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Brescia F, Vlassi A, Bejarano A, Seidl B, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Schuhmacher R, Puopolo G. Characterisation of the Antibiotic Profile of Lysobacter capsici AZ78, an Effective Biological Control Agent of Plant Pathogenic Microorganisms. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061320. [PMID: 34204563 PMCID: PMC8235233 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the mode of action of microbial biocontrol agents plays a key role in their development and registration as commercial biopesticides. The biocontrol rhizobacterium Lysobacter capsici AZ78 (AZ78) is able to inhibit a vast array of plant pathogenic oomycetes and Gram-positive bacteria due to the release of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. A combination of MALDI-qTOF-MSI and UHPLC-HRMS/M was applied to finely dissect the AZ78 metabolome and identify the main secondary metabolites involved in the inhibition of plant pathogenic microorganisms. Under nutritionally limited conditions, MALDI-qTOF-MSI revealed that AZ78 is able to release a relevant number of antimicrobial secondary metabolites belonging to the families of 2,5-diketopiperazines, cyclic lipodepsipeptides, macrolactones and macrolides. In vitro tests confirmed the presence of secondary metabolites toxic against Pythium ultimum and Rhodococcus fascians in AZ78 cell-free extracts. Subsequently, UHPLC-HRMS/MS was used to confirm the results achieved with MALDI-qTOF-MSI and investigate for further putative antimicrobial secondary metabolites known to be produced by Lysobacter spp. This technique confirmed the presence of several 2,5-diketopiperazines in AZ78 cell-free extracts and provided the first evidence of the production of the cyclic depsipeptide WAP-8294A2 in a member of L. capsici species. Moreover, UHPLC-HRMS/MS confirmed the presence of dihydromaltophilin/Heat Stable Antifungal Factor (HSAF) in AZ78 cell-free extracts. Due to the production of HSAF by AZ78, cell-free supernatants were effective in controlling Plasmopara viticola on grapevine leaf disks after exposure to high temperatures. Overall, our work determined the main secondary metabolites involved in the biocontrol activity of AZ78 against plant pathogenic oomycetes and Gram-positive bacteria. These results might be useful for the future development of this bacterial strain as the active ingredient of a microbial biopesticide that might contribute to a reduction in the chemical input in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Brescia
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (F.B.); (A.B.)
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Anthi Vlassi
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria; (A.V.); (B.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Ana Bejarano
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (F.B.); (A.B.)
- Center of Agriculture, Food, Environment, University of Trento, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Bernard Seidl
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria; (A.V.); (B.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Martina Marchetti-Deschmann
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), 1060 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria; (A.V.); (B.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (F.B.); (A.B.)
- Center of Agriculture, Food, Environment, University of Trento, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Ling J, Zhu R, Laborda P, Jiang T, Jia Y, Zhao Y, Liu F. LbDSF, the Lysobacter brunescens Quorum-Sensing System Diffusible Signaling Factor, Regulates Anti- Xanthomonas XSAC Biosynthesis, Colony Morphology, and Surface Motility. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1230. [PMID: 31275253 PMCID: PMC6591275 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysobacter species are emerging as novel sources of antibiotics, but the regulation of these antibiotics has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. In this work, we identified a small diffusible signaling factor (DSF) molecule (LbDSF) that regulates the biosynthesis of a novel Xanthomonas-specific antibiotic compound (XSAC) in Lysobacter brunescens OH23. LbDSF was isolated from the culture broth of L. brunescens OH23, and the chemical structure of the molecule was determined by NMR and MS. The LbDSF compound induced GUS expression in a reporter strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris FE58, which contained the gus gene under the control of a DSF-inducible engXCA promoter. LbDSF production was found to be linked to the enoyl-CoA hydratase RpfF and dependent on the two-component regulatory system RpfC (hybrid sensor histidine kinase)/RpfG (response regulator), and LbDSF production was increased 6.72 times in the ΔrpfC compared to wild-type OH23. LbDSF-regulated XSAC production was dramatically decreased in ΔrpfF, ΔrpfC, and ΔrpfG. Additionally, a significant reduction in surface motility and a number of changes in colony morphology was observed in the ΔrpfF, ΔrpfC, and ΔrpfG compared to the wild-type OH23. The exogenous LbDSF significantly increased XSAC production in wild-type OH23 and recovered the XSAC biosynthetic ability in ΔrpfF. Taken together, these results showed that LbDSF is a fatty-acid-derived DSF that positively regulates XSAC biosynthesis, cell morphology, and surface motility. Moreover, the RpfC/RpfG quorum-sensing signal transduction pathway mediates XSAC biosynthesis. These findings may facilitate antibiotic production through genetic engineering in Lysobacter spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ling
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Runjie Zhu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Pedro Laborda
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tianping Jiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Jia
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangyang Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Wang C, Xu H, Zhang Y, Wu S, Chen D, Qian G, Hu B, Fan J. Optimization of culture conditions for promoting heat-stable antifungal factor production level in Lysobacter enzymogenes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5281430. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Heat-stable antifungal factor (HSAF), which was first isolated from Lysobacter enzymogenes, exhibits inhibitory activities against a wide range of pathogens; however, a low level of HSAF was obtained from L. enzymogenes cultured in 0.1 × tryptic soy broth (TSB), an amount that does not satisfy HSAF application in disease control. In this study, the optimization of media components and environmental conditions were examined for improving the production of HSAF from L. enzymogenes OH11. The one factor at a time method was used to screen optimal nitrogen and carbon sources and inorganic salt. Then the orthogonal matrix method was used to determine the optimal concentration of the media components and environmental factors. The results showed that the maximum level of HSAF (23361 mAU·s) was achieved when OH11 cultured in the media of 0.7% (w/v) soybean powder, 0.5% (w/v) glucose and 0.08% CaCl2 at 200 rpm at 30°C for 60 h, which is much higher than that cultured in 0.1 × TSB. This opens up the possibility of HSAF or L. enzymogenes utilization for biological control of plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunting Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Suzhen Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dedong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guoliang Qian
