. In summary, women football players with different genotypes of the p.R577X ACTN3 polymorphism had similar values of football-specific performance and injury incidence. From a practical perspective, the ACTN3 genotyping may not be useful to predict performance or injury incidence in professional women football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department & Barça Innovation Hub, Fútbol Club Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Buil
- Department of Sports Medicine, Levante Unión Deportiva, 46360 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Sports Medicine, IVRE—Institut Valencià de Recuperació Esportiva, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Pedro López
- Medical Department, Valencia Club de Fútbol, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | | | | | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Sergio Hernández-Sánchez
- Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Ane Iztueta
- Health and Performance Unit, Real Sociedad de Fútbol Sociedad Anónima Deportiva, 20160 Donostia, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
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10
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Management of Stress Fractures in Ballet. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2022; 30:543-553. [PMID: 35394992 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-21-01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress fractures are highly prevalent in ballet dancers and lead to notable time loss from dancing. Nutritional status, body composition, bone mineral density, and rate of increase in activity are among the components that influence risk for stress fractures. Proper evaluation and management of stress fractures is essential including a review of the causative factors involved in each stress injury. The purpose of this article was to summarize current evidence for risk factors involved in dancers' stress fractures to optimize prevention and treatment. Identified associated factors include low energy availability, low bone mineral density, low fat body composition, abnormal lower extremity biomechanics, genetic factors, and high training loads.
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11
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ACTN3 Genotypes and Their Relationship with Muscle Mass and Function of Kosovan Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179135. [PMID: 34501725 PMCID: PMC8431689 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining muscle mass and function is important throughout the lifestyle. While environmental factors such as physical activity and healthy nutrition are well investigated, the contribution of genetic factors is still controversial. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of a common ACTN3 polymorphism (rs1815739) on body composition, handgrip strength, knee extensor peak torque, and physical performance (gait speed, 30-s arm curl, 30-s chair stand) in Kosovan adults. In total, 308 participants (160 females and 148 males, age range from 40 to 91 years) took part in this cross-sectional study. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva and assessed for ACTN3 genotype distribution (41.5% of RR, 53.9% of RX and 4.6% of XX). Genotype allocation did not account for differences in any of the variables. Interestingly, female XX carriers were taller (p = 0.025) and had a higher isokinetic knee extension peak torque (p = 0.024) than the RX+RR group. In males, XX carriers were also taller (p = 0.049) and had a lower BMI (p = 0.026), but did not differ in any of the strength and performance parameters. These results indicate that the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism might exert a sex-specific impact on knee extensor peak torque and BMI.
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12
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L Biernacki J, Stracciolini A, Fraser J, J Micheli L, Sugimoto D. Risk Factors for Lower-Extremity Injuries in Female Ballet Dancers: A Systematic Review. Clin J Sport Med 2021; 31:e64-e79. [PMID: 30589745 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ballet dancers have a high prevalence of injuries to the lower extremity. Many studies have investigated the relationship between dance injury and risk factors. However, risk factors for lower-extremity injury comparing recreational- and elite-level ballet dancers are scarce. OBJECTIVE To systematically review available original studies to assess risk factors for lower-extremity injury in female ballet dancers between recreational and elite ballet dancers. DATA SOURCES Five online databases [Web of Science, PubMed, OVID (Medline), EBSCO, and ProQuest] were searched systematically. STUDY SELECTION Included studies had an analytic study design published in the past 11 years and investigated an association between potential risk factors and lower-extremity injury in female ballet dancers. STUDY APPRAISAL Assessed independently by 2 reviewers using the Downs and Black (DB) criteria and Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine. RESULTS Seventeen studies were included. Alignment was a risk factor for lower-extremity injury in both recreational and elite ballet dancers. In elite ballet dancers, poor lumbopelvic movement control, inappropriate transversus abdominis contraction, decreased lower-extremity strength, and poor aerobic fitness were risk factors for lower-extremity injury. In recreational ballet dancers, hypermobility of the hip and ankle and longer training hours were risk factors for lower-extremity injury. Mean DB score was 15.94 (SD 1.57). The majority of studies were retrospective cohort studies or had poor follow-up, with 7 level 2b studies, 6 level 3b studies (cross-sectional), and 4 level 1b studies (prospective cohort with good follow-up). CONCLUSIONS Alignment was identified as a common risk factor for recreational and elite ballet dancers. Other risk factors differed between recreational ballet dancers and elite ballet dancers. Future studies are warranted to use a prospective study design, identify dance level-specific risk factors, and implement evidence-based prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Biernacki
