CCDC65 as a new potential tumor suppressor induced by metformin inhibits activation of AKT1 via ubiquitination of ENO1 in gastric cancer

Metformin's anticancer odyssey: Revealing multifaceted mechanisms across diverse neoplastic terrains- a critical review

Metformin, initially prescribed as an oral hypoglycemic medication for type 2 diabetes, has recently gained attention for its potential anticancer effects. Its history dates to 1918, when guanidine, a component of the traditional European herb Galega officinalis, was found to reduce glycemia. This review precisely examines the mechanisms underlying Metformin's anticancer effects across various neoplastic conditions. This investigation explores the complex interactions between metformin and major signaling pathways associated with carcinogenesis, including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mTOR, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathways. The review emphasizes Metformin's diverse effects on angiogenesis, inflammation, apoptosis, and cellular metabolism in cancer cells. Additionally, new data on metformin's capacity to alter the tumor microenvironment and enhance immune surveillance systems against cancer are examined. The review underscores Metformin's potential for repurposing in oncology, emphasizing its clinical relevance as an adjuvant therapy for various cancers. The review provides insightful information about the complex anticancer mechanisms of metformin by combining data from preclinical and clinical studies. These findings not only broaden our knowledge of the effects of metformin but also open new avenues for oncology research and treatment developments.

GC-derived exosomal circMAN1A2 promotes cancer progression and suppresses T-cell antitumour immunity by inhibiting FBXW11-mediated SFPQ degradation

BACKGROUND

Exosomes, as extracellular membrane vesicles, play important roles in intercellular communication and can influence tumour progression. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported in various malignancies and are also important components of exosomes. However, the role of exosomal circRNAs in gastric cancer (GC) progression has not been completely clarified.

METHODS

The exosomal circRNAs enriched in GC were identified using exosomal circRNA sequencing. The biological function of circMAN1A2 in GC was investigated using a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. PKH-67 staining was used to label the exosomes. The molecular mechanism of exosomal circMAN1A2 was investigated via mass spectrometry, immunoprecipitation, Western blot, and single-cell RNA-sequencing data analyses.

RESULTS

In our study, we determined that circMAN1A2 (hsa_circ_0000118) was enriched in GC-derived exosomes. Higher circMAN1A2 expression was related to poor survival in GC patients (HR = 2.917, p = 0.0120). Exosomal circMAN1A2 promoted GC progression in vitro and in vivo and suppressed the antitumour activity of T cells. Moreover, circMAN1A2 bound to SFPQ in GC cells and T cells, promoting the G1/S phase transition of the cell cycle in GC cells while inhibiting the activation of the T cell receptor signalling pathway in T cells to decrease antitumour activity. Mechanistically, circMAN1A2 competed with FBXW11 for binding to SFPQ, preventing FBXW11-mediated k48-linked ubiquitination and SFPQ protein degradation, thereby stabilizing SFPQ expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Our work confirms the critical role of exosomal circMAN1A2 in the progression and immunosuppression of GC. This novel axis of circMAN1A2-SFPQ provides new insights into exosomal circRNA-based GC diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Role of ENO1 and its targeted therapy in tumors

ENO1, also called 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolase in cellular glycolysis, is an enzyme that converts 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate and plays an important role in the Warburg effect. In various tumors, ENO1 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis. ENO1 is a multifunctional oncoprotein that, when located on the cell surface, acts as a "moonlighting protein" to promote tumor invasion and metastasis. When located intracellularly, ENO1 facilitates glycolysis to dysregulate cellular energy and sustain tumor proliferation. Additionally, it promotes tumor progression by activating oncogenic signaling pathways. ENO1 is a tumor biomarker and represents a promising target for tumor therapy. This review summarizes recent advances from 2020 to 2024 in understanding the relationship between ENO1 and tumors and explores the latest targeted therapeutic strategies involving ENO1.

Single-cell dissection reveals promotive role of ENO1 in leukemia stem cell self-renewal and chemoresistance in acute myeloid leukemia

BACKGROUND

Quiescent self-renewal of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) and resistance to conventional chemotherapy are the main factors leading to relapse of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Alpha-enolase (ENO1), a key glycolytic enzyme, has been shown to regulate embryonic stem cell differentiation and promote self-renewal and malignant phenotypes in various cancer stem cells. Here, we sought to test whether and how ENO1 influences LSCs renewal and chemoresistance within the context of AML.

METHODS

We analyzed single-cell RNA sequencing data from bone marrow samples of 8 relapsed/refractory AML patients and 4 healthy controls using bioinformatics and machine learning algorithms. In addition, we compared ENO1 expression levels in the AML cohort with those in 37 control subjects and conducted survival analyses to correlate ENO1 expression with clinical outcomes. Furthermore, we performed functional studies involving ENO1 knockdown and inhibition in AML cell line.

RESULTS

We used machine learning to model and infer malignant cells in AML, finding more primitive malignant cells in the non-response (NR) group. The differentiation capacity of LSCs and progenitor malignant cells exhibited an inverse correlation with glycolysis levels. Trajectory analysis indicated delayed myeloid cell differentiation in NR group, with high ENO1-expressing LSCs at the initial stages of differentiation being preserved post-treatment. Simultaneously, ENO1 and stemness-related genes were upregulated and co-expressed in malignant cells during early differentiation. ENO1 level in our AML cohort was significantly higher than the controls, with higher levels in NR compared to those in complete remission. Knockdown of ENO1 in AML cell line resulted in the activation of LSCs, promoting cell differentiation and apoptosis, and inhibited proliferation. ENO1 inhibitor can impede the proliferation of AML cells. Furthermore, survival analyses associated higher ENO1 expression with poorer outcome in AML patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings underscore the critical role of ENO1 as a plausible driver of LSC self-renewal, a potential target for AML target therapy and a biomarker for AML prognosis.

