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Reyser T, Paloque L, Augereau JM, Di Stefano L, Benoit-Vical F. Epigenetic regulation as a therapeutic target in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 2024; 23:44. [PMID: 38347549 PMCID: PMC10863139 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past thirty years, epigenetic regulation of gene expression has gained increasing interest as it was shown to be implicated in illnesses ranging from cancers to parasitic diseases. In the malaria parasite, epigenetics was shown to be involved in several key steps of the complex life cycle of Plasmodium, among which asexual development and sexual commitment, but also in major biological processes like immune evasion, response to environmental changes or DNA repair. Because epigenetics plays such paramount roles in the Plasmodium parasite, enzymes involved in these regulating pathways represent a reservoir of potential therapeutic targets. This review focuses on epigenetic regulatory processes and their effectors in the malaria parasite, as well as the inhibitors of epigenetic pathways and their potential as new anti-malarial drugs. Such types of drugs could be formidable tools that may contribute to malaria eradication in a context of widespread resistance to conventional anti-malarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Reyser
- LCC-CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- MAAP, Inserm ERL 1289, Team "New Antiplasmodial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches", Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Paloque
- LCC-CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- MAAP, Inserm ERL 1289, Team "New Antiplasmodial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches", Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Augereau
- LCC-CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- MAAP, Inserm ERL 1289, Team "New Antiplasmodial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches", Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Luisa Di Stefano
- MCD, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Benoit-Vical
- LCC-CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
- MAAP, Inserm ERL 1289, Team "New Antiplasmodial Molecules and Pharmacological Approaches", Toulouse, France.
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Chen M, Zhou L, Li S, Wei H, Chen J, Yang P, Peng H. Toxoplasma gondii DNA methyltransferases regulate parasitic energy metabolism. Acta Trop 2022; 229:106329. [PMID: 35122712 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii results in serious diseases such as encephalitis, and retinochoroiditis in immunocompromised patients. The interconversion between tachyzoites and bradyzoites under the host's immune pressure results in the interchange of acute infection and chronic infection. We previously reported two functional DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) in Toxoplasma gondii named TgDNMTa and TgDNMTb. In this research, proteomics analysis for T. gondii tachyzoites of ME49 WT, dnmta knockout (ME49-∆Tgdnmta), and dnmtb knockout (ME49-∆Tgdnmtb) strains, revealed 362 significantly regulated proteins for ME49-∆Tgdnmta, and 219 for ME49-∆Tgdnmtb, compared with the proteins of ME49 WT. TgDNMTa down regulated three glycolytic enzymes, one gluconeogenic enzyme and four pyruvate metabolic enzymes. Furthermore, TgDNMTb up regulated two proteins in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Glucose metabolic flux detection showed that TgDNMTa inhibited the glycolysis pathway, while TgDNMTb promoted the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle so as to promote parasite's proliferation. These findings demonstrated that the functions of Toxoplasma gondii DNA methyltransferases extended beyond DNA methylation to the regulation of parasitic energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Shengmin Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Hiaxia Wei
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jiating Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Hongjuan Peng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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Abstract
Protozoan parasites continue to cause a significant health and economic burden worldwide. As infectious organisms, they pose unique and difficult challenges due to a level of conservation of critical eukaryotic cellular pathways with their hosts. Gene regulation has been pinpointed as an essential pathway with enough divergence to warrant investigation into therapeutically targeting. Examination of human parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, and kinetoplastids have revealed that epigenetic mechanisms play a key role in their gene regulation. The enzymes involved in adding and removing epigenetic posttranslational modifications (PTMs) have historically been the focus of study. However, the reader proteins that recognize and bind PTMs, initiating recruitment of chromatin-modifying and transcription complexes, are now being realized for their critical role in regulation and their potential as drug targets. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge on epigenetic reader proteins in model parasitic protozoa, focusing on the histone acyl- and methyl-reading domains. With this knowledge base, we compare differences between medically relevant parasites, discuss conceivable functions of these understudied proteins, indicate gaps in knowledge, and provide current progress in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Fleck
- Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Malorie Nitz
- Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Victoria Jeffers
- Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
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Yuan J, Ni A, Li Y, Bian S, Liu Y, Wang P, Shi L, Isa AM, Ge P, Sun Y, Ma H, Chen J. Transcriptome Analysis Revealed Potential Mechanisms of Resistance to Trichomoniasis gallinae Infection in Pigeon ( Columba livia). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:672270. [PMID: 34595226 PMCID: PMC8477972 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.672270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomoniasis gallinae (T. gallinae) is one of the most pathogenic parasites in pigeon, particularly in squabs. Oral cavity is the main site for the host-parasite interaction. Herein, we used RNA-sequencing technology to characterize lncRNA and mRNA profiles and compared transcriptomic dynamics of squabs, including four susceptible birds (S) from infected group, four tolerant birds (T) without parasites after T. gallinae infection, and three birds from uninfected group (N), to understand molecular mechanisms underlying host resistance to this parasite. We identified 29,809 putative lncRNAs and characterized their genomic features subsequently. Differentially expressed (DE) genes, DE-lncRNAs and cis/trans target genes of DE-lncRNAs were further compared among the three groups. The KEGG analysis indicated that specific intergroup DEGs were involved in carbon metabolism (S vs. T), metabolic pathways (N vs. T) and focal adhesion pathway (N vs. S), respectively. Whereas, the cis/trans genes of DE-lncRNAs were enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, toll-like receptor signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway and insulin signaling pathway, which play crucial roles in immune system of the host animal. This suggests T. gallinae invasion in pigeon mouth may modulate lncRNAs expression and their target genes. Moreover, co-expression analysis identified crucial lncRNA-mRNA interaction networks. Several DE-lncRNAs including MSTRG.82272.3, MSTRG.114849.42, MSTRG.39405.36, MSTRG.3338.5, and MSTRG.105872.2 targeted methylation and immune-related genes, such as JCHAIN, IL18BP, ANGPT1, TMRT10C, SAMD9L, and SOCS3. This implied that DE-lncRNAs exert critical influence on T. gallinae infections. The quantitative exploration of host transcriptome changes induced by T. gallinae infection broaden both transcriptomic and epigenetic insights into T. gallinae resistance and its pathological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Yuan
- Institute of Animal Science, China Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Aixin Ni
- Institute of Animal Science, China Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlei Li
- Institute of Animal Science, China Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Shixiong Bian
- Institute of Animal Science, China Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjie Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, China Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Panlin Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, China Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Animal Science, China Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Adamu Mani Isa
- Institute of Animal Science, China Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China.,Department of Animal Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Pingzhuang Ge
- Institute of Animal Science, China Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Institute of Animal Science, China Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, China Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jilan Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, China Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
