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PINEDA-SUAZO DAISY, MONTERO-VARGAS JOSAPHATMIGUEL, ORDAZ-ORTIZ JOSÉJUAN, VÁZQUEZ-MARRUFO GERARDO. Growth Inhibition of Phytopathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes by Basidiomycete Irpex lacteus and Identification of its Antimicrobial Extracellular Metabolites. Pol J Microbiol 2021; 70:131-136. [PMID: 33815534 PMCID: PMC8008764 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2021-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In dual culture confrontation assays, basidiomycete Irpex lacteus efficiently antagonized Fusarium spp., Colletotrichum spp., and Phytophthora spp. phytopathogenic strains, with growth inhibition percentages between 16.7-46.3%. Antibiosis assays evaluating the inhibitory effect of soluble extracellular metabolites indicated I. lacteus strain inhibited phytopathogens growth between 32.0-86.7%. Metabolites in the extracellular broth filtrate, identified by UPLC-QTOF mass spectrometer, included nine terpenes, two aldehydes, and derivatives of a polyketide, a quinazoline, and a xanthone, several of which had antifungal activity. I. lacteus strain and its extracellular metabolites might be valuable tools for phytopathogenic fungi and oomycete biocontrol of agricultural relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- DAISY PINEDA-SUAZO
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | | | | | - GERARDO VÁZQUEZ-MARRUFO
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
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Lin J, Zhou S, Xu JX, Yao WQ, Hao GF, Li YT. Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Economical Triazole Sulfonamide Aryl Derivatives with High Fungicidal Activity. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:6792-6801. [PMID: 32442369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant fungal diseases have caused great decreases in crop quality and yield. As one of the considerable agricultural diseases, cucumber downy mildew (CDM) caused by pseudoperonospora cubensis seriously influences the production of cucumber. Amisulbrom is a commercial agricultural fungicide developed by Nissan Chemical, Ltd., for the control of oomycetes diseases that is highly effective against CDM. However, the synthesis of amisulbrom has a high cost because of the introduction of the bromoindole ring. In addition, the continuous use of amisulbrom might increase the risk of resistance development. Hence, there is an imperative to develop active fungicides with new scaffolds but low cost against CDM. In this study, a series of 1,2,4-triazole-1,3-disulfonamide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and screened. Compound 1j showed a comparable fungicidal activity with amisulbrom, but it was low cost and ecofriendly. It has the potential to be developed as a new fungicide candidate against CDM. Further investigations of structure-activity relationship exhibited the structural requirements of 1,2,4-triazole-1,3-disulfonamide and appropriate modification in N-alkyl benzylamine groups with high fungicidal activity. This research will provide powerful guidance for the design of highly active lead compounds with a novel skeleton and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- Dongguan HEC Pesticides R&D Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523867, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environmental Engineering, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, P. R. China
| | - Si Zhou
- Dongguan HEC Pesticides R&D Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523867, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Xing Xu
- Dongguan HEC Pesticides R&D Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523867, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Qiang Yao
- Dongguan HEC Pesticides R&D Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523867, P. R. China
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Li
- Dongguan HEC Pesticides R&D Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523867, P. R. China
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Yang J, Guan A, Li Z, Zhang P, Liu C. Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Novel Spiropyrimidinamines as Fungicides against Pseudoperonospora cubensis. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:6485-6492. [PMID: 32442373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Harmful fungus and the developed resistance to available fungicides seriously threaten the yield and quality of crops; thus, the search for new, highly efficient, and resistance-overcoming fungicides remains a quite urgent goal of agricultural scientists. In this study, a series of novel spiropyrimidinamine derivatives were designed and synthesized by employing the intermediate derivatization method (IDM). Their structures were identified by 1H NMR, elemental analyses, and MS spectra. The structure of compound 5 was further confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Bioassays indicated that a number of the title compounds exhibited some fungicidal activities against Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Especially, compound 5 displayed excellent activity (EC50 = 0.422 mg/L), significantly higher than those of the commercialized fungicides cyazofamid, flumorph, and diflumetorim. The structure-activity relationship was also discussed. It was concluded that compound 5 with super fungicidal potency and a novel structure is a promising agrochemical fungicide candidate for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticide, Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co. Ltd., Shenyang 110021, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiying Guan