CCDC113 promotes colorectal cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis via TGF-β signaling pathway

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Although CRC patients' survival is improved with surgical resection and immunotherapy, metastasis and recurrence remain major problems leading to poor prognosis. Therefore, exploring pathogenesis and identifying specific biomarkers are crucial for CRC early diagnosis and targeted therapy. CCDC113, a member of CCDC families, has been reported to play roles in ciliary assembly, ciliary activity, PSCI, asthma and early lung cancer diagnosis. However, the functions of CCDC113 in CRC still remain unclear. In this study, we find that CCDC113 is significantly highly expressed in CRC. High expression of CCDC113 is significantly correlated with CRC patients' poor prognosis. CCDC113 is required for CRC tumorigenesis and metastasis. RNA-seq and TCGA database analysis indicate that CCDC113 is positively correlated with TGF-β signaling pathway. TGF-β signaling pathway inhibitor galunisertib could reverse the increased proliferation and migration ability of CRC cells caused by CCDC113 overexpression in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that CCDC113 promotes CRC tumorigenesis and metastasis via TGF-β signaling pathway. In conclusion, it is the first time to explore the functions and mechanisms of CCDC113 in CRC tumorigenesis and metastasis. And CCDC113 may be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for CRC intervention.

METTL3-mediated m6A modification of LINC00520 confers glycolysis and chemoresistance in osteosarcoma via suppressing ubiquitination of ENO1

Chemoresistance remains the main obstacle limiting the treatment of osteosarcoma, seriously affecting the prognosis of adolescent patients with osteosarcoma. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were reported to be involved in chemoresistance, while the mechanisms of lncRNAs underlying osteosarcoma resistance to chemotherapy remain elusive. Here, LINC00520 was identified as a novel cisplatin resistance-related lncRNA in osteosarcoma, and its high expression was associated with poor prognosis of osteosarcoma patients. Functionally, LINC00520 could potentiate osteosarcoma resistance to cisplatin in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, LINC00520 bound to ENO1 and upregulated ENO1 protein expression by blocking FBXW7-mediated ENO1 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thereby promoting glycolysis and ultimately inducing cisplatin resistance in osteosarcoma. Furthermore, METTL3 could stabilize and upregulate LINC00520 in an m6A-YTHDF2-dependent manner in osteosarcoma. This study proposes a novel lncRNA-driven mechanism for cisplatin resistance in osteosarcoma, and offers a promising therapeutic strategy for reversing chemoresistance in osteosarcoma by targeting the METTL3/LINC00520/ENO1/glycolysis axis.

Metformin suppresses gastric cancer progression by disrupting the STAT1-PRMT1 axis

Gastric cancer (GC) is a common form of cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Chemotherapy is the primary treatment for patients with unresectable or partially resectable GC. However, its adverse effects and chemoresistance greatly restrict its applicability and efficacy. Although HER2-targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been successfully used for GC treatment, their beneficial population is limited. To expand the range of cancer treatments, drug repurposing has emerged as a promising strategy. In this study, we evaluated the potential of Metformin, an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent, to suppress GC progression both in vivo and in vitro. Functional investigations showed that Metformin significantly inhibits GC proliferation and migration. Furthermore, we discovered that Metformin bound and disrupted STAT1 phosphorylation, inhibiting PRMT1 expression and consequently GC progression. In conclusion, our study not only provides further evidence for the anti-GC role of Metformin but also identifies the direct target mediating the tumor-inhibitory effects of Metformin in GC.

Ropivacaine suppresses the progression of renal cell carcinoma through regulating the lncRNA RMRP/EZH2/CCDC65 axis

BACKGROUND

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignancy. Local anesthetics were displayed powerful effects against various cancers. This study aims to probe the functions and molecular mechanism of ropivacaine in RCC.

METHODS

Different concentrations of ropivacaine were performed to administrate RCC cells including 786-O and Caki-1 cells. Cell viability and cell apoptosis were examined using CCK-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. Cell migration and invasion were determined by transwell assay. RMRP and CCDC65 expression was firstly predicted using TCGA dataset and further validated in RCC cells using qRT-PCR and western blot. The interactions among RMRP, EZH2 and CCDC65 were verified by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays.

RESULTS

Ropivacaine effectively suppressed RCC cell viability, migration and invasion and enhanced cell apoptosis rate. Aberrantly elevated RMRP expression in RCC tissues was predicted by TCGA database. Interestingly, overexpressed RMRP observed in RCC cells could be also blocked upon the administration of ropivacaine. Likewise, RMRP knockdown further strengthened ropivacaine-mediated tumor suppressive effects on RCC cells. In terms of mechanism, RMRP directly interacted with EZH2, thereby modulating the histone methylation of CCDC65 to silence its expression. Moreover, ropivacaine inhibited tumor growth in mice bearing RCC tumor through regulating RMRP/EZH2/CCDC65 axis.

CONCLUSION

In sum up, our work revealed that ropivacaine suppressed capacities of RCC cell viability, migration and invasion through modulating the RMRP/EZH2/CCDC65 axis, which laid the experimental foundation of ropivacaine for clinical application in the future.

