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Robertson EL, Frick PJ, Walker TM, Kemp EC, Ray JV, Thornton LC, Wall Myers TD, Steinberg L, Cauffman E. Callous-Unemotional Traits and Risk of Gun Carrying and Use During Crime. Am J Psychiatry 2020; 177:827-833. [PMID: 32539529 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19080861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the addition of the "with limited prosocial emotions" specifier within the diagnosis of conduct disorder (DSM-5) and of conduct-dissocial disorder (ICD-11) to designate those with elevated callous-unemotional traits, the authors examined the role that callous-unemotional traits play in the risk for gun carrying and gun use during a crime in a sample at high risk for gun violence. METHODS Male juvenile offenders (N=1,215) from three regions of the United States were assessed after their first arrest and then reassessed every 6 months for 36 months and again at 48 months. Callous-unemotional traits and peer gun carrying and ownership were measured via self-report after the first arrest (i.e., baseline). Gun carrying and use of a gun during a crime were self-reported at all follow-up points. RESULTS Callous-unemotional traits at baseline increased the frequency of gun carrying and the likelihood of using a gun during a crime across the subsequent 4 years after accounting for other risk factors. Furthermore, callous-unemotional traits moderated the relationship between peer gun carrying and ownership and participant gun carrying, such that only participants low on callous-unemotional traits demonstrated increased gun carrying as a function of their peers' gun carrying and ownership. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the importance of considering callous-unemotional traits in gun violence research both because callous-unemotional traits increase gun carrying and use in adolescents and because the traits may moderate other key risk factors. Notably, the influence of peer gun carrying and ownership may have been underestimated in past research for the majority of adolescents by not considering the moderating influence of callous-unemotional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Robertson
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge (Robertson, Frick, Walker, Kemp); Learning Science Institute of Australia, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne (Frick); Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, Orlando (Ray); Louisiana Department of Health, Baton Rouge (Thornton); Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio (Wall Myers); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Steinberg); King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Steinberg); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine (Cauffman)
| | - Paul J Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge (Robertson, Frick, Walker, Kemp); Learning Science Institute of Australia, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne (Frick); Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, Orlando (Ray); Louisiana Department of Health, Baton Rouge (Thornton); Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio (Wall Myers); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Steinberg); King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Steinberg); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine (Cauffman)
| | - Toni M Walker
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge (Robertson, Frick, Walker, Kemp); Learning Science Institute of Australia, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne (Frick); Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, Orlando (Ray); Louisiana Department of Health, Baton Rouge (Thornton); Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio (Wall Myers); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Steinberg); King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Steinberg); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine (Cauffman)
| | - Emily C Kemp
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge (Robertson, Frick, Walker, Kemp); Learning Science Institute of Australia, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne (Frick); Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, Orlando (Ray); Louisiana Department of Health, Baton Rouge (Thornton); Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio (Wall Myers); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Steinberg); King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Steinberg); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine (Cauffman)
| | - James V Ray
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge (Robertson, Frick, Walker, Kemp); Learning Science Institute of Australia, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne (Frick); Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, Orlando (Ray); Louisiana Department of Health, Baton Rouge (Thornton); Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio (Wall Myers); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Steinberg); King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Steinberg); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine (Cauffman)
| | - Laura C Thornton
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge (Robertson, Frick, Walker, Kemp); Learning Science Institute of Australia, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne (Frick); Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, Orlando (Ray); Louisiana Department of Health, Baton Rouge (Thornton); Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio (Wall Myers); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Steinberg); King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Steinberg); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine (Cauffman)
| | - Tina D Wall Myers
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge (Robertson, Frick, Walker, Kemp); Learning Science Institute of Australia, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne (Frick); Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, Orlando (Ray); Louisiana Department of Health, Baton Rouge (Thornton); Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio (Wall Myers); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Steinberg); King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Steinberg); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine (Cauffman)
| | - Laurence Steinberg
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge (Robertson, Frick, Walker, Kemp); Learning Science Institute of Australia, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne (Frick); Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, Orlando (Ray); Louisiana Department of Health, Baton Rouge (Thornton); Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio (Wall Myers); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Steinberg); King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Steinberg); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine (Cauffman)
| | - Elizabeth Cauffman
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge (Robertson, Frick, Walker, Kemp); Learning Science Institute of Australia, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne (Frick); Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, Orlando (Ray); Louisiana Department of Health, Baton Rouge (Thornton); Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio (Wall Myers); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Steinberg); King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Steinberg); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine (Cauffman)
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Carrizosa CM, Blumberg EJ, Hovell MF, Martinez-Donate AP, Garcia-Gonzalez G, Lozada R, Kelley NJ, Hofstetter CR, Sipan CL. Determinants and prevalence of late HIV testing in Tijuana, Mexico. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2010; 24:333-40. [PMID: 20438374 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2009.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely diagnosis of HIV is essential to improve survival rates and reduce transmission of the virus. Insufficient progress has been made in effecting earlier HIV diagnoses. The Mexican border city of Tijuana has one of the highest AIDS incidence and mortality rates in all of Mexico. This study examined the prevalence and potential correlates of late HIV testing in Tijuana, Mexico. Late testers were defined as participants who had at least one of: (1) an AIDS-defining illness within 1 year of first positive HIV test; (2) a date of AIDS diagnosis within 1 year of first positive HIV test; or (3) an initial CD4 cell count below 200 cells per microliter within 1 year of first positive HIV test. Medical charts of 670 HIV-positive patients from two HIV/AIDS public clinics in Tijuana were reviewed and abstracted; 362 of these patients were interviewed using a cross-sectional survey. Using multivariate logistic regression, we explored potential correlates of late HIV testing based on the Behavioral Ecological Model. From 342 participants for whom late testing could be determined, the prevalence of late testing was 43.2%. Multivariate logistic regression results (n = 275) revealed five significant correlates of late testing: "I preferred not to know I had HIV" (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.78, 1.46-5.31); clinic (AOR = 1.90, 1.06-3.41); exposure to peers engaging in high-risk sexual behavior (AOR = 1.14, 1.02-1.27); stigma regarding HIV-infected individuals (AOR = 0.65, 0.47-0.92); and stigma regarding HIV testing (AOR = 0.66, 0.45-0.97). These findings may inform the design of interventions to increase timely HIV testing and help reduce HIV transmission in the community at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M. Carrizosa
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Elaine J. Blumberg
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Melbourne F. Hovell
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Ana P. Martinez-Donate
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gregorio Garcia-Gonzalez
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Hospital General Regional No. 20, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Remedios Lozada
- Programa Estatal de VIH/ITS Baja California Norte, Palacio Federal Piso 3, Centro Civico, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Norma J. Kelley
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - C. Richard Hofstetter
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Carol L. Sipan
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
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