- State Key Laboratory of the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticide, Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co. Ltd., Shenyang 110021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhinian Li
- State Key Laboratory of the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticide, Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co. Ltd., Shenyang 110021, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticide, Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co. Ltd., Shenyang 110021, People's Republic of China
| | - Changling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticide, Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co. Ltd., Shenyang 110021, People's Republic of China
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Noel ZA, Rojas AJ, Jacobs JL, Chilvers MI. A High-Throughput Microtiter-Based Fungicide Sensitivity Assay for Oomycetes Using Z'-Factor Statistic. Phytopathology 2019; 109:1628-1637. [PMID: 31017530 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-19-0018-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Current methods to quantitatively assess fungicide sensitivity for a diverse range of oomycetes are slow and labor intensive. Microtiter-based assays can be used to increase throughput. However, many factors can affect their quality and reproducibility. Therefore, efficient and reliable methods for detection of assay quality are desirable. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a robust high-throughput fungicide phenotyping assay based on spectrophotometric quantification of mycelial growth in liquid culture and implementation of quality control with Z' factor and growth curves. Z' factor was used to ensure that each isolate grew enough in the absence of fungicides compared with the negative control, and growth curves were used to ensure active growth at the time of concentration of a fungicide that reduces growth by 50% (EC50) estimation. EC50 and relative growth values were correlated in a side-by-side comparison with values obtained using the amended medium (gold standard) assay. Concordance correlation indicated that the high-throughput assay is accurate but may not be as precise as the amended medium assay. To demonstrate the utility of the high-throughput assay, the sensitivity of 216 oomycete isolates representing four genera and 81 species to mefenoxam and ethaboxam was tested. The assay developed herein will enable high-throughput fungicide phenotyping at a population or community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Noel
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Alejandro J Rojas
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Janette L Jacobs
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Martin I Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Héloir MC, Li Kim Khiook I, Lemaître-Guillier C, Clément G, Jacquens L, Bernaud E, Trouvelot S, Adrian M. Assessment of the impact of PS3-induced resistance to downy mildew on grapevine physiology. Plant Physiol Biochem 2018; 133:134-141. [PMID: 30408676 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Elicitor-induced resistance against diseases is an attractive strategy that could contribute to reduce the use of fungicides for plant protection. However, activation of defenses has an energetic cost that plants have to fuel by a mobilization of their primary metabolism with possible adverse effect on their physiology. In this context, this study was performed to determine whether elicitor-induced resistance of grapevine leaves against downy mildew impacted its development and metabolism. The elicitor PS3 (sulfated β-glucan laminarin) was sprayed on grapevine herbaceous cuttings grown in greenhouses once or three times, and its impact was studied on young and older grapevine leaves, prior to, and after Plasmopara viticola inoculation. PS3 did not affect grapevine development during the time course of the experiment. A metabolomic analysis, mainly focused on primary metabolites, highlighted a leaf age dependent effect of PS3 treatment. Nitrogen compounds, and sugars to a lesser extent, were impacted. The results obtained complete the current knowledge of the impact of elicitor-induced resistance on plant physiology. They will be helpful to guide further experiments required to better determine the costs and benefits of elicitor-induced resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Héloir
- UMR Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Ian Li Kim Khiook
- UMR Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | | | - Gilles Clément
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-78000, Versailles, France
| | - Lucile Jacquens
- UMR Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Eric Bernaud
- UMR Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- UMR Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Marielle Adrian
- UMR Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.