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea Stracciolini
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joana Fraser
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lyle J Micheli
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dai Sugimoto
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Baltazar-Martins G, Aguilar-Navarro M, Ruiz-Moreno C, Oliván J, Del Coso J. Effect of ACTN3 R577X Genotype on Injury Epidemiology in Elite Endurance Runners. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12010076. [PMID: 33430120 PMCID: PMC7828078 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The p.R577X polymorphism (rs1815739) in the ACTN3 gene causes individuals with the ACTN3 XX genotype to be deficient in functional α-actinin-3. Previous investigations have found that XX athletes are more prone to suffer non-contact muscle injuries. This investigation aimed to determine the influence of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in the injury epidemiology of elite endurance athletes. Using a cross-sectional experiment, the epidemiology of running-related injuries was recorded for one season in a group of 89 Spanish elite endurance runners. ACTN3 R577X genotype was obtained for each athlete using genomic DNA samples. From the study sample, 42.7% of athletes had the RR genotype, 39.3% had the RX genotype, and 18.0% had the XX genotype. A total of 96 injuries were recorded in 57 athletes. Injury incidence was higher in RR runners (3.2 injuries/1000 h of running) than in RX (2.0 injuries/1000 h) and XX (2.2 injuries/1000 h; p = 0.030) runners. RR runners had a higher proportion of injuries located in the Achilles tendon, RX runners had a higher proportion of injuries located in the knee, and XX runners had a higher proportion of injuries located in the groin (p = 0.025). The ACTN3 genotype did not affect the mode of onset, the severity, or the type of injury. The ACTN3 genotype slightly affected the injury epidemiology of elite endurance athletes with a higher injury rate in RR athletes and differences in injury location. However, elite ACTN3 XX endurance runners were not more prone to muscle-type injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria University, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (J.G.-H.); (M.A.-N.)
| | - Gabriel Baltazar-Martins
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain; (G.B.-M.); (C.R.-M.)
| | - Millán Aguilar-Navarro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria University, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (J.G.-H.); (M.A.-N.)
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Moreno
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain; (G.B.-M.); (C.R.-M.)
| | - Jesús Oliván
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Fuenlabrada, Spain
- Correspondence:
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14
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Nagai M, Awano H, Yamamoto T, Bo R, Matsuo M, Iijima K. The ACTN3 577XX Null Genotype Is Associated with Low Left Ventricular Dilation-Free Survival Rate in Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. J Card Fail 2020; 26:841-848. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Effect of ACTN3 Genotype on Sports Performance, Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage, and Injury Epidemiology. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8070099. [PMID: 32668587 PMCID: PMC7404684 DOI: 10.3390/sports8070099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors play a significant role in athletic performance and its related phenotypes such as power, strength and aerobic capacity. In this regard, the lack of a muscle protein due to a genetic polymorphism has been found to affect sport performance in a wide variety of ways. α-actinin-3 is a protein located within the skeletal muscle with a key role in the production of sarcomeric force. A common stop-codon polymorphism (rs1815739; R577X) in the gene that codes for α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) produces individuals with the XX genotype that lack expression of a functional α-actinin-3. In contrast, individuals with the R-allele (i.e., RX vs. RR genotypes) in this polymorphism can express α-actinin-3. Interestingly, around ~18% of the world population have the XX genotype and much has been debated about why a polymorphism that produces a lack of a muscle protein has endured natural selection. Several investigations have found that α-actinin-3 deficiency due to XX homozygosity in the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism can negatively affect sports performance through several structural, metabolic, or signaling changes. In addition, new evidence suggests that α-actinin-3 deficiency may also impact sports performance through indirect factors such a higher risk for injury or lower resistance to muscle-damaging exercise. The purpose of this discussion is to provide a clear explanation of the effect of α-actinin-3 deficiency due to the ACTN3 XX genotype on sport. Key focus has been provided about the effect of α-actinin-3 deficiency on morphologic changes in skeletal muscle, on the low frequency of XX athletes in some athletic disciplines, and on injury epidemiology.
