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Mikołajczyk S, Warenik-Bany M, Pajurek M. Chickens' eggs and the livers of farm animals as sources of perfluoroalkyl substances. J Vet Res 2024; 68:241-248. [PMID: 38947157 PMCID: PMC11210361 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study focuses on perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) content in chickens' eggs and the livers of farm animals. Material and Methods Chickens' eggs (n = 25) and the livers of cows (n = 10), chickens (n = 7) and horses (n = 3) were collected from various regions of Poland. Samples were analysed using the isotope dilution technique with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results The mean lower bound (LB) sum of four PFAS (∑4 PFAS) concentrations (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS)) were the highest in cows' livers (0.52 μg/kg) and much lower in chickens' (0.17 μg/kg) and horses' livers (0.13 μg/kg) and chickens' eggs (0.096 μg/kg). The ratio of ∑4 PFASs to the limits set by Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 was <7% for liver and <6% for eggs. Linear PFOS was the compound with the highest detection frequency (8% in eggs and 48% in all livers). In cows' livers it was detected in 80% of samples. The estimated exposure to LB ∑4 PFASs via consumption of liver tissue from farm animals (assuming 50 g and 100 g portions) was <52% of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for children and <17% of the TWI for adults. Dietary intake via the average portion of three eggs led to low exposure of <15% for children and <5% for adults. Conclusion Neither eggs nor the livers of chickens or horses as analysed in this study are significant sources of PFASs, while cows' livers might contribute significantly to a child's overall dietary intake. Further investigation of PFOS in farm animal livers should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan Mikołajczyk
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Marek Pajurek
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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2
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Latoch A, Stasiak DM, Siczek P. Edible Offal as a Valuable Source of Nutrients in the Diet-A Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1609. [PMID: 38892542 PMCID: PMC11174546 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The global increase in demand for meat leads to substantial quantities of by-products, including edible offal from both wild and domesticated animals raised for diversified consumption products within an agricultural framework. Information on the nutritional value of offal is scattered and limited. This review aims to synthesize scientific publications on the potential of offal as a source of nutrients and bioactive substances in human diets. The literature review included publications available in ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar published between 2014 and 2024. Findings indicate that edible offal is characterized by a nutrient concentration often surpassing that found in skeletal muscle. This review discusses the yield of edible offal and explores factors influencing human consumption. Selected factors affecting the nutritional value of offal of various animals and the importance of individual nutrients in ensuring the proper functioning of the human body were analyzed. The optimal use of offal in processing and catering can significantly benefit aspects of human life, including diet quality, food security, and conservation of natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Latoch
- Department of Animal Food Technology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna St., 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Mirosław Stasiak
- Department of Animal Food Technology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna St., 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Patryk Siczek
- Department of Plant Food Technology and Gastronomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna St., 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
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3
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Healy SR, Morgan ER, Prada JM, Karadjian G, Chevillot A, Betson M. First use of tissue exudate serology to identify Toxocara spp. infection in food animals. Int J Parasitol 2024; 54:303-310. [PMID: 38458482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati are globally distributed, zoonotic roundworm parasites. Human infection can have serious clinical consequences including blindness and brain disorders. In addition to ingesting environmental eggs, humans can become infected by eating infective larvae in raw or undercooked meat products. To date, no studies have assessed the prevalence of Toxocara spp. larvae in meat from animals consumed as food in the UK or assessed tissue exudates for the presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies. This study aimed to assess the potential risk to consumers eating meat products from animals infected with Toxocara spp. Tissue samples were obtained from 155 different food producing animals in the south, southwest and east of England, UK. Tissue samples (n = 226), either muscle or liver, were processed by artificial digestion followed by microscopic sediment evaluation for Toxocara spp. larvae, and tissue exudate samples (n = 141) were tested for the presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies using a commercial ELISA kit. A logistic regression model was used to compare anti-Toxocara antibody prevalence by host species, tissue type and source. While no larvae were found by microscopic examination after tissue digestion, the overall prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in tissue exudates was 27.7%. By species, 35.3% of cattle (n = 34), 15.0% of sheep (n = 60), 54.6% of goats (n = 11) and 61.1% of pigs (n = 18) had anti-Toxocara antibodies. Logistic regression analysis found pigs were more likely to be positive for anti-Toxocara antibodies (odds ration (OR) = 2.89, P = 0.0786) compared with the other species sampled but only at a 10% significance level. The high prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in tissue exudates suggests that exposure of food animals to this parasite is common in England. Tissue exudate serology on meat products within the human food chain could be applied in support of food safety and to identify practices that increase risks of foodborne transmission of zoonotic toxocariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Healy
- University of Surrey, School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Eric R Morgan
- Queen's University, Institute for Global Food Security, Biological Sciences Building, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL Belfast, UK
| | - Joaquin M Prada
- University of Surrey, School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Grégory Karadjian
- Anses, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - Aurélie Chevillot
- Anses, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - Martha Betson
- University of Surrey, School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7AL, UK.