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Patel A, Matsakas L, Pruthi PA, Pruthi V. Potential of aquatic oomycete as a novel feedstock for microbial oil grown on waste sugarcane bagasse. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:33443-33454. [PMID: 30264348 PMCID: PMC6245008 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel production from vegetable oils is not sustainable and economical due to the food crisis worldwide. The development of a cost-effective non-edible feedstock is essential. In this study, we proposed to use aquatic oomycetes for microbial oils, which are cellulolytic fungus-like filamentous eukaryotic microorganisms, commonly known as water molds. They differ from true fungi as cellulose is present in their cell wall and chitin is absent. They show parasitic as well as saprophytic nature and have great potential to utilize decaying animal and plant debris in freshwater habitats. To study the triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in the aquatic oomycetes, the isolated water mold Achlya diffusa was cultivated under semi-solid-state conditions on waste sugarcane bagasse, which was compared with the cultivation in Czapek (DOX) medium. A. diffusa grown on waste sugarcane bagasse showed large lipid droplets in its cellular compartment and synthesized 124.03 ± 1.93 mg/gds cell dry weight with 50.26 ± 1.76% w/w lipid content. The cell dry weight and lipid content of this water mold decreased to 89.54 ± 1.21 mg/gds and 38.82% w/w, respectively, when cultivated on standard medium Czapek-Dox agar (CDA). For the fatty acid profile of A. diffusa grown in sugarcane bagasse and CDA, in situ transesterification (IST) and indirect transesterification (IDT) approaches were evaluated. The lipid profile of this mold revealed the presence of C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C20:0, and C21:0 fatty acids, which is similar to vegetable oils. The biodiesel properties of the lipids obtained from A. diffusa satisfied the limits as determined by international standards ASTM-D6751 and EN-14214 demonstrating its suitability as a fuel for diesel engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187, Luleå, Sweden.
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT-R), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Parul A Pruthi
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT-R), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Vikas Pruthi
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT-R), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
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Ahmed MB, Santos KCGD, Sanchez IB, Petre B, Lorrain C, Plourde MB, Duplessis S, Desgagné-Penix I, Germain H. A rust fungal effector binds plant DNA and modulates transcription. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14718. [PMID: 30283062 PMCID: PMC6170375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycete Melampsora larici-populina causes poplar rust disease by invading leaf tissues and secreting effector proteins through specialized infection structures known as haustoria. The mechanisms by which rust effectors promote pathogen virulence are poorly understood. The present study characterized Mlp124478, a candidate effector of M. larici-populina. We used the models Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana to investigate the function of Mlp124478 in plant cells. We established that Mlp124478 accumulates in the nucleus and nucleolus, however its nucleolar accumulation is not required to promote growth of the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Stable constitutive expression of Mlp124478 in A. thaliana repressed the expression of genes involved in immune responses, and also altered leaf morphology by increasing the waviness of rosette leaves. Chip-PCR experiments showed that Mlp124478 associats'e with the TGA1a-binding DNA sequence. Our results suggest that Mlp124478 exerts a virulence activity and binds the TGA1a promoter to suppress genes induced in response to pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Bulbul Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
- Groupe de recherche en biologie végétale, UQTR, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Karen Cristine Gonçalves Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
- Groupe de recherche en biologie végétale, UQTR, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Ingrid Benerice Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
- Groupe de recherche en biologie végétale, UQTR, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
- Department of Biotechnology and Engineering in Chemistry, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Estado de México (ITESM CEM), Margarita Maza de Juárez, 52926, Cd, López Mateos, Mexico
| | - Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA/Université de Lorraine, Centre INRA Grand Est - Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA/Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies - Campus Aiguillettes, BP, 70239-54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Cécile Lorrain
- INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA/Université de Lorraine, Centre INRA Grand Est - Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Mélodie B Plourde
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
- Groupe de recherche en biologie végétale, UQTR, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA/Université de Lorraine, Centre INRA Grand Est - Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
- Groupe de recherche en biologie végétale, UQTR, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
