1
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Yang M. Interaction between intestinal flora and gastric cancer in tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1402483. [PMID: 38835386 PMCID: PMC11148328 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1402483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric Cancer (GC) is a prevalent malignancy globally and is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Recent researches focused on the correlation between intestinal flora and GC. Studies indicate that bacteria can influence the development of gastrointestinal tumors by releasing bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs). The Tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in tumor survival, with the interaction between intestinal flora, BEVs, and TME directly impacting tumor progression. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that intestinal microflora and BEVs can modify TME to enhance the effectiveness of antitumor drugs. This review article provides an overview and comparison of the biological targets through which the intestinal microbiome regulates TME, laying the groundwork for potential applications in tumor diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjin Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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2
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Santacroce L, Topi S, Bottalico L, Charitos IA, Jirillo E. Current Knowledge about Gastric Microbiota with Special Emphasis on Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastric Conditions. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4991-5009. [PMID: 38785567 PMCID: PMC11119845 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The gastric milieu, because of its very low acidic pH, is very harsh for bacterial growth. The discovery of Helicobacter pylori (H.p.) has opened a new avenue for studies on the gastric microbiota, thus indicating that the stomach is not a sterile environment. Nowadays, new technologies of bacterial identification have demonstrated the existence of other microorganisms in the gastric habitat, which play an important role in health and disease. This bacterium possesses an arsenal of compounds which enable its survival but, at the same time, damage the gastric mucosa. Toxins, such as cytotoxin-associated gene A, vacuolar cytotoxin A, lipopolysaccharides, and adhesins, determine an inflammatory status of the gastric mucosa which may become chronic, ultimately leading to a gastric carcinoma. In the initial stage, H.p. persistence alters the gastric microbiota with a condition of dysbiosis, predisposing to inflammation. Probiotics and prebiotics exhibit beneficial effects on H.p. infection, and, among them, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities are the major ones. Moreover, the association of probiotics with prebiotics (synbiotics) to conventional anti-H.p. therapy contributes to a more efficacious eradication of the bacterium. Also, polyphenols, largely present in the vegetal kingdom, have been demonstrated to alleviate H.p.-dependent pathologies, even including the inhibition of tumorigenesis. The gastric microbiota composition in health and disease is described. Then, cellular and molecular mechanisms of H.p.-mediated damage are clarified. Finally, the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and polyphenols in experimental models and in patients infected with H.p. is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Santacroce
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Skender Topi
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, University ‘Alexander Xhuvani’ of Elbasan, 3001 Elbasan, Albania; (S.T.)
| | - Lucrezia Bottalico
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, University ‘Alexander Xhuvani’ of Elbasan, 3001 Elbasan, Albania; (S.T.)
| | - Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pneumology and Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit, Institute of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70124 Bari, Italy;
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3
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Liu Z, Zhang D, Chen S. Unveiling the gastric microbiota: implications for gastric carcinogenesis, immune responses, and clinical prospects. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:118. [PMID: 38641815 PMCID: PMC11027554 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing has ushered in a paradigm shift in gastric microbiota, breaking the stereotype that the stomach is hostile to microorganisms beyond H. pylori. Recent attention directed toward the composition and functionality of this 'community' has shed light on its potential relevance in cancer. The microbial composition in the stomach of health displays host specificity which changes throughout a person's lifespan and is subject to both external and internal factors. Distinctive alterations in gastric microbiome signature are discernible at different stages of gastric precancerous lesions and malignancy. The robust microbes that dominate in gastric malignant tissue are intricately implicated in gastric cancer susceptibility, carcinogenesis, and the modulation of immunosurveillance and immune escape. These revelations offer fresh avenues for utilizing gastric microbiota as predictive biomarkers in clinical settings. Furthermore, inter-individual microbiota variations partially account for differential responses to cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize current literature on the influence of the gastric microbiota on gastric carcinogenesis, anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy, providing insights into potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Huang H, Zhong W, Wang X, Yang Y, Wu T, Chen R, Liu Y, He F, Li J. The role of gastric microecological dysbiosis in gastric carcinogenesis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1218395. [PMID: 37583514 PMCID: PMC10423824 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1218395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and reducing its mortality has become an urgent public health issue. Gastric microecological dysbiosis (including bacteria, fungi, viruses, acid suppressants, antibiotics, and surgery) can lead to gastric immune dysfunction or result in a decrease in dominant bacteria and an increase in the number and virulence of pathogenic microorganisms, which in turn promotes development of GC. This review analyzes the relationship between gastric microecological dysbiosis and GC, elucidates dynamic alterations of the microbiota in Correa's cascade, and identifies certain specific microorganisms as potential biomarkers of GC to aid in early screening and diagnosis. In addition, this paper presents the potential of gastric microbiota transplantation as a therapeutic target for gastric cancer, providing a new direction for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Ying Yang
