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Ramezanzadeh H, Khosravi N, Hosseininejad SM, Mahmoodi M, Zakariaei Z, Sadeghi M. Epidemiological Aspects of Opioid Poisoning in Northern Iran: A Registry-Based Clinical Study. Health Serv Insights 2024; 17:11786329241232300. [PMID: 38406177 PMCID: PMC10893883 DOI: 10.1177/11786329241232300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Opioids are a class of drugs that are commonly used to manage pain due to their analgesic and sedative effects. However, the high consumption of opioids in the community has led to an increase in the incidence of overdoses and poisonings caused by various types of these drugs, whether intentional or unintentional. Therefore, comprehending the epidemiological features of patients experiencing opioid poisoning is crucial. We decided to investigate various epidemiological aspects of patients with opioid poisoning in the Mazandaran province, located in northern Iran, during the period of 2020 to 2021. The present investigation was conducted as a descriptive cross-sectional study, wherein we collected data on patients registered in the Mazandaran Registry Center of Opioid Poisoning (MRCOP) who had a history of using any kind of opioid. We collected information on various parameters, including patient demographics, the type of opioid consumed, the mode of consumption, and clinical outcomes. A total of 240 patients were initially registered at the registry center. However, 17 cases were excluded with personal consent, and eventually, a total of 223 patients were included in the investigation. The majority of the patients 70.9% (n = 158) were male, and the average age was 34.4 ± 16.55 years. The most common cause of poisoning reported in our study was intentional, which was mainly due to a suicide attempt. Furthermore, the most prevalent type of opioid consumed was methadone. The most frequently observed symptoms of poisoning among the patients were drowsiness, a decreased level of consciousness, and reduced arterial oxygen saturation levels. Based on the results of our study, several factors were found to be significant in methadone poisoning, including addiction, age, gender, suicide attempt, and a history of psychiatric disorder. These findings highlight the need for public education and awareness campaigns on the risks associated with opioid use, particularly methadone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ramezanzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Navid Khosravi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Mahboobe Mahmoodi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Zakaria Zakariaei
- Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Division, Mazandaran Registry Center for Opioids Poisoning, Orthopedic Research Centers, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Sadeghi
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Rostam-Abadi Y, Gholami J, Noroozi A, Ansari M, Baheshmat S, Hamzehzadeh M, Ghadirzadeh MR, Vahdani B, Ekhtiari H, Mojtabai R, Rahimi-Movaghar A. Public health risks associated with methadone in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2021; 100:103529. [PMID: 34826790 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a marked growth in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in Iran in the past two decades with positive health outcomes. We conducted a systematic review of studies on the prevalence of non-prescribed methadone use, methadone use disorder, and methadone-related poisoning and mortality in Iran. METHODS We searched International and Iranian databases up to May 2020 and contacted relevant experts. The pooled proportions were estimated through random-effects model. Methadone-related adverse outcomes were evaluated over time. RESULTS Sixty-five studies were included. The pooled estimates of non-prescribed methadone use in the last 12-month were 2.7% (95%CI: 0.9-5.4) and 0.1% (95%CI: 0.03-0.2) in the male and female general population, respectively. Among people who use drugs, 8.4% reported daily non-prescribed use in 2018. Four heterogeneous studies in drug treatment centers reported the existence of treatment-seeking for methadone use disorder. Methadone was responsible for 10.4% (95%CI: 4.5-18.3) of cases of acute poisoning in adults and 16.0% (95%CI: 9.3-24.1) in children. Methadone was reported as a cause of death in 53.5% of substance-related deaths referred to the Legal Medicine Organization while being the only cause in 35.8% of all cases. CONCLUSION Non-prescribed use of methadone in the general population is much less than opiates and some other available prescription opioids, like tramadol. However, notwithstanding the large and successful MMT program in Iran, increasing trends in methadone-related poisoning and deaths pose serious public health concerns. There is an urgent need to explore these fatal and non-fatal poisoning cases and implement policies to curb the harms associated with methadone use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasna Rostam-Abadi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaleh Gholami
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Noroozi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Ansari
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Baheshmat
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Hamzehzadeh
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Bita Vahdani