- Groupe de recherche en biologie végétale, UQTR, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
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Young E, Carey M, Meharg AA, Meharg C. Microbiome and ecotypic adaption of Holcus lanatus (L.) to extremes of its soil pH range, investigated through transcriptome sequencing. Microbiome 2018; 6:48. [PMID: 29554982 PMCID: PMC5859661 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants can adapt to edaphic stress, such as nutrient deficiency, toxicity and biotic challenges, by controlled transcriptomic responses, including microbiome interactions. Traditionally studied in model plant species with controlled microbiota inoculation treatments, molecular plant-microbiome interactions can be functionally investigated via RNA-Seq. Complex, natural plant-microbiome studies are limited, typically focusing on microbial rRNA and omitting functional microbiome investigations, presenting a fundamental knowledge gap. Here, root and shoot meta-transcriptome analyses, in tandem with shoot elemental content and root staining, were employed to investigate transcriptome responses in the wild grass Holcus lanatus and its associated natural multi-species eukaryotic microbiome. A full factorial reciprocal soil transplant experiment was employed, using plant ecotypes from two widely contrasting natural habitats, acid bog and limestone quarry soil, to investigate naturally occurring, and ecologically meaningful, edaphically driven molecular plant-microbiome interactions. RESULTS Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and non-AM fungal colonization was detected in roots in both soils. Staining showed greater levels of non-AM fungi, and transcriptomics indicated a predominance of Ascomycota-annotated genes. Roots in acid bog soil were dominated by Phialocephala-annotated transcripts, a putative growth-promoting endophyte, potentially involved in N nutrition and ion homeostasis. Limestone roots in acid bog soil had greater expression of other Ascomycete genera and Oomycetes and lower expression of Phialocephala-annotated transcripts compared to acid ecotype roots, which corresponded with reduced induction of pathogen defense processes, particularly lignin biosynthesis in limestone ecotypes. Ascomycota dominated in shoots and limestone soil roots, but Phialocephala-annotated transcripts were insignificant, and no single Ascomycete genus dominated. Fusarium-annotated transcripts were the most common genus in shoots, with Colletotrichum and Rhizophagus (AM fungi) most numerous in limestone soil roots. The latter coincided with upregulation of plant genes involved in AM symbiosis initiation and AM-based P acquisition in an environment where P availability is low. CONCLUSIONS Meta-transcriptome analyses provided novel insights into H. lanatus transcriptome responses, associated eukaryotic microbiota functions and taxonomic community composition. Significant edaphic and plant ecotype effects were identified, demonstrating that meta-transcriptome-based functional analysis is a powerful tool for the study of natural plant-microbiome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Young
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Belfast, BT9 5BN Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Manus Carey
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Belfast, BT9 5BN Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Andrew A. Meharg
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Belfast, BT9 5BN Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Caroline Meharg
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Belfast, BT9 5BN Northern Ireland, UK
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Germain H, Joly DL, Mireault C, Plourde MB, Letanneur C, Stewart D, Morency M, Petre B, Duplessis S, Séguin A. Infection assays in Arabidopsis reveal candidate effectors from the poplar rust fungus that promote susceptibility to bacteria and oomycete pathogens. Mol Plant Pathol 2018; 19:191-200. [PMID: 27868319 PMCID: PMC6638046 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fungi of the Pucciniales order cause rust diseases which, altogether, affect thousands of plant species worldwide and pose a major threat to several crops. How rust effectors-virulence proteins delivered into infected tissues to modulate host functions-contribute to pathogen virulence remains poorly understood. Melampsora larici-populina is a devastating and widespread rust pathogen of poplar, and its genome encodes 1184 identified small secreted proteins that could potentially act as effectors. Here, following specific criteria, we selected 16 candidate effector proteins and characterized their virulence activities and subcellular localizations in the leaf cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. Infection assays using bacterial (Pseudomonas syringae) and oomycete (Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis) pathogens revealed subsets of candidate effectors that enhanced or decreased pathogen leaf colonization. Confocal imaging of green fluorescent protein-tagged candidate effectors constitutively expressed in stable transgenic plants revealed that some protein fusions specifically accumulate in nuclei, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata and punctate cytosolic structures. Altogether, our analysis suggests that rust fungal candidate effectors target distinct cellular components in host cells to promote parasitic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and PhysicsUniversité du Québec à Trois‐RivièresTrois‐RivièresQCCanadaG9A 5H7