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianmu Wu
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Runyang Chen
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng He
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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5
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Miri AH, Kamankesh M, Rad-Malekshahi M, Yadegar A, Banar M, Hamblin MR, Haririan I, Aghdaei HA, Zali MR. Factors associated with treatment failure, and possible applications of probiotic bacteria in the arsenal against Helicobacter pylori. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:617-639. [PMID: 37171213 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2203382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Helicobacter pylori is a widespread helical Gram-negative bacterium, which causes a variety of stomach disorders, such as peptic ulcer, chronic atrophic gastritis, and gastric cancer. This microbe frequently colonizes the mucosal layer of the human stomach and survives in the inhospitable microenvironment, by adapting to this hostile milieu. AREAS COVERED In this extensive review, we describe conventional antibiotic treatment regimens used against H. pylori including, empirical, tailored, and salvage therapies. Then, we present state-of-the-art information about reasons for treatment failure against H. pylori. Afterward, the latest advances in the use of probiotic bacteria against H. pylori infection are discussed. Finally, we propose a polymeric bio-platform to provide efficient delivery of probiotics for H. pylori infection. EXPERT OPINION For effective probiotic delivery systems, it is necessary to avoid the early release of probiotics at the acidic stomach pH, to protect them against enzymes and antimicrobials, and precisely target H. pylori bacteria which have colonized the antrum area of the stomach (basic pH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Miri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Kamankesh
- Polymer Chemistry Department, School of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mazda Rad-Malekshahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Banar
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ismaeil Haririan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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In Search for Reasons behind Helicobacter pylori Eradication Failure–Assessment of the Antibiotics Resistance Rate and Co-Existence of Helicobacter pylori with Candida Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030328. [PMID: 36983496 PMCID: PMC10056355 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori eradication is characterized by decreasing successful eradication rates. Although treatment failure is primarily associated with resistance to antibiotics, other unknown factors may influence the eradication outcome. This study aimed to assess the presence of the antibiotics resistance genes in H. pylori and the presence of Candida spp., which are proposed to be endosymbiotic hosts of H. pylori, in gastric biopsies of H. pylori-positive patients while simultaneously assessing their relationship. The detection and identification of Candida yeasts and the detection of mutations specific for clarithromycin and fluoroquinolones were performed by using the real-time PCR (RT-PCR) method on DNA extracted from 110 gastric biopsy samples of H. pylori-positive participants. Resistance rate to clarithromycin and fluoroquinolone was 52% and 47%, respectively. Antibiotic resistance was associated with more eradication attempts (p < 0.05). Candida species were detected in nine (8.18%) patients. Candida presence was associated with older age (p < 0.05). A high rate of antibiotic resistance was observed, while Candida presence was scarce, suggesting that endosymbiosis between H. pylori and Candida may not be a major contributing factor to the eradication failure. However, the older age favored Candida gastric mucosa colonization, which could contribute to gastric pathologies and microbiome dysbiosis.
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7
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Wang X, Zhang W, Wu W, Wu S, Young A, Yan Z. Is Candida albicans a contributor to cancer? A critical review based on the current evidence. Microbiol Res 2023; 272:127370. [PMID: 37028206 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The association between Candida albicans (C. albicans) and cancer has been noticed for decades. Whether C. albicans infection is a complication of cancer status or as a contributor to cancer development remains to be discussed. This review systematically summarized the up-to-date knowledge about associations between C. albicans and various types of cancer, and discussed the role of C. albicans in cancer development. Most of the current clinical and animal evidence support the relationship between C. albicans and oral cancer development. However, there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate the role of C. albicans in other types of cancer. Moreover, this review explored the underlying mechanisms for C. albicans promoting cancer. It was hypothesized that C. albicans may promote cancer progression by producing carcinogenic metabolites, inducing chronic inflammation, remodeling immune microenvironment, activating pro-cancer signals, and synergizing with bacteria.