Effects and mechanisms of N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation in environmental pollutant-induced carcinogenesis

Environmental pollution, including air pollution, plastic contamination, and heavy metal exposure, is a pressing global issue. This crisis contributes significantly to pollution-related diseases and is a critical risk factor for chronic health conditions, including cancer. Mounting evidence underscores the pivotal role of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) as a crucial regulatory mechanism in pathological processes and cancer progression. Governed by m6A writers, erasers, and readers, m6A orchestrates alterations in target gene expression, consequently playing a vital role in a spectrum of RNA processes, covering mRNA processing, translation, degradation, splicing, nuclear export, and folding. Thus, there is a growing need to pinpoint specific m6A-regulated targets in environmental pollutant-induced carcinogenesis, an emerging area of research in cancer prevention. This review consolidates the understanding of m6A modification in environmental pollutant-induced tumorigenesis, explicitly examining its implications in lung, skin, and bladder cancer. We also investigate the biological mechanisms that underlie carcinogenesis originating from pollution. Specific m6A methylation pathways, such as the HIF1A/METTL3/IGF2BP3/BIRC5 network, METTL3/YTHDF1-mediated m6A modification of IL 24, METTL3/YTHDF2 dynamically catalyzed m6A modification of AKT1, METTL3-mediated m6A-modified oxidative stress, METTL16-mediated m6A modification, site-specific ATG13 methylation-mediated autophagy, and the role of m6A in up-regulating ribosome biogenesis, all come into play in this intricate process. Furthermore, we discuss the direction regarding the interplay between pollutants and RNA metabolism, particularly in immune response, providing new information on RNA modifications for future exploration.

CCDC25 suppresses clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression by LATS1/YAP-mediated regulation of the hippo pathway

BACKGROUND

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most prevalent renal cancers, and the molecular mechanisms underlying its progression are still not fully understood. The expression of CCDC25, a notably underexpressed gene in many tumors, has been understudied in ccRCC. This research aims to explore the role of CCDC25 in ccRCC's clinical outcomes and uncover the molecular pathways influenced by it.

METHODS

A multi-tiered approach was adopted involving bioinformatic analysis, tissue sample evaluation, in vitro and in vivo experiments. CCDC25 expression levels in tumor vs. normal tissues were quantified using Western blot and immunofluorescence studies. Cell proliferation and migration were analyzed using CCK8, EDU, Transwell assays, and wound healing assays. RNA sequencing was performed to elucidate the molecular pathways affected, followed by detailed protein-protein interaction studies and mouse xenograft models.

RESULTS

CCDC25 was predominantly underexpressed in ccRCC tumors and associated with advanced clinical stages and poor prognosis. Overexpression of CCDC25 in renal cancer cell lines resulted in reduced proliferation and migration. RNA sequencing revealed significant alterations in the Hippo pathway. Overexpression of CCDC25 inhibited the expression of downstream Hippo pathway proteins ITGA3 and CCND1 and promoted YAP phosphorylation. Mechanistic studies showed that CCDC25 interacts with YAP and influences YAP phosphorylation through LATS1. In vivo, CCDC25 overexpression inhibited tumor growth and promoted apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

CCDC25 acts as a potential tumor suppressor in ccRCC by inhibiting cell proliferation and migration, potentially through regulating the Hippo signaling pathway. These findings highlight the potential of CCDC25 as a therapeutic target in ccRCC treatment.

Comprehensive pan-cancer analysis reveals CCDC58 as a carcinogenic factor related to immune infiltration

CCDC58, a member of the CCDC protein family, has been primarily associated with the malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and breast cancer, with limited research conducted on its involvement in other tumor types. We aimed to assess the significance of CCDC58 in pan-cancer. We utilized the TCGA, GTEx, and UALCAN databases to perform the differential expression of CCDC58 at both mRNA and protein levels. Prognostic value was evaluated through univariate Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier methods. Mutation and methylation analyses were conducted using the cBioPortal and SMART databases. We identified genes interacting with and correlated to CCDC58 through STRING and GEPIA2, respectively. Subsequently, we performed GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. To gain insights into the functional status of CCDC58 at the single-cell level, we utilized CancerSEA. We explored the correlation between CCDC58 and immune infiltration as well as immunotherapy using the ESTIMATE package, TIMER2.0, TISIDB, TIDE, TIMSO, and TCIA. We examined the relationship between CCDC58 and tumor heterogeneity, stemness, DNA methyltransferases, and MMR genes. Lastly, we constructed a nomogram based on CCDC58 in HCC and investigated its association with drug sensitivity. CCDC58 expression was significantly upregulated and correlated with poor prognosis across various tumor types. The mutation frequency of CCDC58 was found to be increased in 25 tumors. We observed a negative correlation between CCDC58 expression and the methylation sites in the majority of tumors. CCDC58 showed negative correlations with immune and stromal scores, as well as with NK T cells, Tregs, CAFs, endothelial cells, and immunomodulators. Its value in immunotherapy was comparable to that of tumor mutational burden. CCDC58 exhibited positive correlations with tumor heterogeneity, stemness, DNA methyltransferase genes, and MMR genes. In HCC, CCDC58 was identified as an independent risk factor and demonstrated potential associations with multiple drugs. CCDC58 demonstrates significant clinical value as a prognostic marker and indicator of immune response across various tumor types. Its comprehensive analysis provides insights into its potential implications in pan-cancer research.

Anti-ENO1 antibody combined with metformin against tumor resistance: a novel antibody-based platform

Background

Antibody-based platforms (i.e., ADC) have emerged as one of the most encouraging tools for the cancer resistance caused by cancer stem cells (CSCs) enrichment. Our study might provide a promising therapeutic direction against drug resistance and serve as a potential precursor platform for screening ADC.

Methods

The cell migration, invasion, drug resistance, and self-renewal were assessed by the cell invasion and migration assay, wound healing assay, CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, and sphere formation assay, respectively. The expression profiles of CSCs (ALDH+ and CD44+) subpopulations were screened by flow cytometry. The western blot and cell immunofluorescence assay were used to evaluate pathway-related protein expression in both anti-ENO1 antibody, MET combined with DPP/CTX-treated CSCs.