- Center for Disease Affairs and Transplant, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ramin Mojtabai
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health and Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Lumba P, Medows M, Lumba H, Bray L. Methadone Toxicity in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report. Cureus 2021; 13:e14860. [PMID: 34113498 PMCID: PMC8178017 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric morbidity and mortality associated with methadone poisoning have been rising over the years. In this report, we discuss a case of a four-year-old boy who presented with respiratory distress and a depressed level of consciousness. A urine drug testing was performed given the miosis along with the depressed level of consciousness; the test was found to be positive for methadone, and no other cause of drowsiness was identified. This report highlights the importance of urine drug testing in pediatric patients presenting with a depressed level of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marsha Medows
- Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.,Pediatrics, Woodhull Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Hitesh Lumba
- Pharmacology, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, UKR
| | - Leonita Bray
- Pediatrics, Woodhull Medical Center, New York, USA
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Farnaghi F, Gholami N, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, McDonald R, Zamanzadeh R, Zamani N. Unintentional buprenorphine and methadone poisoning in children: a matched observational study. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 59:727-733. [PMID: 33475438 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1869755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare accidental pediatric poisoning from methadone vs. buprenorphine in terms of clinical indicators and in-hospital morbidity. METHODS A matched observational study conducted on children aged ≤12 years admitted to our center between March 2018 and March 2019 with acute poisoning from methadone or buprenorphine. Data were extracted from the electronic patient files of the pediatric methadone poisoning cases, and buprenorphine poisoning cases were followed from ED, during the study period. Cases were compared regarding rates of bradypnea/apnea (primary outcome), the need for antidote therapy and intubation, duration of hospital stay, miosis, loss of consciousness, blood gas analyses, and mortality (secondary outcomes). RESULTS A total of 90 methadone- and 30 buprenorphine-poisoned children were evaluated. Methadone cases had significantly higher rates of apnea (20/90 methadone vs. 0/30 buprenorphine; OR = 17.7, 95% CI 1.1, 302.8; p = 0.047), but there was no group difference in bradypnea (39/90 methadone vs. 10/30 buprenorphine; p = ns). 28 (31%) methadone and 3 buprenorphine (10%) cases had been referred to as fully awake (p = 0.013). Methadone cases required higher median naloxone doses for initial bolus (0.4 vs. 0.02 mg; p = 0.014) and maintenance infusion (14.4 vs. 2.4 mg; p < 0.001). 20 apnea cases (all from the methadone group) had miotic pupils, and miotic pupils were seen in 44 (90%) cases with bradypnea (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.1, 9.3; p = 0.026). Intubation was needed in only 5 methadone cases (5.5%; p = ns). All patients survived. CONCLUSION Compared to children poisoned with methadone, buprenorphine cases had higher rates of loss of consciousness on admission but subsequently experienced fewer complications during hospital treatment, which is likely due to the buprenorphine partial antagonist effect. Our findings suggest that methadone exposure is more toxic than buprenorphine in pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Farnaghi
- Department of Pediatrics, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Gholami
- Department of Pediatrics, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rebecca McDonald
- King's College London, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Reza Zamanzadeh
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Zamani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Habibollahi P, Garjani A, Shams Vahdati S, Sadat-Ebrahimi SR, Parnianfard N. Severe complications of tramadol overdose in Iran. Epidemiol Health 2019; 41:e2019026. [PMID: 31208192 PMCID: PMC6661471 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2019026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Severe complications of tramadol overdose have been reported; however, few large-scale studies have investigated this issue. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the presentation and complications of tramadol overdose in patients admitted to an intoxication referral center in northwestern Iran. METHODS Patients with tramadol overdose admitted to Sina Teaching Hospital in Tabriz, Iran during 2013-2017 were included. For each patient, the following data were collected: demographics, previous drug or medication overdose, whether the patient was in the process of quitting drug use, ingested dose of tramadol and co-ingestants, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, clinical symptoms at the time of admission, and admission characteristics. Serotonin toxicity was diagnosed in patients who fit the Hunter criteria. Multiple logistic regression was performed to identify variables associated with the incidence of