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Beyzaei Z, Mehrzadeh A, Hashemi N, Geramizadeh B. The mutation spectrum and ethnic distribution of Wilson disease, a review. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2024; 38:101034. [PMID: 38149214 PMCID: PMC10750106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2023.101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilson's disease is a complicated medical condition caused by the accumulation of copper, mostly in the liver and brain. The genetic basis of Wilson's disease is attributed to the presence of pathogenic variants in the ATP7B copper-transporting gene, which prevents the excretion of copper through the biliary tract. To date, ATP7B remains the only identified gene that has been linked to the development of this disease. Our understanding of the disease has been associated with the identification of particular disease-causing variants that present specific impairments in copper transporters. It is crucial to identify the most frequent variant in terms of ethnicity to facilitate testing of its functionality. This study represents the initial comprehensive analysis of ATP7B variants, providing insights into the extensive range of disease-causing mutations. Here, we describe the 1275 distinct ATP7B variants documented so far, with particular emphasis on their regional and ethnic prevalence. The H1069Q missense variant is the most frequently reported in Europe, Northern America, and North Africa, whereas the R778L, C271*, and M645R variants are the most prevalent in the East Asian, Middle Eastern-South Asian, and South American populations, respectively. Acquiring such knowledge would facilitate the implementation of a selective mutation screening approach, targeting the most predominant variant identified within a specific ethnic group or geographic region for better diagnosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Beyzaei
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arman Mehrzadeh
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Niko Hashemi
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Mokhtari F, Mohebbi SR, Sharifian A, Ramandi M, Razzaghi MR. Circulating non-coding RNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers in liver diseases. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2021; 14:S10-S23. [PMID: 35154598 PMCID: PMC8817748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays a principal role in the human body as a metabolic and detoxifying unit. Liver diseases are the world's major health problems and affect millions of people worldwide. Early detection of liver diseases is certainly effective in timely treatment and prevention of their progression. Liver injury is associated with significant alterations in immune responses and pattern changes in various tissue-related gene expressions and cytokine production. Increasing or decreasing the specific spectrum of non-coding RNAs in different phases of liver disease can be a criterion for diagnosis. Novel diagnostic biomarkers are needed for liver diseases. Currently, micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are known to play important roles in the diagnosis of liver diseases. Circulating biomarkers such as miRNA-assisted diagnosis can conceivably be helpful for the early treatment of liver diseases. In this review, we look at miRNAs and their potential applications in liver diseases as diagnostic biomarkers were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedra Mokhtari
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Sharifian
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ramandi
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Razzaghi
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Daneshjoo O, Garshasbi M. Novel compound heterozygote mutations in the ATP7B gene in an Iranian family with Wilson disease: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2018; 12:68. [PMID: 29540233 PMCID: PMC5853083 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-018-1608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper transport and is characterized by excessive accumulation of cellular copper in the liver and other tissues because of impaired biliary copper excretion and disturbed incorporation of copper into ceruloplasmin. Hepatic failure and neuronal degeneration are the major symptoms of Wilson disease. Mutations in the ATP7B gene are the major cause of Wilson disease. CASE PRESENTATION In this study we have screened one pedigree with several affected members, including a 24-year-old Iranian woman and a 20-year-old Iranian man, who showed psychiatric and neurological symptoms of varying severity, by amplifying the coding regions including exon-intron boundaries with polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. We identified c.1924G>C and c.3809A>G mutations in affected members as compound heterozygote state. These mutations segregated with the disease in the family and they were absent in a cohort of 100 Iranian ethnicity-matched healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS No homozygote state has been reported for these two variants in public databases. In silico predicting tools consider these two variants to be damaging. So this study introduces the novel combination of c.1924G>C and c.3809A>G variants as a cause for Wilson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Daneshjoo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Nano and Biotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
- Medical Genetics Department, DeNA laboratory, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Garshasbi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Medical Genetics Department, DeNA laboratory, Tehran, Iran