Results

In the present study, western blot and flow cytometry verified that anti-ENO1 antibody target the CD44+ subpopulation by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway, while metformin might target the ALDH+ subpopulation through activation of the AMPK pathway and thus reverse drug resistance to varying degrees. Subsequently, in vitro investigation indicated that anti-ENO1 antibody, metformin combined with cisplatin/cetuximab could simultaneously target ALDH+ and CD44+ subpopulations. The combination also inhibited the CSCs proliferation, migration, invasion, and sphere formation; which may result in overcoming the drug resistance. Then, molecular mechanism exploration verified that the anti-ENO1 antibody, metformin combined with cisplatin/cetuximab inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Conclusions

The study preliminarily revealed anti-ENO1 antibody combined with metformin could overcome drug resistance against CSCs by inhibiting the Wnt//β-catenin pathway and might serve as a potential precursor platform for screening ADC. More importantly, it is reasonably believed that antibody-based drug combination therapy might function as an encouraging tool for oncotherapy.

TMEM65 promotes gastric tumorigenesis by targeting YWHAZ to activate PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway and is a therapeutic target

Copy number alterations are crucial for the development of gastric cancer (GC). Here, we identified Transmembrane Protein 65 (TMEM65) amplification by genomic hybridization microarray to profile copy-number variations in GC. TMEM65 mRNA level was significantly up-regulated in GC compared to adjacent normal tissues, and was positively associated with TMEM65 amplification. High TMEM65 expression or DNA copy number predicts poor prognosis (P < 0.05) in GC. Furtherly, GC patients with TMEM65 amplification (n = 129) or overexpression (n = 78) significantly associated with shortened survival. Ectopic expression of TMEM65 significantly promoted cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and cell migration/invasion ability, but inhibited apoptosis (all P < 0.05). Conversely, silencing of TMEM65 in GC cells showed opposite abilities on cell function in vitro and suppressed tumor growth and lung metastasis in vivo (all P < 0.01). Moreover, TMEM65 depletion by VNP-encapsulated TMEM65-siRNA significantly suppressed tumor growth in subcutaneous xenograft model. Mechanistically, TMEM65 exerted oncogenic effects through activating PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, as evidenced of increased expression of key regulators (p-Akt, p-GSK-3β, p-mTOR) by Western blot. YWHAZ (Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/Tryptophan 5-Monooxygenase) was identified as a direct downstream effector of TMEM65. Direct binding of TMEM65 with YWHAZ in the cytoplasm inhibited ubiquitin-mediated degradation of YWHAZ. Moreover, oncogenic effect of TMEM65 was partly dependent on YWHAZ. In conclusion, TMEM65 promotes gastric tumorigenesis by activating PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling via cooperating with YWHAZ. TMEM65 overexpression may serve as an independent new biomarker and is a therapeutic target in GC.

DKC1 aggravates gastric cancer cell migration and invasion through up-regulating the expression of TNFAIP6

Gastric cancer (GC) is one hackneyed malignancy tumor accompanied by high death rate. DKC1 has been discovered to serve as a facilitator in several cancers. Additionally, it was discovered from one study that DKC1 displayed higher expression in GC tissues than in the normal tissues. Nevertheless, its role and regulatory mechanism in GC is yet to be illustrated. In this study, it was proved that DKC1 expression was upregulated in GC tissues through GEPIA and UALCAN databases. Moreover, we discovered that DKC1 exhibited higher expression in GC cells. Functional experiments testified that DKC1 accelerated cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in GC. Further investigation disclosed that the weakened cell proliferation, migration, and invasion stimulated by DKC1 knockdown can be reversed after TNFAIP6 overexpression. Lastly, through in vivo experiments, it was demonstrated that DKC1 strengthened tumor growth. In conclusion, our work uncovered that DKC1 aggravated GC cell migration and invasion through upregulating the expression of TNFAIP6. This discovery might highlight the function of DKC1 in GC treatment.

A Comprehensive Study to Investigate the Tumor-Suppressive Role of Radix Bupleuri on Gastric Cancer with Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Background

Gastric cancer (GC) is a common fatal malignancy. The aim of this study was to explore and validate the tumor-suppressive role and mechanism of Radix Bupleuri in GC.

Methods

The active constituents of Radix Bupleuri were screened using TCMSP database. SwissTargetPrediction database was used to predict potential target genes of the compounds. GeneCards, TTD, DisGeNET, OMIM, and PharmGKB databases were used to search for GC-related targets. STRING database and Cytoscape 3.10 software were used for protein-protein interaction network construction and screening of core targets. DAVID database was used for GO and KEGG analyses. Core targets were validated using molecular docking. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected using CCK-8 and flow cytometry after GC cells were treated with isorhamnetin. The mRNA and protein expression levels of genes were detected using qRT PCR and Western blot. The metastasis potential of GC cells was evaluated in a nude mouse model.

Results

A total of 371 potential targets were retrieved by searching the intersection of Radix Bupleuri and GC targets. Petunidin, 3',4',5',3,5,6,7-Heptamethoxyflavone, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin were identified as the main bioactive compounds in Radix Bupleuri. SRC, HSP90AA1, AKT1, and EGFR, were core targets through which Radix Bupleuri suppressed GC. The tumor-suppressive effect of Radix Bupleuri on GC was mediated by multiple pathways, including PI3K-AKT, cAMP, and TNF signaling. The key compounds of Radix Bupleuri had good binding affinity with the core target. Isorhamnetin, a key component of Radix Bupleuri, could inhibit proliferation and metastasis, and induces apoptosis of GC cells. In addition, isorhamnetin could also reduce the mRNA expression of core targets, and the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway.

Conclusion

This study identified potential targets and pathways of Radix Bupleuri against GC through network pharmacology and molecular docking, providing new insights into the pharmacological mechanisms of Radix Bupleuri in GC treatment.