severe complications of tramadol overdose. RESULTS In total, 512 cases of tramadol overdose were evaluated, of which 359 patients were included, with a median age of 41 years (range, 16-69) and a median tramadol dose of 1,500 mg (range, 500-4,000). The most frequent complications associated with tramadol overdose were hypertension (38.4%), tachycardia (24.8%), and seizure (14.5%). No serotonin toxicity was detected in patients. Having a GCS score <15, having taken a tramadol dose of >1,000 mg, being in the process of quitting drug use, being 30-49 years old, and male sex were significantly related to the incidence of severe complications of tramadol overdose. CONCLUSIONS Although seizure was prevalent among Iranian patients with tramadol poisoning, serotonin toxicity and cardiogenic shock were rare findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paria Habibollahi
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Garjani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samad Shams Vahdati
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Emergency Medicine Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyyed-Reza Sadat-Ebrahimi
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Iranian Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) Center: A Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliated Group, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Parnianfard
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Iranian Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) Center: A Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliated Group, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Dehghani K, Shojaie M, Pourdavood AH, Khajouei M. Stress Cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo syndrome) Following Accidental Methadone Poisoning; Report of Two Pediatric Cases. ARCHIVES OF ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2019; 7:e22. [PMID: 31432032 PMCID: PMC6637800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Methadone poisoning has become more common in the pediatric population due to extensive use of methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). It is associated with decreased level of consciousness, coma, respiratory distress and cardiac intoxication. The cardiac complications have been reported to be QT prolongation, torsade de pointes, coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, stress cardiomyopathy and death. We herein report two pediatric patients with accidental methadone poisoning who developed stress cardiomyopathy and cardiac failure. The first case was a 4-yaer-old girl and the second one was an 18-month-old girl both being accidentally poisoned with methadone syrup and were brought with decreased level of consciousness. Both were diagnosed to suffer from congestive heart failure based on echocardiography. However, the first case passed away despite appropriate treatment, while the second one survived the condition and was discharged with good condition and was symptom free at 6-month follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Dehghani
- Department of Cardiology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran. ,Corresponding Author: Khatere Dehghani; Cardiology Department, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran. PO Box: 74148-46199, Tel/Fax: +98-715-4340405, ;
| | - Mohammad Shojaie
- Cardiology Department, Non-communicable Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Khajouei
- Nanotechnology Research Institute, Chemical Engineering Department, Babol (Noshirvani) University of Technology, Babol, Iran
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Atighi Y, Eizadi-Mood N, Mansourian M, Zamani A, Saffaei A, Sabzghabaee AM. Predictive Factors of Treatment Outcomes for Hospital Care in Children with Acute Methadone Poisoning. J Res Pharm Pract 2018; 7:200-204. [PMID: 30622988 PMCID: PMC6298138 DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_16_141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The trend of methadone toxicity in children and adolescents seems to be increasing in Iran since it is used as a legal measure of the treatment for opioids addiction in methadone maintenance therapy clinics. In the present study, we describe the clinical and demographical characteristics of acute methadone toxicity in a cohort of pediatric poisoned patients in Isfahan, Iran and discussed the predictive factors for their treatment outcomes. METHODS In this 4-year cross-sectional study which was performed from 2013 to 2016 in a referral university hospital (Isfahan, Iran), medical records of the demographic and admission time clinical characteristics of all in-patients aged <18 years with acute methadone poisoning were abstracted and analyzed. According to the outcomes of hospital care and treatment, patients were divided as survived without medical complication and patients survived with at least one medical complication or death. FINDINGS A total number of 157 (79 male) children and adolescents with a mean age of 105.4 ± 6.1 months were hospitalized and included in the study. A total of 145 (92.4%) patients survived and discharged from the hospital without any medical complication. Pupil size, respiratory rate, and level of consciousness were predictive factors for the outcome of death or medical complications. CONCLUSION It seems that methadone poisoning in children and adolescents is more commonly accidental in school-aged boys (6-12 years old) and it occurs mostly with the syrup dosage form, especially when one of the parents or people who live with the child has an addiction history and if the patients' house located in lower socioeconomic class area of Isfahan city (Iran).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Atighi
