1
|
Chen H, Du J, Zhang S, Tong H, Zhang M. Ghrelin suppresses migration of macrophages via inhibition of ROCK2 under chronic intermittent hypoxia. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520926065. [PMID: 32485129 PMCID: PMC7273871 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520926065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Migration of macrophages and atherosclerosis result in various
diseases, including coronary heart disease. This study aimed to
clarify the roles that ghrelin and Rho-associated
coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) play in
migration of macrophages under chronic intermittent hypoxia
(CIH). Methods A rat model of CIH was constructed and changes in ghrelin and ROCK2
protein expression were measured by western blot assay. The
migratory ability of macrophages was determined by the transwell
assay. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was applied to detect the
changes in intima-media thickness. Results We found that CIH enhanced migration of macrophages, and this
effect was attenuated by exogenous ghrelin. Additionally, the
facilitative effect of CIH on migration of macrophages was
strengthened or decreased by upregulation or downregulation of
ROCK2, respectively. This phenomenon indicated that ROCK2 was
involved in CIH-induced migration in macrophages. Furthermore,
western blot and transwell assays showed that ghrelin inhibited
CIH-induced migration via ROCK2 suppression in macrophages. Conclusions In summary, the present study shows that ghrelin inhibits
CIH-induced migration via ROCK2 suppression in macrophages. Our
research may help lead to identifying a new molecular mechanism
for targeted therapy of atherosclerosis and its associated
coronary artery diseases under intermittent hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianfeng Du
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Siying Zhang
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hao Tong
- China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barbosa J, Faria J, Garcez F, Leal S, Afonso LP, Nascimento AV, Moreira R, Queirós O, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Repeated Administration of Clinical Doses of Tramadol and Tapentadol Causes Hepato- and Nephrotoxic Effects in Wistar Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13070149. [PMID: 32664348 PMCID: PMC7407499 DOI: 10.3390/ph13070149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tramadol and tapentadol are fully synthetic and extensively used analgesic opioids, presenting enhanced therapeutic and safety profiles as compared with their peers. However, reports of adverse reactions, intoxications and fatalities have been increasing. Information regarding the molecular, biochemical, and histological alterations underlying their toxicological potential is missing, particularly for tapentadol, owing to its more recent market authorization. Considering the paramount importance of liver and kidney for the metabolism and excretion of both opioids, these organs are especially susceptible to toxicological damage. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the putative hepatic and renal deleterious effects of repeated exposure to therapeutic doses of tramadol and tapentadol, using an in vivo animal model. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six experimental groups, composed of six animals each, which received daily single intraperitoneal injections of 10, 25 or 50 mg/kg tramadol or tapentadol (a low, standard analgesic dose, an intermediate dose and the maximum recommended daily dose, respectively). An additional control group was injected with normal saline. Following 14 consecutive days of administration, serum, urine and liver and kidney tissue samples were processed for biochemical, metabolic and histological analysis. Repeated administration of therapeutic doses of both opioids led to: (i) increased lipid and protein oxidation in liver and kidney, as well as to decreased total liver antioxidant capacity; (ii) decreased serum albumin, urea, butyrylcholinesterase and complement C3 and C4 levels, denoting liver synthesis impairment; (iii) elevated serum activity of liver enzymes, such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, as well as lipid profile alterations, also reflecting hepatobiliary commitment; (iv) derangement of iron metabolism, as shown through increases in serum iron, ferritin, haptoglobin and heme oxygenase-1 levels. In turn, elevated serum cystatin C, decreased urine creatinine output and increased urine microalbumin levels were detected upon exposure to tapentadol only, while increased serum amylase and urine N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities were observed for both opioids. Collectively, these results are compatible with kidney injury. Changes were also found in the expression levels of liver- and kidney-specific toxicity biomarker genes, upon exposure to tramadol and tapentadol, correlating well with alterations in lipid profile, iron metabolism and glomerular and tubular function. Histopathological analysis evidenced sinusoidal dilatation, microsteatosis, mononuclear cell infiltrates, glomerular and tubular disorganization, and increased Bowman's spaces. Although some findings are more pronounced upon tapentadol exposure, our study shows that, when compared with acute exposure, prolonged administration of both opioids smooths the differences between their toxicological effects, and that these occur at lower doses within the therapeutic range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Barbosa
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE—Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (R.J.D.-O.); Tel.: +351-224-157-216 (J.B.); +351-224-157-216 (R.J.D.-O.)