TRIM29 promotes antitumor immunity through enhancing IGF2BP1 ubiquitination and subsequent PD-L1 downregulation in gastric cancer

Tripartite motif-containing protein 29 (TRIM29) is a member of TRIM family protein which has been reported to play a role in the progress of inflammatory and cancer diseases. However, its specific role in gastric cancer (GC) has yet to be fully understood. Here, we investigated the expression of TRIM29 in gastric cancer and its functions in the antitumor immunity. TRIM29 expression was lower in tumor tissues than that in paired normal tissues. Lower expression of TRIM29 was related to aberrant hypermethylation of CpG islands in TRIM29 gene. Comprehensive proteomics and immunoprecipitation analyses identified IGF2BP1 as TRIM29 interactors. TRIM29 interacted with IGF2BP1 and induced its ubiquitination at Lys440 and Lys450 site by K48-mediated linkage for protein degradation. IGF2BP1 promoted PD-L1 mRNA stability and expression in a 3'UTR and m6A-dependent manner. Functionally, TRIM29 enhanced antitumor T-cell immunity in gastric cancer dependent on the IGF2BP1/PD-L1 axis in vivo and in vitro. Clinical correlation analysis revealed that TRIM29 expression in patient samples was associated with CD8+ immune cell infiltration in the GC microenvironment and the overall survival rates of GC patients. Our findings revealed a crucial role of TRIM29 in regulating the antitumor T-cell immunity in GC. We also suggested that the TRIM29/IGF2BP1/PD-L1 axis could be used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of gastric cancer and a promising target for GC immunotherapy.

Role of F-box proteins in human upper gastrointestinal tumors

Protein ubiquitination and degradation is an essential physiological process in almost all organisms. As the key participants in this process, the E3 ubiquitin ligases have been widely studied and recognized. F-box proteins, a crucial component of E3 ubiquitin ligases that regulates diverse biological functions, including cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis by facilitating the degradation of substrate proteins. Currently, there is an increasing focus on studying the role of F-box proteins in cancer. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the significant contributions of F-box proteins to the development of upper gastrointestinal tumors, highlighting their dual roles as both carcinogens and tumor suppressors. We delve into the molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of F-box proteins in upper gastrointestinal tumors, exploring their interactions with specific substrates and their cross-talks with other key signaling pathways. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of F-box proteins in radiotherapy resistance in the upper gastrointestinal tract, emphasizing their potential as clinical therapeutic and prognostic targets. Overall, this review provides an up-to-date understanding of the intricate involvement of F-box proteins in human upper gastrointestinal tumors, offering valuable insights for the identification of prognostic markers and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.

Advances in RNAi therapies for gastric cancer: Targeting drug resistance and nanoscale delivery

Gastric cancer poses a significant health challenge, and exploring innovative therapeutic strategies is imperative. RNA interference (RNAi) has employed as an important therapeutic strategy for diseases by selectively targeting key pathways involved in diseases pathogenesis. Small interfering RNA (siRNA), a potent RNAi tool, possesses the capability to silence genes and downregulate their expression. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the potential applications of small interfering RNA (siRNA) and short hairpin RNA (shRNA), supplemented by an in-depth analysis of nanoscale delivery systems, in the context of gastric cancer treatment. The potential of siRNA to markedly diminish the proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells through the modulation of critical molecular pathways, including PI3K, Akt, and EMT, is highlighted. Besides, siRNA demonstrates its efficacy in inducing chemosensitivity in gastric tumor cells, thus impeding tumor progression. However, the translational potential of unmodified siRNA faces challenges, particularly in vivo and during clinical trials. To address this, we underscore the pivotal role of nanostructures in facilitating the delivery of siRNA to gastric cancer cells, effectively suppressing their progression and enhancing gene silencing efficiency. These siRNA-loaded nanoparticles exhibit robust internalization into gastric cancer cells, showcasing their potential to significantly reduce tumor progression. The translation of these findings into clinical trials holds promise for advancing the treatment of gastric cancer patients.

CIP2A interacts with AKT1 to promote the malignant biological behaviors of oral squamous cell carcinoma by upregulating the GSK‑3β/β‑catenin pathway

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, which is associated with a poor prognosis. The present study aimed to investigate the role of cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) in OSCC and its regulatory effect on AKT1. Firstly, CIP2A and AKT1 expression in OSCC cells was detected by western blotting. After silencing CIP2A, cell viability and cell proliferation were assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine staining. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL staining and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins was assessed using western blotting. Wound healing, Transwell and tube formation assays were performed to evaluate CAL-27 cell migration, invasion and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) tube formation. The interaction between CIP2A and AKT1 was identified by co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP). In addition, AKT1 was overexpressed in CIP2A-silenced CAL-27 cells to perform rescue experiments to analyze the malignant biological functions of CAL-27 cells. Finally, the expression of proteins in the glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β/β-catenin pathway was determined by western blot analysis. Markedly elevated CIP2A and AKT1 expression was observed in OSCC cells. CIP2A knockdown inhibited the viability, proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoted the apoptosis of CAL-27 cells. Concurrently, CIP2A loss-of-function attenuated tube formation. Results of Co-IP confirmed there was an interaction between CIP2A and AKT1. Rescue experiments suggested that AKT1 overexpression alleviated the inhibitory effects of CIP2A knockdown on the viability, proliferation, migration and invasion of CAL-27 cells, as well as tube formation in HUVECs . Additionally, CIP2A silencing significantly downregulated phosphorylated-GSK-3β and β-catenin expression, which was reversed by AKT1 overexpression. In conclusion, CIP2A could interact with AKT1 to promote the malignant biological behaviors of OSCC cells by upregulating the GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway. These findings may provide a targeted therapy for OSCC treatment.

Regulatory network and targeted interventions for CCDC family in tumor pathogenesis

CCDC (coiled-coil domain-containing) is a coiled helix domain that exists in natural proteins. There are about 180 CCDC family genes, encoding proteins that are involved in intercellular transmembrane signal transduction and genetic signal transcription, among other functions. Alterations in expression, mutation, and DNA promoter methylation of CCDC family genes have been shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases, including primary ciliary dyskinesia, infertility, and tumors. In recent studies, CCDC family genes have been found to be involved in regulation of growth, invasion, metastasis, chemosensitivity, and other biological behaviors of malignant tumor cells in various cancer types, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and thyroid cancer. In this review, we summarize the involvement of CCDC family genes in tumor pathogenesis and the relevant upstream and downstream molecular mechanisms. In addition, we summarize the potential of CCDC family genes as tumor therapy targets. The findings discussed here help us to further understand the role and the therapeutic applications of CCDC family genes in tumors.