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8
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Rao WQ, Lin Z, Jiang J, Wang JW, Lin ZF, Fu R, Chen WL, Chen YM, Peng XE, Hu ZJ. Esophageal mycobiome landscape and interkingdom interactions in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2023; 11:goad022. [PMID: 37124071 PMCID: PMC10147516 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study purpose was to characterize the mycobiome and its associations with the expression of pathogenic genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods Patients with primary ESCC were recruited from two central hospitals. We performed internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) ribosomal DNA sequencing analysis. We compared differential fungi and explored the ecology of fungi and the interaction of bacteria and fungi. Results The mycobiota diversity was significantly different between tumors and tumor-adjacent samples. We further analysed the differences between the two groups, at the species level, confirming that Rhodotorula toruloides, Malassezia dermatis, Hanseniaspora lachancei, and Spegazzinia tessarthra were excessively colonized in the tumor samples, whereas Preussia persica, Fusarium solani, Nigrospora oryzae, Acremonium furcatum, Golovinomyces artemisiae, and Tausonia pullulans were significantly more abundant in tumor-adjacent samples. The fungal co-occurrence network in tumor-adjacent samples was larger and denser than that in tumors. Similarly, the more complex bacterial-fungal interactions in tumor-adjacent samples were also detected. The expression of mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase was positively correlated with the abundance of N. oryzae and T. pullulans in tumor-adjacent samples. In tumors, the expression of MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) had a negative correlation and a positive correlation with the abundance of R. toruloides and S. tessarthra, respectively. Conclusion This study revealed the landscape of the esophageal mycobiome characterized by an altered fungal composition and bacterial and fungal ecology in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
- Department of Medical Services, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Wen Wang
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, Anxi County Hospital, Anxi, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Feng Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Lin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Mei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital Affiliation to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xian-E Peng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Jian Hu
- Corresponding author. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China. Tel: +86-591-83383362; Fax: +86-591-22862510;
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9
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Wei A, Zhao H, Cong X, Wang L, Chen Y, Gou J, Hu Z, Hu X, Tian Y, Li K, Deng Y, Zuo H, Fu MR. Oral mycobiota and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1251. [PMID: 36460974 PMCID: PMC9716801 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is essential for survival. Preliminary research demonstrated significant associations between structural alternation of mycobiota and PDAC. In this study, we investigated the associations between oral mycobiota and PDAC. We further explored mycobiota biomarkers for PDAC detection. We enrolled 34 PDAC patients and 35 matched healthy controls from West China hospital in Southwest China. Demographic data, clinical information, and salivary samples were collected. Mycobiota characteristics were defined using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) ribosomal RNA sequencing. We found that the PDAC patients had significant increase in fungal abundance (P < 0.001) and significant decrease in fungal diversity (P < 0.001) in comparison to the healthy controls. A higher abundance of Basidiomycota and Unclassifed_p_Ascomycota was associated with an increased risk of PDAC. With each increase of abundance of g__unclassified_k__Fungi and g__unclassified_p__Ascomycota in PDAC patients, the risk of pancreatic cancer increased by 1.359 odds and 1.260 odds, respectively. Aspergillus (AUC = 0.983, 95% CI 0.951-1.000) and Cladosporium (AUC = 0.969, 95% CI 0.921-1.000) achieved high classification powers to distinguish PDAC patients from the healthy controls. The rapid, inexpensive tests of ITS1 sequencing of mycobiota and PCR detection of potential fungal biomarkers make it promising for the clinical practice to use oral microbes for PDAC early detection and prevention. Results of our study provide evidence that salivary mycobiota may provide insights into cancer risk, prevention, and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Wei
- Guang’an People’s Hospital, Sichuan Province, Guang’an, 638001 China
| | - Huiling Zhao
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Nursing/Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Xue Cong
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Linyao Wang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Yiyang Chen
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Juxiang Gou
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Ziyi Hu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Xiuying Hu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yali Tian
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Ka Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yufeng Deng
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Haojiang Zuo
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Mei Rosemary Fu
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Rutgers University, School of Nursing–Camden, 530 Federal Street, Camden, NJ 08102 USA