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Barada K, El Haddad A, Katerji M, Jomaa M, Usta J. Wilson's disease in Lebanon and regional countries: Homozygosity and hepatic phenotype predominance. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:6715-6725. [PMID: 29085216 PMCID: PMC5643292 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i36.6715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the phenotypes and predominant disease-causing mutations in Lebanese patients with Wilson's disease, as compared to regional non-European data. METHODS The clinical profile of 36 patients diagnosed in Lebanon was studied and their mutations were determined by molecular testing. All patients underwent full physical exam, including ophthalmologic slit-lamp examination ultrasound imaging of the liver, as well as measurement of serum ceruloplasmin and 24-h urinary-Cu levels. In addition, genetic screening using PCR followed by sequencing to determine disease-causing mutations and polymorphisms in the ATP7B gene was carried on extracted DNA from patients and immediate family members. Our phenotypic-genotypic findings were then compared to reported mutations in Wilson's disease patients from regional Arab and non-European countries. RESULTS Patients belonged to extended consanguineous families. The majority were homozygous for the disease-causing mutation, with no predominant mutation identified. The most common mutation, detected in 4 out of 13 families, involved the ATP hinge region and was present in patients from Lebanon, Egypt, Iran and Turkey. Otherwise, mutations in Lebanese patients and those of the region were scattered over 17 exons of ATP7B. While the homozygous exon 12 mutation Trp939Cys was only detected in patients from Lebanon but none from the regional countries, the worldwide common mutation H1069Q was not present in the Lebanese and was rare in the region. Pure hepatic phenotype was predominant in patients from both Lebanon and the region (25%-65%). Furthermore, the majority of patients, including those who were asymptomatic, had evidence of some hepatic dysfunction. Pure neurologic phenotype was rare. CONCLUSION Findings do not support presence of a founder effect. Clinical and genetic screening is recommended for family members with index patients and unexplained hepatic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassem Barada
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 110236, Lebanon
| | - Aline El Haddad
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 110236, Lebanon
| | - Meghri Katerji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 110236, Lebanon
| | - Mustapha Jomaa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 110236, Lebanon
| | - Julnar Usta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 110236, Lebanon
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Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal-recessive disorder of hepatocellular copper deposition caused by pathogenic variants in the copper-transporting gene, ATP7B. Early detection and treatment are critical to prevent lifelong neuropsychiatric, hepatic, and systemic disabilities. Due to the marked heterogeneity in age of onset and clinical presentation, the diagnosis of Wilson disease remains challenging to physicians today. Direct sequencing of the ATP7B gene is the most sensitive and widely used confirmatory testing method, and concurrent biochemical testing improves diagnostic accuracy. More than 600 pathogenic variants in ATP7B have been identified, with single-nucleotide missense and nonsense mutations being the most common, followed by insertions/deletions, and, rarely, splice site mutations. The prevalence of Wilson disease varies by geographic region, with higher frequency of certain mutations occurring in specific ethnic groups. Wilson disease has poor genotype-phenotype correlation, although a few possible modifiers have been proposed. Improving molecular genetic studies continue to advance our understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and screening for Wilson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene J Chang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Si Houn Hahn
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Dastsooz H, Imanieh MH, Dehghani SM, Haghighat M, Moini M, Fardaei M. Multiplex ARMS PCR to Detect 8 Common Mutations of ATP7B Gene in Patients With Wilson Disease. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e8375. [PMID: 24003324 PMCID: PMC3753551 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.8375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wilson disease is a rare disorder of copper metabolism due to mutation in ATP7B gene. Proper counseling of patients with Wilson disease, and their families necessitates finding mutation in ATP7B gene. Finding mutations in ATP7B gene with 21 exons, and more than 500 mutations is expensive and time-consuming. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to provide a simple multiplex amplification refractory mutation system PCR (M-ARMS-PCR) for screening eight common mutations in ATP7B gene. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two sets of ARMS mutant and normal specific primer pairs were designed for genotyping of p.R778L, p.R969Q, p.H1069Q, and p.3400delC mutations as Set 1 and p.W779G, c.3061-1G > A, p.I1102T, and p.N1270S mutations as Set 2. The Multiplex ARMS assay was then subsequently tested in 65 patients with Wilson disease with known and unknown ATP7B mutations. RESULTS Using these two sets, we identified H1069Q mutation in four patients, c.2335T > G mutation in three, c.3061-1G > A splice site mutation in five, c.3305T > C mutation in one, and c.3809A > G mutation in two patients. CONCLUSIONS The Multiplex ARMS assay used in this study can be an efficient, reliable, and cost effective method as a primary screen for patients with Wilson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Dastsooz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Imanieh
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Namazi Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Dehghani
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Namazi Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mahmood Haghighat
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Namazi Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Maryam Moini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Majid Fardaei
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Majid Fardaei, Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 7134853185, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-7112349610, Fax: +98-7112349610, E-mail:
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