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaSainte‐FoyQCCanadaG1V 4C7
| | - David L. Joly
- Département de BiologieUniversité de MonctonMonctonNBCanadaE1A 3E9
| | - Caroline Mireault
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and PhysicsUniversité du Québec à Trois‐RivièresTrois‐RivièresQCCanadaG9A 5H7
| | - Mélodie B. Plourde
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and PhysicsUniversité du Québec à Trois‐RivièresTrois‐RivièresQCCanadaG9A 5H7
| | - Claire Letanneur
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and PhysicsUniversité du Québec à Trois‐RivièresTrois‐RivièresQCCanadaG9A 5H7
| | - Donald Stewart
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaSainte‐FoyQCCanadaG1V 4C7
| | - Marie‐Josée Morency
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaSainte‐FoyQCCanadaG1V 4C7
| | - Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Centre INRA Nancy LorraineINRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA/Université de LorraineChampenoux54280France
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- Centre INRA Nancy LorraineINRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA/Université de LorraineChampenoux54280France
| | - Armand Séguin
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaSainte‐FoyQCCanadaG1V 4C7
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He R, Wu J, Zhang Y, Agüero CB, Li X, Liu S, Wang C, Walker MA, Lu J. Overexpression of a thaumatin-like protein gene from Vitis amurensis improves downy mildew resistance in Vitis vinifera grapevine. Protoplasma 2017; 254:1579-1589. [PMID: 27900595 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew is a highly destructive disease in grapevine production. A gene encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) thaumatin-like protein was isolated from the downy mildew-resistant grapevine "Zuoshan-1," a clonal selection from wild Vitis amurensis Rupr. The predicted thaumatin-like protein (VaTLP) has 225 amino acids and it is acidic, with a calculated isoelectric point of 4.8. The full length of the VaTLP gene was transformed into somatic embryogenic calli of V. vinifera 'Thompson Seedless' via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Real-time RT-PCR confirmed that the VaTLP gene was expressed at a high level in the transgenic grapevines. Improved resistance of the transgenic lines against downy mildew was evaluated using leaf disks and whole plants inoculated with Plasmopara viticola, the pathogen causing grapevine downy mildew disease. Bioassay of the pathogen showed that both hyphae growth and asexual reproduction were inhibited significantly among the transgenic plants. Histological analysis also confirmed this disease resistance by demonstrating the inhibition and malformation of hyphae development in leaf tissue of the transgenic plants. These results indicated that the accumulation of VaTLP could enhance resistance to P. viticola in transgenic 'Thompson Seedless' grapevines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong He
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jiao Wu
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Cecilia B Agüero
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xinlong Li
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shaoli Liu
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chaoxia Wang
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - M Andrew Walker
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Jiang Lu
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200024, China.
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11
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Gabaston J, Cantos-Villar E, Biais B, Waffo-Teguo P, Renouf E, Corio-Costet MF, Richard T, Mérillon JM. Stilbenes from Vitis vinifera L. Waste: A Sustainable Tool for Controlling Plasmopara Viticola. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:2711-2718. [PMID: 28288509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stilbene-enriched extracts from Vitis vinifera waste (cane, wood, and root) were characterized by UHPLC-MS. Eleven stilbenes were identified and quantified as follows: ampelopsin A, (E)-piceatannol, pallidol, (E)-resveratrol, hopeaphenol, isohopeaphenol, (E)-ε-viniferin, (E)-miyabenol C, (E)-ω-viniferin, r2-viniferin, and r-viniferin. The fungicide concentration inhibiting 50% of growth of Plasmopara viticola sporulation (IC50) was determined for the extracts and also for the main compounds isolated. r-Viniferin followed by hopeaphenol and r2-viniferin showed low IC50 and thus high efficacy against Plasmopara viticola. Regarding stilbene extracts, wood extract followed by root extract showed the highest antifungal activities. These data suggest that stilbene complex mixtures from Vitis vinifera waste could be used as a cheap source of bioactive stilbenes for the development of natural fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gabaston
- Université de Bordeaux, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Equipe Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (Gesvab), Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin , CS 50008-210, Chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Emma Cantos-Villar
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA) , Rancho de la Merced, Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. Trebujena, Km 3.2, P.O. Box 589, Jerez de la Frontera, 11471 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Benoît Biais
- Université de Bordeaux, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Equipe Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (Gesvab), Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin , CS 50008-210, Chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Waffo-Teguo