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Pilchová V, Elmontaser Mergani A, Clever S, Ciurkiewicz M, Becker K, Gerhauser I, Baumgärtner W, Volz A, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Schulz C. SARS-CoV-2 inactivation in laboratory animal tissues with 4% formaldehyde or 5% glutaraldehyde for transfer to biosafety level 1 laboratories. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:201-206. [PMID: 37698272 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231197128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic required the immediate need to transfer inactivated tissue from biosafety level (BSL)-3 to BSL-1 areas to enable downstream analytical methods. No validated SARS-CoV-2 inactivation protocols were available for either formaldehyde (FA)-fixed or glutaraldehyde (GA)-fixed tissues. Therefore, representative tissue from ferrets and hamsters was spiked with 2.2 × 106 tissue culture infectious dose 50% per ml (TCID50/ml) SARS-CoV-2 or were obtained from mice experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated with 4% FA or 5% GA at room temperature for 72 hours by a titer reduction of up to 103.8 TCID50/ml in different animal tissues with a maximum protein content of 100 µg/mg and a thickness of up to 10 mm for FA and 8 mm for GA. Our protocols can be easily adapted for validating the inactivation of other pathogens to allow for the transfer of biological samples from BSL-3 areas to BSL-1 laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabrina Clever
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Becker
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Asisa Volz
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Schulz
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Fatty Acid and Micronutrient Profile of Longissimus Lumborum from Red Angus and Red Angus x Akaushi Cattle Finished on Grass or Grain. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213451. [PMID: 36360064 PMCID: PMC9656263 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle diet and breed modify the nutritional profile of beef. The objective of this study was to compare the fatty acid (FA) and micronutrient profiles of Red Angus (RA) and RA x Akaushi (AK) crossbreed steers fed either a grass or grain diet. This two-year study randomly assigned steers to the diets using a 2 × 2 factorial experiment. FAs and micronutrients were analyzed. Diet effect was the strongest with grass-finished beef being higher in n-3 polyunsaturated FAs (p < 0.001), conjugated linoleic acid (p < 0.05), vaccenic acid (p < 0.05), iron (p < 0.001), and vitamin E (p < 0.001) compared to grain-finished beef. Breed effects were observed for lauric and myristic acids (p < 0.05), selenium (p < 0.05), and zinc (p < 0.01) with AK containing more of these compounds than RA. Diet × breed effects were non-existent. These results indicate that diet has a stronger influence than breed on modifying the nutritional profile of beef. Because of a more favorable FA and antioxidant profile, consumption of grass-finished beef could benefit human health.