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Baishi Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiaqin Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Lazazzara V, Perazzolli M, Pertot I, Biasioli F, Puopolo G, Cappellin L. Growth media affect the volatilome and antimicrobial activity against Phytophthora infestans in four Lysobacter type strains. Microbiol Res 2017; 201:52-62. [PMID: 28602402 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play important ecological roles in soil microbial interactions. Lysobacter spp. are key determinants of soil suppressiveness against phytopathogens and the production of non-volatile antimicrobial metabolites has been extensively characterised. However, the chemical composition and antagonistic properties of the Lysobacter volatilome have been poorly investigated. In this work, VOC emission profiles of four Lysobacter type strains grown on a sugar-rich and a protein-rich medium were analysed using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry. Lysobacter antibioticus, L. capsici, L. enzymogenes and L. gummosus type strains were recognised according to their volatilome assessed using both headspace mass spectrometry methods Moreover, the chemical profiles and functional properties of the Lysobacter volatilome differed according to the growth medium, and a protein-rich substrate maximised the toxic effect of the four Lysobacter type strains against Phytophthora infestans. Antagonistic (pyrazines, pyrrole and decanal) and non-antagonistic (delta-hexalactone and ethanol) VOCs against Ph. infestans or putative plant growth stimulator compounds (acetoin and indole) were mainly emitted by Lysobacter type strains grown on protein- and sugar-rich media respectively. Thus nutrient availability under soil conditions could affect the aggressiveness of Lysobacter spp. and possibly optimise interactions of these bacterial species with the other soil inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lazazzara
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy; Centre for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Michele Perazzolli
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy; Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
| | - Luca Cappellin
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Panthee S, Hamamoto H, Paudel A, Sekimizu K. Lysobacter species: a potential source of novel antibiotics. Arch Microbiol 2016; 198:839-45. [PMID: 27541998 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases threaten global health due to the ability of microbes to acquire resistance against clinically used antibiotics. Continuous discovery of antibiotics with a novel mode of action is thus required. Actinomycetes and fungi are currently the major sources of antibiotics, but the decreasing rate of discovery of novel antibiotics suggests that the focus should be changed to previously untapped groups of microbes. Lysobacter species have a genome size of ~6 Mb with a relatively high G + C content of 61-70 % and are characterized by their ability to produce peptides that damage the cell walls or membranes of other microbes. Genome sequence analysis revealed that each Lysobacter species has gene clusters for the production of 12-16 secondary metabolites, most of which are peptides, thus making them 'peptide production specialists'. Given that the number of antibiotics isolated is much lower than the number of gene clusters harbored, further intensive studies of Lysobacter are likely to unearth novel antibiotics with profound biomedical applications. In this review, we summarize the structural diversity, activity and biosynthesis of lysobacterial antibiotics and highlight the importance of Lysobacter species for antibiotic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Panthee
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamamoto
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atmika Paudel
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan. .,Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Genome Pharmaceutical Institute Co., Ltd., 1-27-8-1207 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Abstract
The gliding Gram-negative Lysobacter bacteria are emerging as a promising source of new bioactive natural products. These ubiquitous freshwater and soil microorganisms are fast growing, simple to use and maintain, and genetically amenable for biosynthetic engineering. This Highlight reviews a group of biologically active and structurally distinct natural products from the genus Lysobacter, with a focus on their biosyntheses. Although Lysobacter sp. are known as prolific producers of bioactive natural products, detailed molecular mechanistic studies of their enzymatic assembly have been surprisingly scarce. We hope to provide a snapshot of the important work done on the lysobacterial natural products and to provide useful information for future biosynthetic engineering of novel antibiotics in Lysobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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Li S, Calvo AM, Yuen GY, Du L, Harris SD. Induction of cell wall thickening by the antifungal compound dihydromaltophilin disrupts fungal growth and is mediated by sphingolipid biosynthesis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2011; 56:182-7. [PMID: 21462551 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dihydromaltophilin (heat-stable antifungal factor [HSAF]) is an antifungal metabolite produced in Lysobacter enzymogenes biocontrol strain C3. This compound induces cell wall thickening in Aspergillus nidulans. Here we show that the cell wall thickening is a general response to HSAF in diverse fungal species. In the A. nidulans model, the thickened cell wall negatively affects hyphal growth. Growth of HSAF-pre-treated hyphae failed to resume at hyphal tips with thick cell wall and the actin cable could not re-polarize at the thickened region of the cell wall, even after the treated hyphae were transferred to drug-free medium. Moreover, HSAF-induced cell wall thickening is mediated by sphingolipid synthesis: HSAF failed to induce cell wall thickening in the absence of ceramide synthase BarA and the sphingolipid synthesis inhibitor myriocin was able to suppress HSAF-induced cell wall thickening. The thickened cell wall could be digested by chitinase suggesting that chitin contributes to the HSAF-induced thickening. Furthermore, HSAF treatment activated the transcription of two chitin synthase encoding genes chsB and chsC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA.