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16
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Moreno V, Areces F, Ruiz-Vicente D, Ordovás JM, Del Coso J. Influence of the ACTN3 R577X genotype on the injury epidemiology of marathon runners. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227548. [PMID: 31990958 PMCID: PMC6986710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A common single nucleotide polymorphism in the ACTN3 gene might result in the complete deficiency of α-actinin-3 (i.e., XX genotype). It has been found that ACTN3 XX individuals have several traits related to lessened muscle performance. This study aimed to determine the influence, if any, of ACTN3 genotypes on injury incidence of marathoners during the year preceding to participating in a competitive marathon race. Using a cross-sectional experimental design, the type and conditions of sports injuries were documented for one year in a group of 139 marathoners. Injuries were recorded following a consensus statement on injuries in Athletics. Afterward, ACTN3 genotyping was performed, and injury epidemiology was compared among RR, RX, and XX genotypes. The distribution of the RR/RX/XX genotypes was 28.8/42.8/23.5%, respectively. A total of 67 injuries were recorded. The frequency of marathoners that reported any injury during the previous year was not different across the genotypes (55.0/38.8/40.6%, P = 0.241). Although the overall injury incidence was not different among genotypes (2.78/1.65/1.94 injuries/1000 h of running, P = 0.084), the likelihood of suffering an injury was higher in RR than in RX (OR = 1.93: 95%CI = 0.87–4.30), and higher than in XX (OR = 1.79: 0.70–4.58). There was no difference in the conditions, severity, body location, time of year, or leading cause of injury among genotypes. However, XX presented a higher frequency of sudden-onset injuries (P = 0.024), and the OR for muscle-type injuries was 2.0 (0.51–7.79) times higher compared to RR runners. Although XX marathoners did not have a higher overall incidence of injury, the OR in these runners for muscle-type injuries was superior to RR and RX runners. The likelihood of suffering a muscle injury, especially with a sudden-onset, was twice in XX than in RR endurance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Moreno
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco Areces
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Ruiz-Vicente
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ordovás
- USDA ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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17
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Miyamoto-Mikami E, Miyamoto N, Kumagai H, Hirata K, Kikuchi N, Zempo H, Kimura N, Kamiya N, Kanehisa H, Naito H, Fuku N. COL5A1 rs12722 polymorphism is not associated with passive muscle stiffness and sports-related muscle injury in Japanese athletes. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:192. [PMID: 31791263 PMCID: PMC6889657 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor joint flexibility has been repeatedly proposed as a risk factor for muscle injury. The C-to-T polymorphism (rs12722) in the 3'-untranslated region of the collagen type V α1 chain gene (COL5A1) is reportedly associated with joint flexibility. Flexibility of a normal joint is largely determined by passive muscle stiffness, which is influenced by intramuscular collagenous connective tissues including type V collagen. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that the COL5A1 rs12722 polymorphism influences joint flexibility via passive muscle stiffness, and is accordingly associated with the incidence of muscle injury. METHODS In Study 1, we examined whether the rs12722 polymorphism is associated with joint flexibility and passive muscle stiffness in 363 healthy young adults. Joint flexibility was evaluated by passive straight-leg-raise and sit-and-reach tests, and passive muscle stiffness was measured using ultrasound shear wave elastography. In Study 2, the association of the rs12722 polymorphism with sports-related muscle injury was assessed in 1559 Japanese athletes. Muscle injury history and severity were assessed by a questionnaire. In both Study 1 and Study 2, the rs12722 C-to-T polymorphism in the COL5A1 was determined using the TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay. RESULTS Study 1 revealed that the rs12722 polymorphism had no significant effect on range of motion in passive straight-leg-raise and sit-and-reach tests. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in passive muscle stiffness of the hamstring among the rs12722 genotypes. In Study 2, rs12722 genotype frequencies did not differ between the muscle injury and no muscle injury groups. Moreover, no association was observed between rs12722 polymorphism and severity of muscle injury. CONCLUSIONS The present study does not support the view that COL5A1 rs12722 polymorphism has a role as a risk factor for sports-related muscle injury, or that it is a determinant for passive muscle stiffness in a Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Miyamoto-Mikami
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai City, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan. .,Juntendo Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Naokazu Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kumagai
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai City, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hirata
- Research Fellow of Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Department of Training Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Zempo