- Université de Bordeaux, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Equipe Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (Gesvab), Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin , CS 50008-210, Chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Elodie Renouf
- Université de Bordeaux, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Equipe Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (Gesvab), Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin , CS 50008-210, Chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Marie-France Corio-Costet
- UMR Santé Végétale, 1065, ISVV, IFR 103, INRA , Rue Edouard Bourleaud, CS 20032, 33882 Villenave d' Ornon, France
| | - Tristan Richard
- Université de Bordeaux, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Equipe Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (Gesvab), Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin , CS 50008-210, Chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean-Michel Mérillon
- Université de Bordeaux, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, Equipe Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (Gesvab), Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin , CS 50008-210, Chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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12
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Govers LL, van der Zee EM, Meffert JP, van Rijswick PCJ, Man in ‘t Veld WA, Heusinkveld JHT, van der Heide T. Copper treatment during storage reduces Phytophthora and Halophytophthora infection of Zostera marina seeds used for restoration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43172. [PMID: 28225072 PMCID: PMC5320552 DOI: 10.1038/srep43172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoration is increasingly considered an essential tool to halt and reverse the rapid decline of vital coastal ecosystems dominated by habitat-forming foundation species such as seagrasses. However, two recently discovered pathogens of marine plants, Phytophthora gemini and Halophytophthora sp. Zostera, can seriously hamper restoration efforts by dramatically reducing seed germination. Here, we report on a novel method that strongly reduces Phytophthora and Halophytophthora infection of eelgrass (Zostera marina) seeds. Seeds were stored in seawater with three different copper sulphate concentrations (0.0, 0.2, 2.0 ppm) crossed with three salinities (0.5, 10.0, 25.0 ppt). Next to reducing seed germination, infection significantly affected cotyledon colour: 90% of the germinated infected seeds displayed a brown cotyledon upon germination that did not continue development into the seedling stage, in contrast to only 13% of the germinated non-infected seeds. Copper successfully reduced infection up to 86% and the 0.2 ppm copper sulphate treatment was just as successful as the 2.0 ppm treatment. Infection was completely eliminated at low salinities, but green seed germination was also dramatically lowered by 10 times. We conclude that copper sulphate treatment is a suitable treatment for disinfecting Phytophthora or Halophytophthora infected eelgrass seeds, thereby potentially enhancing seed-based restoration success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Govers
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen (GELIFES), Post Office Box 11103, 9700 CC The Netherlands
| | - Els M. van der Zee
- Altenburg & Wymenga Ecological Consultants, Suderwei 2, 9269 TZ Veenwouden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. Meffert
- Department of Mycology, National Plant Protection Organisation (NPPO-NL), Post Office Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia C. J. van Rijswick
- Department of Mycology, National Plant Protection Organisation (NPPO-NL), Post Office Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A. Man in ‘t Veld
- Department of Mycology, National Plant Protection Organisation (NPPO-NL), Post Office Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tjisse van der Heide
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Belhaj K, Cano LM, Prince DC, Kemen A, Yoshida K, Dagdas YF, Etherington GJ, Schoonbeek H, van Esse HP, Jones JD, Kamoun S, Schornack S. Arabidopsis late blight: infection of a nonhost plant by Albugo laibachii enables full colonization by Phytophthora infestans. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19:e12628. [PMID: 27302335 PMCID: PMC5215655 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans causes potato late blight, and as a potato and tomato specialist pathogen, is seemingly poorly adapted to infect plants outside the Solanaceae. Here, we report the unexpected finding that P. infestans can infect Arabidopsis thaliana when another oomycete pathogen, Albugo laibachii, has colonized the host plant. The behaviour and speed of P. infestans infection in Arabidopsis pre-infected with A. laibachii resemble P. infestans infection of susceptible potato plants. Transcriptional profiling of P. infestans genes during infection revealed a significant overlap in the sets of secreted-protein genes that are induced in P. infestans upon colonization of potato and susceptible Arabidopsis, suggesting major similarities in P. infestans gene expression dynamics on the two plant species. Furthermore, we found haustoria of A. laibachii and P. infestans within the same Arabidopsis cells. This Arabidopsis-A. laibachii-P. infestans tripartite interaction opens up various possibilities to dissect the molecular mechanisms of P. infestans infection and the processes occurring in co-infected Arabidopsis cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Belhaj