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Zhu X, Yang C, Ma G, Zhang Q, Han L. Processing optimization of restructured jerky from bovine meat, heart, and liver. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xijin Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Guoyuan Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
| | - Ling Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China
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Sharma D, Golla N, Singh S, Singh PK, Singh D, Onteru SK. An efficient method for extracting next-generation sequencing quality RNA from liver tissue of recalcitrant animal species. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14405-14412. [PMID: 30697743 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The next-generation RNA sequencing technologies expedite the discovery of a large number of novel transcripts and genes associated with various pathophysiological conditions. These technologies involve poly(A) enrichment, which in turn requires micrograms of high-quality total RNA. Unfortunately, the available RNA isolation approaches produce poor quality total RNA from difficult-to-isolate animal tissues, such as the liver with high glycogen content. Moreover, the extraction efficiencies of these approaches vary significantly depending on the animal species. To address this challenge, we optimized a three-step protocol for the extraction of high-yield and high-quality total RNA from the liver tissue (LT). The procedure effectively resolved the problem of glycogen coprecipitation by its stepwise removal. No signs of RNA degradation on gel electrophoresis analysis and RNA integrity number values ≥8.5 indicated that the extracted RNA is suitable for downstream processing, such as poly(A) enrichment and transcriptome profiling. To demonstrate the robustness of the novel protocol, a comparison was made with other currently available RNA extraction approaches from diverse resources. Whereas other protocols yielded partially degraded bands with either decreased or reversed ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ratio, our protocol yielded intact rRNA with a ratio of 2.0 ± 0.1. This optimized protocol was also successfully followed for other animal tissues, such as the bone and muscles. In conclusion, the study has described a highly efficient method for the next-generation sequencing quality RNA isolation from LT across a broad range of animal species, with extended applicability to other difficult-to-isolate tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinder Sharma
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Naresh Golla
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Sudhakar Singh
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Suneel Kumar Onteru
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
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Offal Chemical Composition from Veal, Beef, and Lamb Maintained in Organic Production Systems. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080489. [PMID: 31357430 PMCID: PMC6721235 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Almost all byproducts are a rich source of trace elements, whose levels/amounts are usually much higher in byproducts such as offal than in muscular tissues. Furthermore, the demand for offal is likely to increase with the rapidly growing population, because it can be commercially sold for human and animal nutrition and is economically advantageous (e.g., high profitability). Therefore, further research into consumer perception of offal consumption is needed, as well as investigations of the potential use of the nutrients contained in offal. Such studies will ensure a comprehensive presentation of the factors that affect the demand for offal. Abstract The aim of the study is to compare the content of nutrients, including selected macro- and micro-elements, in musculus semitendinosus and offal (liver, heart, kidneys, tongue, brain) derived from animals (calves, beef cattle, and lambs) that are fed and maintained in organic production conditions. The experimental material consisted of 60 animals: 20 calves, 20 beef cattle, and 20 lambs. This research was carried out using Limousin cattle and Ile de France sheep. From the obtained results, it is concluded that the physicochemical and nutrient composition varied significantly among the organs and species studied. Almost all byproducts are a rich source of trace elements, whose levels/amounts are usually much higher in byproducts such as offal than in muscular tissues. Also, for economic reasons (profitability), byproducts (offal) can be commercially sold for human and animal nutrition. Byproducts are processed and incorporated into many food products and provide competitive nutritional value for use by tissues and muscles (vitamins and elements).
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The Potential of Animal By-Products in Food Systems: Production, Prospects and Challenges. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9071089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kang SW, Kim HM, Rahman MS, Kim AN, Yang HS, Choi SG. Nutritional Quality and Physicochemical Characteristics of Defatted Bovine Liver Treated by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Organic Solvent. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2017; 37:29-37. [PMID: 28316468 PMCID: PMC5355581 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Defatted bovine liver (DBL) is a potential source of protein and minerals. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and a traditional organic solvent method were used to remove lipid from bovine liver, and the quality characteristics of a control bovine liver (CBL), bovine liver defatted by SC-CO2 (DBLSC-CO2) at different pressures, and bovine liver defatted by organic solvent (DBL-OS) were compared. The DBLSC-CO2 samples had significantly higher (p<0.05) protein, amino acid, carbohydrate, and fiber contents than CBL and DBL-OS. There was a higher yield of lipid from CBL when using SC-CO2 than the organic solvent method. SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that the CBL and DBLSC-CO2 had protein bands of a similar intensity and area, whereas DBL-OS appeared extremely poor bands or no bands due to the degradation of proteins, particularly in the 50 to 75 kDa and 20 to 25 kDa molecular weight ranges. In addition, DBLSC-CO2 was shown to have superior functional properties in terms of total soluble content, water and oil absorption, and foaming and emulsification properties. Therefore, SC-CO2 treatment offers a nutritionally and environmentally friendly approach for the removal of lipid from high protein food sources. In addition, SC-CO2 may be a better substitute of traditional organic solvent extraction for producing more stable and high quality foods with high-protein, fat-free, and low calorie contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Won Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Hye-Min Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - M Shafiur Rahman
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Ah-Na Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Han-Sul Yang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Sung-Gil Choi
- Division of Food Science and Technology (Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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