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Li S, Jochum CC, Yu F, Zaleta-Rivera K, Du L, Harris SD, Yuen GY. An antibiotic complex from Lysobacter enzymogenes strain C3: antimicrobial activity and role in plant disease control. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 98:695-701. [PMID: 18944294 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-98-6-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lysobacter enzymogenes C3 is a bacterial biological control agent that exhibits antagonism against multiple fungal pathogens. Its antifungal activity was attributed in part to lytic enzymes. In this study, a heat-stable antifungal factor (HSAF), an antibiotic complex consisting of dihydromaltophilin and structurally related macrocyclic lactams, was found to be responsible for antagonism by C3 against fungi and oomycetes in culture. HSAF in purified form exhibited inhibitory activity against a wide range of fungal and oomycetes species in vitro, inhibiting spore germination, and disrupting hyphal polarity in sensitive fungi. When applied to tall fescue leaves as a partially-purified extract, HSAF at 25 mug/ml and higher inhibited germination of conidia of Bipolaris sorokiniana compared with the control. Although application of HSAF at 12.5 mug/ml did not reduce the incidence of conidial germination, it inhibited appressorium formation and suppressed Bipolaris leaf spot development. Two mutant strains of C3 (K19 and DeltaNRPS) that were disrupted in different domains in the hybrid polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene for HSAF biosynthesis and had lost the ability to produce HSAF were compared with the wild-type strain for biological control efficacy against Bipolaris leaf spot on tall fescue and Fusarium head blight, caused by Fusarium graminearum, on wheat. Both mutant strains exhibited decreased capacity to reduce the incidence and severity of Bipolaris leaf spot compared with C3. In contrast, the mutant strains were as efficacious as the wild-type strain in reducing the severity of Fusarium head blight. Thus, HSAF appears to be a mechanism for biological control by strain C3 against some, but not all, plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583, USA
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Abstract
New chemical structures with proven biological activity still are badly needed for a host of applications and are intensively screened for. Suitable compounds may be used as such, or in the form of their derivatives or, equally important, may serve as lead compounds for designing synthetic analogs. One way to new compounds is the exploitation of new producer organisms. During the past 15 years the myxobacteria have been shown in our laboratories to be a rich source of novel secondary metabolites, many of the compounds showing interesting and sometimes unique mechanisms of action. About 50 basic structures and nearly 300 structural variants have been elucidated, and almost all of them turned out to be new compounds. Several myxobacterial substances may have a good chance of an application.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Reichenbach
- Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung, Microbial Secondary Metabolites, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany
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Gossauer A. Monopyrrolic natural compounds including tetramic acid derivatives. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2003; 86:1-188. [PMID: 12899123 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6029-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gossauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Hunter-Cevera JC, Belt A. Bacteria as a source of novel therapeutics. BIOTECHNOLOGY (READING, MASS.) 1994; 26:31-47. [PMID: 7749310 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7506-9003-4.50008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abstract
The study of antibiotics and other fermentation products has shown that a seemingly unlimited number of compounds with diverse structures are produced by microorganisms. The continued high rate of discovery of new chemical entities, in the light of the abundance of microbial products already described, is due to creative screening procedures that incorporate such features as the emphasis on unusual microorgnaisms, their special propagation and fermentation requirements, supersensitive and highly selective assays, genetic engineering both for the biosynthesis of new compounds and in the development of screening systems, early in vivo evaluation, improved isolation techniques, modern procedures for structure determination, computer-assisted identification, and an efficient multidisciplinary approach. This review focuses on the genesis and development of the gamut of methodologies that have led to the successful detection of the wide variety of novel secondary metabolites that include antibacterial, antigungal, antiviral and antitumour antibiotics, enzyme inhibitors, pharmacologically and immunologically active agents, products useful in agriculture and animal husbandry, microbial regulators, and other compounds for which no bioactive role has yet been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Franco
- Microbiology Department, Hoechst Centre for Basic Research, Hoechst India Limited, Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg, Mulund, Bombay
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Chapter 15. Developments In Microbial Products Screening. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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