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10
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Microbiota and gastric cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:11-17. [PMID: 35533800 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of Helicobacter pylori in 1982 drew to an end the stomach being considered as a sterile organ. Later, the progress in molecular methods, especially Next Generation Sequencing and metagenomics, has highlighted the fact that a diverse microbiota including five major phyla could also be present in the stomach. However, when present, H. pylori is the essential species and it influences the other bacterial communities in terms of richness and evenness. It is now well accepted that H. pylori is the main risk factor for gastric cancer, especially the strains harboring the cag pathogenicity island and the CagA oncoprotein, but the need for other factors from the host and the environment can explain the important difference between those infected and those developing gastric cancer. Several studies showed a difference between the gastric microbiota of patients at various stages of development of gastric premalignant and malignant lesions, showing globally a reduced microbial diversity and an increase in the presence of intestinal commensals, especially with nitrosative functions. Other studies showed an increase in oral microbiota. These data suggest that the gastric microbiota other than H. pylori may play a role in the last steps of gastric carcinogenesis. It must also be noted that in a limited number of cases, a virus: the Epstein Barr Virus is responsible for the evolution toward gastric cancer, while in others the mycobiota also needs to be explored. Finally, the use of mice models allowed an exploration of the role of different gastric microbiota in addition to H. pylori.
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11
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Xiao W, Ma ZS. Influences of Helicobacter pylori infection on diversity, heterogeneity, and composition of human gastric microbiomes across stages of gastric cancer development. Helicobacter 2022; 27:e12899. [PMID: 35678078 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About a half of the world's population is infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), but only 1%-3% of them develop gastric cancer. As a primary risk factor for gastric cancer, the relationship between H. pylori infection and gastric microbiome has been a focus in recent years. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reanalyze 11 human gastric microbiome datasets with or without H. pylori, covering the healthy control (HC) and four disease stages (chronic gastritis (CG), atrophic gastritis (AG), intestinal metaplasia (IM), and gastric cancer (GC)) of gastric cancer development to quantitatively compare the influences of the H. pylori infection and disease stages on the diversity, heterogeneity, and composition of gastric microbiome. Four medical ecology approaches including (i) diversity analysis with Hill numbers, (ii) heterogeneity analysis with Taylor's power law extensions (TPLE), (iii) diversity scaling analysis with diversity-area relationship (DAR) model, and (iv) shared species analysis were applied to fulfill the data reanalysis. RESULTS (i) The influences of H. pylori infection on the species diversity, spatial heterogeneity, and potential diversity of gastric microbiome seem to be more prevalent than the influences of disease stages during gastric cancer development. (ii) The influences of H. pyloriinfection on diversity, heterogeneity, and composition of gastric microbiomes in HC, CG, IM, and GC stages appear more prevalent than those in AG stage. CONCLUSION Our study confirmed the impact of H. pylori infection on human gastric microbiomes: The influences of H. pylori infection on the diversity, heterogeneity, and composition of gastric microbiomes appear to be disease-stage dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanmeng Xiao
- Computational Biology and Medical Ecology Lab, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhanshan Sam Ma
- Computational Biology and Medical Ecology Lab, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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12
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Interdisciplinary insights into the link between gut microbiome and gastric carcinogenesis-what is currently known? Gastric Cancer 2022; 25:1-10. [PMID: 34741681 PMCID: PMC8732854 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-021-01260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, gastric cancer is one of the leading death-related cancer globally. The etiopathogenesis of gastric cancer is multifactorial and includes among others dysbiotic alterations of gastric microbiota. Molecular techniques revealed that stomach is not a sterile organ and it is resides with ecosystem of microbes. Due to the fact that the role of Helicobacter pylori infection in development of gastric cancer is established and well-studied, this paper is mainly focused on the role of other bacterial as well as viral and fungal gut microbiota imbalance in gastric carcinogenesis. Notably, not only the composition of gastric microbiota may play an important role in development of gastric cancer, but also its activity. Microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, polyamines, N-nitroso compounds, and lactate, may significantly affect gastric carcinogenesis. Therefore, this paper discussed aforementioned aspects with the interdisciplinary insights (regarding also immunological point of view) into the association between gut microbiome and gastric carcinogenesis based on up-to-date studies.
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