Role of FBXW7 expression in gastric cancer: Meta‑analysis and bioinformatics analysis

F-box/WD repeat domain-containing 7 (FBXW7, also known as CDC4) is a member of the F-box protein family, which is a component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. There is an association between expression of FBXW7 and the prognosis of gastric cancer. Therefore, the search for novel tumor biomarkers is key to predict the occurrence, recurrence and metastasis of gastric cancer. In the present study, systematic meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis were performed to determine the expression levels of prognostic marker FBXW7 in gastric cancer. A literature search was conducted on August 10, 2022, using PubMed, SinoMed, Wanfang data and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. The meta-analysis included six studies and showed that the expression of FBXW7 was significantly downregulated in gastric cancer compared with normal mucosal tissues (P<0.05). FBXW7 expression was positively associated with lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and differentiation (P<0.05). According to the Oncomine database, FBXW7 mRNA expression was higher in gastric cancer than in normal tissue (P<0.05). Kaplan-Meier plots showed that FBXW7 mRNA expression was positively associated with the overall and progression-free survival of patients with gastric cancer. According to the UALCAN and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis databases, FBXW7 expression was downregulated in gastric cancer compared with normal tissue. FBXW7 may be involved in the entire process of gastric carcinogenesis and its low expression may make it a potential marker for the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer.

MYH10 Combines with MYH9 to Recruit USP45 by Deubiquitinating Snail and Promotes Serous Ovarian Cancer Carcinogenesis, Progression, and Cisplatin Resistance

The poor prognosis of serous ovarian cancer (SOC) is due to its high invasive capacity and cisplatin resistance of SOC cells, whereas the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, the expression and function of non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIB (MYH10) in SOC are identified by immunohistochemistry, in vitro, and in vivo studies, respectively. The mechanism of MYH10 is demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation, GST pull-down, confocal laser assays, and so on. The results show that the knockdown of MYH10 suppressed SOC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, and cisplatin resistance both in vivo and in vitro. Further studies confirm that the MYH10 protein functional domain combines with non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA (MYH9) to recruit the deubiquitinating enzyme Ubiquitin-specific proteases 45 and deubiquitinates snail to inhibit snail degradation, eventually promoting tumorigenesis, progression, and cisplatin resistance in SOC. In clinical samples, MYH10 expression is significantly elevated in SOC samples compared to the paratumor samples. And the expression of MYH10 is positively correlated with MYH9 expression. MYH10+/MYH9+ co-expression is an independent prognostic factor for predicting SOC patient survival. These findings uncover a key role of the MYH10-MYH9-snail axis in SOC carcinogenesis, progression, and cisplatin resistance, and provide potential novel therapeutic targets for SOC intervention.

Mechanisms of ag85a/b DNA vaccine conferred immunotherapy and recovery from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced injury

Our previous research developed a novel tuberculosis (TB) DNA vaccine ag85a/b that showed a significant therapeutic effect on the mouse tuberculosis model by intramuscular injection (IM) and electroporation (EP). However, the action mechanisms between these two vaccine immunization methods remain unclear. In a previous study, 96 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37 Rv-infected BALB/c mice were treated with phosphate-buffered saline, 10, 50, 100, and 200 μg ag85a/b DNA vaccine delivered by IM and EP three times at 2-week intervals, respectively. In this study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from three mice in each group were isolated to extract total RNA. The gene expression profiles were analyzed using gene microarray technology to obtain differentially expressed (DE) genes. Finally, DE genes were validated by real-time reverse transcription-quantitive polymerase chain reaction and the GEO database. After MTB infection, most of the upregulated DE genes were related to the digestion and absorption of nutrients or neuroendocrine (such as Iapp, Scg2, Chga, Amy2a5), and most of the downregulated DE genes were related to cellular structural and functional proteins, especially the structure and function proteins of the alveolar epithelial cell (such as Sftpc, Sftpd, Pdpn). Most of the abnormally upregulated or downregulated DE genes in the TB model group were recovered in the 100 and 200 μg ag85a/b DNA IM groups and four DNA EP groups. The pancreatic secretion pathway downregulated and the Rap1 signal pathway upregulated had particularly significant changes during the immunotherapy of the ag85a/b DNA vaccine on the mouse TB model. The action targets and mechanisms of IM and EP are highly consistent. Tuberculosis infection causes rapid catabolism and slow anabolism in mice. For the first time, we found that the effective dose of the ag85a/b DNA vaccine immunized whether by IM or EP could significantly up-regulate immune-related pathways and recover the metabolic disorder and the injury caused by MTB.

TYRO3 promotes tumorigenesis and drug resistance in colorectal cancer by enhancing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Although considerable advances in CRC treatment have been achieved, effective treatment improvement has hit a bottleneck. This study demonstrated that TYRO3 expression was aberrantly increased in CRC tissues with prognosis association. The prediction model of prognosis for CRC patients was constructed based on TYRO3 expression. The model suggested that the TYRO3 level is crucial to the final prediction results. We observed that knockdown TYRO3 expression could inhibit the proliferation and migration ability and reverse the drug resistance by constructing drug-resistant CRC cell lines. In vivo experiments also confirmed this conclusion. Thus, targeting TYRO3 combined with 5-Fu treatment could provide a better therapeutic effect. Additionally, TYRO3 could inhibit the EMT process by down-regulating ENO1, which may be achieved by interfering with energy metabolism in cancer cells. Therefore, the current study provides a theoretical basis for TYRO3 in drug-resistance of CRC cells and highlights a new strategy for CRC-targeted therapy.