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai City, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo Seiei College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Kimura
- Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kamiya
- Faculty of Budo and Sport Studies, Tenri University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai City, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.,Juntendo Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Fuku
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai City, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.,Juntendo Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
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18
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ACTN3 R577X Genotype and Exercise Phenotypes in Recreational Marathon Runners. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10060413. [PMID: 31146466 PMCID: PMC6627880 DOI: 10.3390/genes10060413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Homozygosity for the X-allele in the ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) polymorphism results in the complete absence of α-actinin-3 in sarcomeres of fast-type muscle fibers. In elite athletes, the ACTN3 XX genotype has been related to inferior performance in speed and power-oriented sports; however, its influence on exercise phenotypes in recreational athletes has received less attention. We sought to determine the influence of ACTN3 genotypes on common exercise phenotypes in recreational marathon runners. Methods: A total of 136 marathoners (116 men and 20 women) were subjected to laboratory testing that included measurements of body composition, isometric muscle force, muscle flexibility, ankle dorsiflexion, and the energy cost of running. ACTN3 genotyping was performed using TaqMan probes. Results: 37 runners (27.2%) had the RR genotype, 67 (49.3%) were RX and 32 (23.5%) were XX. There was a difference in body fat percentage between RR and XX genotype groups (15.7 ± 5.8 vs. 18.8 ± 5.5%; effect size, ES, = 0.5 ± 0.4, p = 0.024), whereas the distance obtained in the sit-and-reach-test was likely lower in the RX than in the XX group (15.3 ± 7.8 vs. 18.4 ± 9.9 cm; ES = 0.4 ± 0.4, p = 0.046). Maximal dorsiflexion during the weight-bearing lunge test was different in the RR and XX groups (54.8 ± 5.8 vs. 57.7 ± 5.1 degree; ES = 0.5 ± 0.5, p = 0.044). Maximal isometric force was higher in the RR than in the XX group (16.7 ± 4.7 vs. 14.7 ± 4.0 N/kg; ES = −0.5 ± 0.3, p = 0.038). There was no difference in the energy cost of running between genotypes (~4.8 J/kg/min for all three groups, ES ~0.2 ± 0.4). Conclusions: The ACTN3 genotype might influence several exercise phenotypes in recreational marathoners. Deficiency in α-actinin-3 might be accompanied by higher body fatness, lower muscle strength and higher muscle flexibility and range of motion. Although there is not yet a scientific rationale for the use of commercial genetic tests to predict sports performance, recreational marathon runners who have performed such types of testing and have the ACTN3 XX genotype might perhaps benefit from personalized strength training to improve their performance more than their counterparts with other ACTN3 genotypes.
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Prospective molecular mechanism of COL5A1 in breast cancer based on a microarray, RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:151-175. [PMID: 31059074 PMCID: PMC6549075 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) has a complex etiology and pathogenesis, and is the most common malignant tumor type in females, in USA in 2018, yet its relevant molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. The collagen type V α-1 chain (COL5A1) gene is differentially expressed in renal and ovarian cancer. Using bioinformatics methods, COL5A1 was determined to also be a significant gene in BC, but its association with BC has not been sufficiently reported. COL5A1 microarray and relevant clinical data were collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus, The Cancer Genome Atlas and other databases to summarize COL5A1 expression in BC and its subtypes at the mRNA and protein levels. All associated information was comprehensively analyzed by various software. The clinical significance of the mutation was obtained via the cBioPortal. Furthermore, Gene Ontology functional annotation and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were also performed to investigate the mechanism of COL5A1 in BC. Immunohistochemistry was also conducted to detect and confirm COL5A1 expression. It was determined that COL5A1 was highly expressed in BC tissues, compared with normal tissues at the mRNA level [standard mean difference, 0.84; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.60-1.07; P=0.108]. The area under the summary receiver operator characteristic curve for COL5A1 was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.84-0.90). COL5A1 expression was altered in 32/817 (4%) sequenced samples. KEGG analysis confirmed the most notable pathways, including focal adhesion, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Immunohistochemical detection was used to verify the expression of COL5A1 in 136 selected cases of invasive BC tissues and 55 cases of adjacent normal tissues, while the rate of high expression of COL5A1 in BC was up to 90.4%. These results indicated that COL5A1 is highly expressed at the mRNA and protein levels in BC, and the prognosis of patients with BC with high COL5A1 expression may be reduced; therefore, COL5A1 may be used independently or combined with other detection factors in BC diagnosis.