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Lizarraga A, Muñoz D, Strobl-Mazzulla PH, de Miguel N. Toward incorporating epigenetics into regulation of gene expression in the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Mol Microbiol 2021; 115:959-967. [PMID: 33599017 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is an extracellular parasite that colonizes the human urogenital tract, causing a highly prevalent sexually transmitted infection. The parasite must change its transcriptional profile in order to establish and maintain infection. However, few core regulatory elements and transcription factors have been identified to date and little is known about other mechanisms that may control these rapid changes in gene expression during parasite infection. In the last years, epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of gene expression have been gaining major attention in this parasite. In this review, we summarize and discuss the major advances of the last few years with regard to epigenetics (DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, and histone variants) in the parasite T. vaginalis. These studies can shed light into our current understanding of this parasite's biology with far-reaching implications for the prognosis and treatment of trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen Lizarraga
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Daniela Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Pablo H Strobl-Mazzulla
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Natalia de Miguel
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
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The Absence of C-5 DNA Methylation in Leishmania donovani Allows DNA Enrichment from Complex Samples. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081252. [PMID: 32824654 PMCID: PMC7463849 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosine C5 methylation is an important epigenetic control mechanism in a wide array of eukaryotic organisms and generally carried out by proteins of the C-5 DNA methyltransferase family (DNMTs). In several protozoans, the status of this mechanism remains elusive, such as in Leishmania, the causative agent of the disease leishmaniasis in humans and a wide array of vertebrate animals. In this work, we showed that the Leishmania donovani genome contains a C-5 DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) from the DNMT6 subfamily, whose function is still unclear, and verified its expression at the RNA level. We created viable overexpressor and knock-out lines of this enzyme and characterized their genome-wide methylation patterns using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, together with promastigote and amastigote control lines. Interestingly, despite the DNMT6 presence, we found that methylation levels were equal to or lower than 0.0003% at CpG sites, 0.0005% at CHG sites, and 0.0126% at CHH sites at the genomic scale. As none of the methylated sites were retained after manual verification, we conclude that there is no evidence for DNA methylation in this species. We demonstrated that this difference in DNA methylation between the parasite (no detectable DNA methylation) and the vertebrate host (DNA methylation) allowed enrichment of parasite vs. host DNA using methyl-CpG-binding domain columns, readily available in commercial kits. As such, we depleted methylated DNA from mixes of Leishmania promastigote and amastigote DNA with human DNA, resulting in average Leishmania:human enrichments from 62× up to 263×. These results open a promising avenue for unmethylated DNA enrichment as a pre-enrichment step before sequencing Leishmania clinical samples.
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Adenine DNA methylation, 3D genome organization, and gene expression in the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13033-13043. [PMID: 32461362 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917286117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted parasite that colonizes the human urogenital tract causing infections that range from asymptomatic to highly inflammatory. Recent works have highlighted the importance of histone modifications in the regulation of transcription and parasite pathogenesis. However, the nature of DNA methylation in the parasite remains unexplored. Using a combination of immunological techniques and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), we analyzed the abundance of DNA methylation in strains with differential pathogenicity demonstrating that N6-methyladenine (6mA), and not 5-methylcytosine (5mC), is the main DNA methylation mark in T. vaginalis Genome-wide distribution of 6mA reveals that this mark is enriched at intergenic regions, with a preference for certain superfamilies of DNA transposable elements. We show that 6mA in T. vaginalis is associated with silencing when present on genes. Interestingly, bioinformatics analysis revealed the presence of transcriptionally active or repressive intervals flanked by 6mA-enriched regions, and results from chromatin conformation capture (3C) experiments suggest these 6mA flanked regions are in close spatial proximity. These associations were disrupted when parasites were treated with the demethylation activator ascorbic acid. This finding revealed a role for 6mA in modulating three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structure and gene expression in this divergent member of the Excavata.