UPS: Opportunities and challenges for gastric cancer treatment

Gastric cancer remains the fourth most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide owning to the lack of efficient drugs and targets for therapy. Accumulating evidence indicates that UPS, which consists of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes and proteasome, plays an important role in the GC tumorigenesis. The imbalance of UPS impairs the protein homeostasis network during development of GC. Therefore, modulating these enzymes and proteasome may be a promising strategy for GC target therapy. Besides, PROTAC, a strategy using UPS to degrade the target protein, is an emerging tool for drug development. Thus far, more and more PROTAC drugs enter clinical trials for cancer therapy. Here, we will analyze the abnormal expression enzymes in UPS and summarize the E3 enzymes which can be developed in PROTAC so that it can contribute to the development of UPS modulator and PROTAC technology for GC therapy.

Molecular mechanism study and tumor heterogeneity of Chinese angelica and Fructus aurantii in the treatment of colorectal cancer through computational and molecular dynamics

OBJECTIVE

Screening Chinese angelica (CHA) and Fructus aurantii (FRA) for ingredients with therapeutic effects on colorectal cancer (CRC) and discovering novel targets for the prevention or treatment of CRC.

METHODS

TCMSP database as a starting point for the initial selection of ingredients and targets, we screened and validated the ingredients and targets of CHA and FRA using tools such as Autodock Vina, R 4.2.0, and GROMACS. To obtain the pharmacokinetic information of the active ingredients, we performed ADMET prediction and consulted a large number of works related to CRC cell lines for the discussion and validation of the results.

RESULTS

Molecular dynamics simulation results showed the complexes formed between these components and targets can exist in a very stable tertiary structure under the human environment, and their side effects can be ignored.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study successfully explains the effective mechanism of CHA and FRA for improving CRC while predicting the potential targets PPARG, AKT1, RXRA, and PPARA of CHA and FRA for CRC treatment, which provides a new foundation for investigating the novel compounds of TCMs and a new direction for subsequent CRC research.

Harnessing epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity to boost cancer immunotherapy

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy is a powerful option for cancer treatment. Despite demonstrable progress, most patients fail to respond or achieve durable responses due to primary or acquired ICB resistance. Recently, tumor epithelial-to-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) was identified as a critical determinant in regulating immune escape and immunotherapy resistance in cancer. In this review, we summarize the emerging role of tumor EMP in ICB resistance and the tumor-intrinsic or extrinsic mechanisms by which tumors exploit EMP to achieve immunosuppression and immune escape. We discuss strategies to modulate tumor EMP to alleviate immune resistance and to enhance the efficiency of ICB therapy. Our discussion provides new prospects to enhance the ICB response for therapeutic gain in cancer patients.

Repurposed Drugs in Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the major causes of death worldwide, ranking as the fifth most incident cancer in 2020 and the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality. The majority of GC patients are in an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis, presenting a poor prognosis and outcome. Current GC treatment approaches involve endoscopic detection, gastrectomy and chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy in an adjuvant or neoadjuvant setting. Drug development approaches demand extreme effort to identify molecular mechanisms of action of new drug candidates. Drug repurposing is based on the research of new therapeutic indications of drugs approved for other pathologies. In this review, we explore GC and the different drugs repurposed for this disease.

ENO1 contributes to 5-fluorouracil resistance in colorectal cancer cells via EMT pathway

Introduction

Chemoresistance is a major barrier in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) and many other cancers. ENO1 has been associated with various biological characteristics of CRC. This study aimed to investigate the function of ENO1 in regulating 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance in CRC.

Methods

ENO1 level in 120 pairs of tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry, and the correlation between ENO1 expression and prognosis was explored by survival analysis. Its role and potential mechanisms in regulating 5-FU resistance in CRC were studied by Western blotting, MTT assay, colony formation assay and transwell invasion assay. Murine xenograft assay was implied to verify the results in vivo.

Results

Our study indicated that ENO1 was elevated in CRC tissues and was associated with poor patient prognosis. High levels of ENO1 expression were detected as a significant influencing factor for overall survival. Furthermore, ENO1 expression was found to have increased in drug-resistant cells (HCT116/5-FU and SW620/5-FU) constructed by increasing concentrations of 5-FU. Knockdown of ENO1 markedly increased the drug susceptibility and inhibited the proliferation and migration ability of HCT116/5-FU and SW620/5-FU cells. It was found that down-regulation of ENO1 inhibited the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) signaling process. Finally, a murine xenograft assay verified that the depletion of ENO1 alleviated 5-FU resistance.

Conclusion

This study identified that ENO1 regulated 5-FU resistance via the EMT pathway and may be a novel target in the prevention and treatment of 5-FUresistant CRC.

ENKUR recruits FBXW7 to ubiquitinate and degrade MYH9 and further suppress MYH9-induced deubiquitination of β-catenin to block gastric cancer metastasis

ENKUR was shown as a suppressor in some tumors. However, the biological role of ENKUR on gastric cancer (GC) and its related molecular mechanisms is not clear. Here, we first observed that ENKUR significantly inhibited cell migration, invasion, and metastasis in GC. The molecular basis showed β-catenin-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling was inactivated in ENKUR-overexpressing GC cells. In addition, ENKUR knockdown markedly restored cell migration and invasion. Subsequently, ENKUR bound to MYH9 and decreased its protein expression by recruiting E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXW7 to form an ubiquitinated degradation complex. The downregulated MYH9 protein weakened the recruitment of the deubiquitinase USP2 and thus promoted the degradation of β-catenin protein, which finally suppressed EMT signaling. Finally, the oncogenic transcription factor c-Jun bound to ENKUR promoter and reduced its expression in GC. In clinical samples, decreased ENKUR expression promoted the unfavorable prognosis of GC. Our data proved the vital role of ENKUR on suppressing cell migration, invasion, and metastasis and demonstrated its potential as a therapeutic target for GC.