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ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism Is Associated With the Incidence and Severity of Injuries in Professional Football Players. Clin J Sport Med 2019; 29:57-61. [PMID: 28817413 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ACTN3 R577X gene variant results in the absence of the α-actinin-3 protein in ∼18% of humans worldwide and has been associated with athletic performance and increased susceptibility to eccentric muscle damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between ACTN3 R577X variant and indirect muscle disorders/injuries in professional football players. DESIGN A case-control, genotype-phenotype association study. INTERVENTION Two hundred fifty-seven male professional Italian football players (from Serie A, Primavera, Allievi, and Giovanissimi; age = 21.2 ± 5.3 years) and 265 nonathletic controls were recruited for the study. Genomic DNA was extracted using a buccal swab, and the ACTN3 R577X genotype was performed using a PCR method. Structural-mechanical injuries and functional muscle disorders were collected from a subgroup of 169 football players during the period of 2009 to 2014. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE We hypothesized that the 577XX genotype would be associated with higher predisposition to muscle injuries (compared with the other genotypes). RESULTS ACTN3 XX (α-actinin-3 deficiency) players had 2.66 higher odds for an injury incidence than their ACTN3 RR counterparts (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-6.63, P = 0.02), whereas RX and RR players had similar injury incidence. Furthermore, ACTN3 XX players had 2.13 higher odds for having a severe injury compared with their RR counterparts (95% CI: 1.25-3.74, P = 0.0054), whereas RX individuals had 1.63 higher odds for having a severe injury compared with the RR players (95% CI: 1.10-2.40, P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism is associated with the incidence and severity of muscle injuries in professional football players; players with the ACTN3 577XX genotype have higher odds of having muscle injuries than their RR counterparts. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Discovering the complex relationship between gene variants and muscle injuries may assist coaches, physiologists, and the medical community to development tailored injury prevention program for football players, which could provide a new edge for successful competition.
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Del Coso J, Hiam D, Houweling P, Pérez LM, Eynon N, Lucía A. More than a 'speed gene': ACTN3 R577X genotype, trainability, muscle damage, and the risk for injuries. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 119:49-60. [PMID: 30327870 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A common null polymorphism (rs1815739; R577X) in the gene that codes for α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) has been related to different aspects of exercise performance. Individuals who are homozygous for the X allele are unable to express the α-actinin-3 protein in the muscle as opposed to those with the RX or RR genotype. α-actinin-3 deficiency in the muscle does not result in any disease. However, the different ACTN3 genotypes can modify the functioning of skeletal muscle during exercise through structural, metabolic or signaling changes, as shown in both humans and in the mouse model. Specifically, the ACTN3 RR genotype might favor the ability to generate powerful and forceful muscle contractions. Leading to an overall advantage of the RR genotype for enhanced performance in some speed and power-oriented sports. In addition, RR genotype might also favor the ability to withstand exercise-induced muscle damage, while the beneficial influence of the XX genotype on aerobic exercise performance needs to be validated in human studies. More information is required to unveil the association of ACTN3 genotype with trainability and injury risk during acute or chronic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Laura M Pérez
- Universidad Europea de Madrid (Faculty of Sport Sciences) and Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alejandro Lucía
- Universidad Europea de Madrid (Faculty of Sport Sciences) and Research Institute i+12, Madrid, Spain
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Pickering C, Kiely J. ACTN3: More than Just a Gene for Speed. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1080. [PMID: 29326606 PMCID: PMC5741991 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last couple of decades, research has focused on attempting to understand the genetic influence on sports performance. This has led to the identification of a number of candidate genes which may help differentiate between elite and non-elite athletes. One of the most promising genes in that regard is ACTN3, which has commonly been referred to as “a gene for speed”. Recent research has examined the influence of this gene on other performance phenotypes, including exercise adaptation, exercise recovery, and sporting injury risk. In this review, we identified 19 studies exploring these phenotypes. Whilst there was large variation in the results of these studies, as well as extremely heterogeneous cohorts, there is overall a tentative consensus that ACTN3 genotype can impact the phenotypes of interest. In particular, the R allele of a common polymorphism (R577X) is associated with enhanced improvements in strength, protection from eccentric training-induced muscle damage, and sports injury. This illustrates that ACTN3 is more than just a gene for speed, with potentially wide-ranging influence on muscle function, knowledge of which may aid in the future personalization of exercise training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Pickering