- Pharmacy Students' Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nastaran Eizadi-Mood
- Isfahan Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marjan Mansourian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amin Zamani
- Medical Students' Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Saffaei
- Pharmacy Students' Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Sabzghabaee
- Isfahan Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Methadone Poisoning in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Iran. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jpr.10133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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9
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Kashani P, Safari S, Hatamabadi H, Arhami Dolatabadi A, Manouchehrifar M, Dokht Tabrizi M. Characteristics of Methadone Intoxicated Children Presenting to Emergency Department; a Cross Sectional Study. EMERGENCY (TEHRAN, IRAN) 2017; 5:e80. [PMID: 29201962 PMCID: PMC5703757 DOI: 10.22037/emergency.v5i1.18780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Each year a large number of patients present to emergency departments (EDs) following accidental or intentional poisoning with methadone. This study was designed with the aim of demographic evaluation of methadone poisoning in children presenting to ED and proposing preventive measures to parents and the healthcare system. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out on children under the age of 12 years presenting to ED of a poisoning referral center. Demographic characteristics of the child and parents, cause of poisoning, form of drug consumed, dose consumed, the symptoms of the child on admission, clinical examination, laboratory findings, and final outcome were recorded and reported using descriptive statistics. Results: 179 cases were studied (59.2% boys). Cause of consumption was accidental in 175 (97.8%) cases and consumed drug dose was unknown in 53 (53.6%) cases. On admission 6 cases were in deep coma, 133 (74.3%) had miotic pupils, and 52 (29.1%) were affected with respiratory apnea and cyanosis. In 132 (73.8%) cases drugs were obtained from unapproved stores and form of drug consumed was syrup in 146 (81.6%) cases. 177 (98.9%) cases were discharged after 2 or3 days and 2 (1.1%) cases died. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, most cases of methadone poisoning were accidental, in children residing in poor and middle-class areas, with parents who had a low level of education and had obtained the drug from unapproved stores and stored it in improper containers or at improper places. Only 64.8% of the parents were educated regarding drug storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Kashani
- Emergency Department, Loghmane Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Safari
- Emergency Department, Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Hatamabadi
- Emergency Department, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Arhami Dolatabadi
- Emergency Department, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Manouchehrifar
- Emergency Department, Loghmane Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Dokht Tabrizi
- Emergency Department, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding author: Maryam Dokht Tabrizi; Emergency Department, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Madani Avenue, Imam Hossein Square, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +989122789330, E-mail:
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GHOLAMI N, ALWASABI F, FARNAGHI F. Drug-Induced Apnea in Children Admitted to Loghman Hakim Hospital, Tehran, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2017; 11:15-18. [PMID: 28883871 PMCID: PMC5582354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Environmental hazards, including poisons, can cause irreparable effects and even fatal for children. Poisoning in children is common and serious, but often is preventable and treatable. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of drugs and chemical toxicity leading to apnea. In addition, we detected type of drug that induced apnea among children. MATERIALS & METHODS In a retrospective cross-sectional study from Apr 2012 to Apr 2013, data of all hospitalized drug-induced Apnea in children were collected through hospital records. RESULTS The most common cause of drug toxicity was methadone opium, baclofen and heroin (74%,13%,5%,2%). The mortality rate was 3.1%; all of them due to methadone poisoning. CONCLUSION There was a high prevalence of Methadone poisoning and apnea in children. Methadone poisoning should be considered in apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges GHOLAMI
- Pediatric Department, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran
| | - Fathi ALWASABI
- Pediatric Department, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba FARNAGHI
- Pediatric Medical Toxicology Department, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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