CCDC65, a Gene Knockout that leads to Early Death of Mice, acts as a potentially Novel Tumor Suppressor in Lung Adenocarcinoma

CCDC65 is a member of the coiled-coil domain-containing protein family and was only reported in gastric cancer by our group. We first observed that it is downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma based on the TCGA database. Reduced CCDC65 protein was shown as an unfavorable factor promoting the clinical progression in lung adenocarcinoma. Subsequently, CCDC65-/- mice were found possibly dead of hydrocephalus. Compared with the CCDC65+/+ mice, the downregulation of CCDC65 in CCDC65+/- mice significantly increased the formation ability of lung cancer induced by urethane. In the subsequent investigation, we observed that CCDC65 functions as a tumor suppressor repressing cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Molecular mechanism showed that CCDC65 recruited E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXW7 to induce the ubiquitination degradation of c-Myc, an oncogenic transcription factor in tumors, and reduced c-Myc binding to ENO1 promoter, which suppressed the transcription of ENO1. In addition, CCDC65 also recruited FBXW7 to degrade ENO1 protein by ubiquitinated modulation. The downregulated ENO1 further reduced the phosphorylation activation of AKT1, which thus inactivated the cell cycle signal. Our data demonstrated that CCDC65 is a potential tumor suppressor by recruiting FBWX7 to suppress c-Myc/ENO1-induced cell cycle signal in lung adenocarcinoma.

Metformin inhibits melanoma cell metastasis by suppressing the miR-5100/SPINK5/STAT3 axis

Melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer characterized by its high metastatic potential. It is urgent to find novel therapy strategies to overcome this feature. Metformin has been confirmed to suppress invasion and migration of various types of cancer. However, additional mechanisms underlying the antimetastatic effect of metformin on melanoma require further investigation. Here, we performed microarray analysis and uncovered an altered mRNA and miRNA expression profile between melanoma and nevus. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-5100 targets SPINK5 to activate STAT3 phosphorylation. Migration and wound healing assays showed that the miR-5100/SPINK5/STAT3 axis promotes melanoma cell metastasis; the mechanism was proven by initiation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) further confirmed an indirect interaction between SPINK5 and STAT3. Furthermore, metformin dramatically inhibited miR-5100/SPINK5/STAT3 pathway, and decreased B16-F10 cell metastasis to lung in C57 mouse module. Intriguingly, pretreatment of metformin before melanoma cell injection improved this effect further. These findings exposed the underlying mechanisms of action of metformin and update the use of this drug to prevent metastasis in melanoma.

NAP1L1 interacts with hepatoma-derived growth factor to recruit c-Jun inducing breast cancer growth

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is a common cancer among women in the world. However, its pathogenesis is still to be determined. The role and molecular mechanism of Nucleosome Assembly Protein 1 Like 1 (NAP1L1) in breast cancer have not been reported. Elucidation of molecular mechanism might provide a novel therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.

METHODS

A bioinformatics analysis was conducted to determine the differential expression of NAP1L1 in breast cancer and find the potential biomarker that interacts with NAP1L1 and hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF). The expression of NAP1L1 in tissues was detected by using immunohistochemistry. Breast cancer cells were transfected with the corresponding lentiviral particles and siRNA. The efficiency of transfection was measured by RT-qPCR and western blotting. Then, MTT, Edu, plate clone formation, and subcutaneous tumorigenesis in nude mice were used to detect the cell proliferation in breast cancer. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay and confocal microscopy were performed to explore the detailed molecular mechanism of NAP1L1 in breast cancer.

RESULTS

In this study, NAP1L1 protein was upregulated based on the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) database. Consistent with the prediction, immunohistochemistry staining showed that NAP1L1 protein expression was significantly increased in breast cancer tissues. Its elevated expression was an unfavorable factor for breast cancer clinical progression and poor prognosis. Stably or transiently knocking down NAP1L1 reduced the cell growth in vivo and in vitro via repressing the cell cycle signal in breast cancer. Furthermore, the molecular basis of NAP1L1-induced cell cycle signal was further studied. NAP1L1 interacted with the HDGF, an oncogenic factor for tumors, and the latter subsequently recruited the key oncogenic transcription factor c-Jun, which finally induced the expression of cell cycle promoter Cyclin D1(CCND1) and thus the cell growth of breast cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data demonstrated that NAP1L1 functions as a potential oncogene via interacting with HDGF to recruit c-Jun in breast cancer.

NAP1L1 targeting suppresses the proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 1 (NAP1L1) is significantly involved in the development of various cancers. However, its role in the molecular mechanism of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains undetermined. In this study, we detected the upregulated expression of NAP1L1 mRNA and protein levels by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis in NPC cell lines. Results of the immunohistochemistry analysis of NPC tissue biopsies showed that upregulated NAP1L1 protein expression promoted NPC progression and negatively correlated with poor prognosis in NPC patients. Suppression of NAP1L1 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) or small hairpin RNA (shRNA) methods significantly decreased cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro. Mechanism analysis revealed that the regulation of cell growth was enriched by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis based on RNA sequencing data. Cell cycle-induced genes CCND1 and E2F1 were downregulated in NAP1L1 knockdown NPC cells. Reduced NAP1L1 suppressed the recruitment of hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) and decreased its expression. Knockdown of HDGF reduced the expression of c-JUN, a key oncogenic transcription factor that can induce the expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1), reducing cell cycle progression and suppressing cell growth in NPC. Transfecting HDGF or c-JUN could reverse the growth-suppressive effects in NAP1L1-downregulated NPC cells. The data obtained in this study suggest that NAP1L1 acts as a potential oncogene by activating HDGF/c-JUN/CCND1 signaling in NPC.