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom.,Exercise and Nutritional Genomics Research Centre, DNAFit Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - John Kiely
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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Iunes DH, Elias IF, Carvalho LC, Dionísio VC. Postural adjustments in young ballet dancers compared to age matched controls. Phys Ther Sport 2015; 17:51-7. [PMID: 26586041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to use photogrammetry to evaluate the posture of ballet practitioners compared to an age-matched control group. DESIGN One hundred and eleven 7- to 24-year-old female volunteers were evaluated and were divided into two groups: the ballet practising group (n = 52) and the control group (n = 59), divided into three subgroups according to age and years of ballet experience. RESULTS Dancers with 1-3 years experience compared to controls of the same age shows alterations in External Rotation Angle (P < 0.05). Dancers 4-9 years experience show alterations in Lumbar Lordosis, Pelvis Tilt Angle and Navicular Angle Right and Left (P < 0.05). Dancers with over 9 years experience show alterations in External Rotation and Navicular Angle Left (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Research shows there are differences between dancers and controls. In the groups 1-3 years and over 9 years of experience, the External Rotation Angle is greater. In the group 4-9 years of experience the Lumbar Lordosis Angle is greater and Pelvis Tilt, Navicular Angle Left and Right are smaller. In more than 9 years of ballet experience, the Navicular Angle Left is smaller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise H Iunes
- Physiotherapy Course, Federal University of Alfenas, Jovino Fernandes Sales, 2600 Avenue, Bairro Santa Clara, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-000, Brazil.
| | - Iara F Elias
- Physiotherapy Course, Federal University of Alfenas, Jovino Fernandes Sales, 2600 Avenue, Bairro Santa Clara, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Leonardo C Carvalho
- Physiotherapy Course, Federal University of Alfenas, Jovino Fernandes Sales, 2600 Avenue, Bairro Santa Clara, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Valdeci C Dionísio
- Physiotherapy Course, Federal University of Uberlândia, R. Benjamin Constant, 1286 - Bairro Aparecida, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-678, Brazil
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Lim ST, Kim CS, Kim WN, Min SK. The COL5A1 genotype is associated with range of motion. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2015; 19:49-53. [PMID: 26244122 PMCID: PMC4523805 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2015.15052701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of our study was to investigate the association between COL5A1 genotype and Range of Motion as measured by the passive straight leg raise (SLR) and whole body join laxity (WBJL) in Asian population. METHODS One hundred and seventy seven participants including Korean and Japanese college students (male = 109, female = 68) participated in the study. Each subject performed the passive straight leg raise and whole body join laxity test. Genotyping for the COL5A1 (rs 12722) polymorphism was performed using the TaqMan approach. The COL5A1 genotype exhibited a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium distribution in our population. RESULTS The physical parameters including height, weight, and BMI were higher in < 90° group than > 90° group. The SLR exhibited significant difference among the COL5A1 group. However, the WBJL did not differ significantly among the COL5A1 genotype, but significant difference was seen in CC genotype when compared to CT (2.99 ± 1.72) or TT (2.70 ± 1.52) genotype. CONCLUSION We concluded that COL5A1 gene polymorphism is associated with increased SLR ROM in Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Taek Lim
- College of Sport Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Sun Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Nam Kim
- College of Sport Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ki Min
- Korea Institute of Sports Science (KISS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
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