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Small KW, Vincent AL, Knapper CL, Shaya FS. Congenital toxoplasmosis as one phenocopy of North Carolina Macular Dystrophy (NCMD/MCDR1). Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2019; 15:100521. [PMID: 31367689 PMCID: PMC6656702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2019.100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To highlight the striking similarities between the lesions of congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) and North Carolina Macular Dystrophy (NCMD) using multimodal imaging including spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Observations We are comparing a case report of CT compared to that of NCMD. The case of a 64-year-old man with a lifelong history of decreased vision OD from toxoplasmosis and new onset of central retinal vein occlusion OS. Color fundus photography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and intravenous fluorescein angiography (IVFA) were used as diagnostic imaging tools to demonstrate the similarities and differences between CT and NCMD. In this case, unilateral CT demonstrated a large, excavated, coloboma-like chorioretinal lesion identical to NCMD grade 3. Serology studies were positive for toxoplasmosis. The similarities of CT and NCMD grade 3 using SD-OCT are especially striking. Conclusion and importance Lesions of CT and NCMD grade 3 can appear identical on clinical exam and are indistinguishable from one another on SD-OCT. Because CT is a phenocopy of NCMD, many cases of the original NCMD family members had been misdiagnosed as CT. North Carolina Macular Dystrophy may be more common than previously realized and bilateral CT cases should be reexamined along with family members and genetic testing performed. Cases of bilateral CT actually may be NCMD cases. Now that the genetic and molecular mechanisms of NCMD are known, these may provide clues into the pathogenesis of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W Small
- Macula and Retina Institute, Los Angeles and Glendale, California, USA.,Molecular Insight Research Foundation, Los Angeles and Glendale, California, USA
| | - Andrea L Vincent
- Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Eye Department, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chelsey L Knapper
- Macula and Retina Institute, Los Angeles and Glendale, California, USA.,Molecular Insight Research Foundation, Los Angeles and Glendale, California, USA
| | - Fadi S Shaya
- Macula and Retina Institute, Los Angeles and Glendale, California, USA.,Molecular Insight Research Foundation, Los Angeles and Glendale, California, USA
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Syn G, Blackwell JM, Jamieson SE, Francis RW. An in silico pipeline to filter the Toxoplasma gondii proteome for proteins that could traffic to the host cell nucleus and influence host cell epigenetic regulation. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e170471. [PMID: 29846382 PMCID: PMC5963570 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii uses epigenetic mechanisms to regulate both endogenous and host cell gene expression. To identify genes with putative epigenetic functions, we developed an in silico pipeline to interrogate the T. gondii proteome of 8313 proteins. Step 1 employs PredictNLS and NucPred to identify genes predicted to target eukaryotic nuclei. Step 2 uses GOLink to identify proteins of epigenetic function based on Gene Ontology terms. This resulted in 611 putative nuclear localised proteins with predicted epigenetic functions. Step 3 filtered for secretory proteins using SignalP, SecretomeP, and experimental data. This identified 57 of the 611 putative epigenetic proteins as likely to be secreted. The pipeline is freely available online, uses open access tools and software with user-friendly Perl scripts to automate and manage the results, and is readily adaptable to undertake any such in silico search for genes contributing to particular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Syn
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jenefer M Blackwell
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sarra E Jamieson
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard W Francis
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
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Zhang HP, Wang YH, Ma SC, Zhang H, Yang AN, Yang XL, Zhang MH, Sun JM, Hao YJ, Jiang YD. Homocysteine inhibits endothelial progenitor cells proliferation via DNMT1-mediated hypomethylation of Cyclin A. Exp Cell Res 2017; 362:217-226. [PMID: 29155363 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to neovasculogenesis and reendothelialization of damaged blood vessels to maintain the endothelium. Dysfunction of EPCs is implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular injury induced by homocysteine (Hcy). We aimed to investigate the role of Cyclin A in Hcy-induced EPCs dysfunction and explore its molecular mechanism. In this study, by treatment of EPCs with Hcy, we found that the expression of Cyclin A mRNA and protein were significantly downregulated in a dose-dependent manner. Knockdown of Cyclin A prominently reduced proliferation of EPCs, while over-expression of Cyclin A significantly promoted the cell proliferation, suggesting that Hcy inhibits EPCs proliferation through downregulation of Cyclin A expression. In addition, epigenetic study also demonstrated that Hcy induces DNA hypomethylation of the Cyclin A promoter in EPCs through downregulated expression of DNMT1. Moreover, we found that Hcy treatment of EPCs leads to increased SAM, SAH and MeCP2, while the ratio of SAM/SAH and MBD expression decrease. In summary, our results indicate that Hcy inhibits Cyclin A expression through hypomethylation of Cyclin A and thereby suppress EPCs proliferation. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism of DNA methylation mediated by DNMT1 in prevention of Hcy associated cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ping Zhang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yan-Hua Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - An-Ning Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Ming-Hao Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jian-Min Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yin-Ju Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yi-Deng Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan 750004, China.
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