| | - Juliana Faria
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE—Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Fernanda Garcez
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
| | - Sandra Leal
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pedro Afonso
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ana Vanessa Nascimento
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
| | - Roxana Moreira
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
| | - Odília Queirós
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE—Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE—Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (R.J.D.-O.); Tel.: +351-224-157-216 (J.B.); +351-224-157-216 (R.J.D.-O.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Gill Tissue in Response to Hypoxia in Silver Sillago ( Sillago sihama). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040628. [PMID: 32268576 PMCID: PMC7222756 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver sillago (Sillago sihama) is a commercially important marine fish species in East Asia. In this study, we compared the transcriptome response to hypoxia stress in the gill tissue of S. sihama. The fish were divided into four groups, such as 1 h of hypoxia (hypoxia1h, DO = 1.5 ± 0.1 mg/L), 4 h of hypoxia (hypoxia4h, DO = 1.5 ± 0.1 mg/L), 4 h of reoxygen (reoxygen4h, DO = 8.0 ± 0.2 mg/L) after 4 h of hypoxia (DO = 1.5 mg/L), and normoxia or control (DO = 8.0 ± 0.2 mg/L) groups. Compared to the normoxia group, a total of 3550 genes were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (log2foldchange > 1 and padj < 0.05), including 1103, 1451 and 996 genes in hypoxia1h, hypoxia4h and reoxygen4h groups, respectively. Only 247 DEGs were differentially co-expressed in all treatment groups. According to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, DEGs were significantly enriched in steroid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of amino acids, glutathione metabolism and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, ferroptosis and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 pathways. Of these, the cytochrome P450 (CYP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene families were widely expressed. Our study represents the insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of hypoxia stress.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hazrati A, Salimnejad R, Alipour MR, Mirzaei Bavil F, Alihemmati A. Protective effect of ghrelin on testicular damages caused by chronic hypoxia in rats: A histopathological study. Andrologia 2018; 50:e12989. [PMID: 29460339 DOI: 10.1111/and.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia can lead to changes in the blood flow, nutrition and oxygenation of male germ cells and results in fertility reduction through the increase in oxidative stress. This study aims to evaluate the effect of ghrelin on testicular damage induced by hypoxia in rats. In this experimental study, 24 male rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, hypoxia, hypoxia + ghrelin and ghrelin. Animals in the control and ghrelin groups were kept in room air with 21% oxygen. The animals in the groups of hypoxia and hypoxia + ghrelin were subjected to 11% oxygen for 14 consecutive days in the hypoxia chamber. At the end of the study, the testes were removed and histological changes, as well as the apoptotic index, were investigated. Morphometrical analysis showed that hypoxia caused a significant decrease in the seminiferous tubules diameter, the germinal epithelium thickness and main Johnson's score compared to the control group (p < .05). In addition, statistical comparisons revealed a significant increase in the apoptotic index in the hypoxia group (p < .05). Administration of ghrelin + hypoxia improved the parameters mentioned above (p < .05). The results of this study indicated that ghrelin decreases the testicular damages caused by hypoxia in the rats by antioxidative activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hazrati
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - R Salimnejad
- Research laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences and Pathology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - M R Alipour
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - F Mirzaei Bavil
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - A Alihemmati
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Ghrelin is a small peptide released primarily from the stomach. It is a potent stimulator of growth hormone secretion from the pituitary gland and is well known for its regulation of metabolism and appetite. There is also a strong relationship between ghrelin and the cardiovascular system. Ghrelin receptors are present throughout the heart and vasculature and have been linked with molecular pathways, including, but not limited to, the regulation of intracellular calcium concentration, inhibition of proapoptotic cascades, and protection against oxidative damage. Ghrelin shows robust cardioprotective effects including enhancing endothelial and vascular function, preventing atherosclerosis, inhibiting sympathetic drive, and decreasing blood pressure. After myocardial infarction, exogenous administration of ghrelin preserves cardiac function, reduces the incidence of fatal arrhythmias, and attenuates apoptosis and ventricular remodeling, leading to improvements in heart failure. It ameliorates cachexia in end-stage congestive heart failure patients and has shown clinical benefit in pulmonary hypertension. Nonetheless, since ghrelin's discovery is relatively recent, there remains a substantial amount of research needed to fully understand its clinical significance in cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
|
6
|
Aliparasti MR, Alipour MR, Almasi S, Feizi H. Ghrelin Administration Increases the Bax/Bcl-2 Gene Expression Ratio in the Heart of Chronic Hypoxic Rats. Adv Pharm Bull 2015; 5:195-9. [PMID: 26236657 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2015.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Programmed cell death or apoptosis, is a biochemical procedure that initiates due to some conditions, including hypoxia. Bax and Bcl-2 are among the agents that regulate apoptosis. The amplification of the first one triggers the initiation of apoptosis, and the second one prevents it. Ghrelin is an endogenous peptide that antiapoptosis is its new effect. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of ghrelin on the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. METHODS Twenty four wistar rats were divided randomly in three groups; control, hypoxic + saline and hypoxic + ghrelin. Hypoxic animals lived in O2 11% for 2 weeks and received either saline or ghrelin subcutaneously daily. The bax and Bcl-2 gene expression were measured by Real-Time RT-PCR. RESULTS Chronic hypoxia increased the Bax gene expression significantly compared with normal animals (P = 0.008), but the Bcl-2 was not affected by hypoxia. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio also amplified significantly (P=0.005). Ghrelin administration significantly increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the hypoxic animals compared to the hypoxic + saline and normal groups (p=0.042 and P= 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION In the present study, animals' treatment with ghrelin leads to an increment of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, which indicates a controversy related to cardioprotection of ghrelin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shohreh Almasi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Feizi
- Department of Physiology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|