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Liliana M. Cano
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
- University of FloridaDepartment of Plant Pathology, Indian River Research and Education CenterFort PierceUSA
| | - David C. Prince
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Ariane Kemen
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Kentaro Yoshida
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
- Organization of Advanced Science and TechnologyKobe UniversityKobeHyogoJapan
| | - Yasin F. Dagdas
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Graham J. Etherington
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
- The Genome Analysis CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Henk‐jan Schoonbeek
- John Innes CentreDepartment of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
- Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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14
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Abstract
Genetically homogenous strains of Plasmopara halstedii differing in host specificity and fungicide tolerance were used to test the hypothesis that asexual genetic recombination occurs and may account for the high genotype diversity of this homothallic reproducing oomycete, which causes downy mildew in sunflower. Dual inoculation of sunflower seedlings with single zoospore strains of complementary infection characteristics caused sporulation under conditions where inoculation with each strain alone failed to infect. PCR-based investigation with strain-specific primers proved the presence of genetic traits from both progenitors in single sporangia collected from sporangiophores of such infections. Sister zoospores released from these sporangia revealed the genotype of the one or the other parental strain thus indicating heterokaryology of sporangia. Moreover, some zoospores showed amplification products of both parents, which suggests that the generally mononucleic spores derived from genetic recombination. The possibility of parasexual genetic exchange in the host-independent stage of infection and the evolutionary consequences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otmar Spring
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Reinhard Zipper
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Miao J, Dong X, Lin D, Wang Q, Liu P, Chen F, Du Y, Liu X. Activity of the novel fungicide oxathiapiprolin against plant-pathogenic oomycetes. Pest Manag Sci 2016; 72:1572-7. [PMID: 26577849 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxathiapiprolin was the first of the piperidinyl thiazole isoxazoline class of fungicides to be discovered and developed by DuPont in 2007. Although oxathiapiprolin has been reported to have high activity against plant-pathogenic oomycetes, such as Peronospora belbahrii, Phytophthora nicotianae and Ph. capsici, little is known about its effectiveness against other plant-pathogenic oomycetes and its protective and curative properties. RESULTS Oxathiapiprolin exhibited substantial inhibitory activity against all of the plant-pathogenic oomycetes tested, with EC90 values ranging from 0.14 to 3.36 × 10(-3) µg mL(-1) , except the Pythium species Py. aphanidermatum and Py. deliense. Furthermore, doses as low as 10 µg mL(-1) were found to inhibit zoospore release and motility in Ph. capsici, while the mycelial development and sporangial production of Pseudoperonospora cubensis were restrained by an EC50 of 3.10 × 10(-4) and 5.17 × 10(-4) µg mL(-1) respectively. It was also found that oxathiapiprolin exhibited both protective and curative activity against the development of Ph. capsici infection in pepper plants under greenhouse conditions and in field tests. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that the novel fungicide oxathiapiprolin exhibits strong inhibitory activity against a range of agriculturally important plant-pathogenic oomycetes, including Phytophthora spp., Peronophythora litchii, Plasmopara viticola, Pe. parasitica, Ps. cubensis and Py. ultimum. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Miao
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiushi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Furu Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian, China
| | - Yixin Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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16
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Fall ML, Van der Heyden H, Carisse O. A Quantitative Dynamic Simulation of Bremia lactucae Airborne Conidia Concentration above a Lettuce Canopy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0144573. [PMID: 26953691 PMCID: PMC4783011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lettuce downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Bremia lactucae Regel, is a major threat to lettuce production worldwide. Lettuce downy mildew is a polycyclic disease driven by airborne spores. A weather-based dynamic simulation model for B. lactucae airborne spores was developed to simulate the aerobiological characteristics of the pathogen. The model was built using the STELLA platform by following the system dynamics methodology. The model was developed using published equations describing disease subprocesses (e.g., sporulation) and assembled knowledge of the interactions among pathogen, host, and weather. The model was evaluated with four years of independent data by comparing model simulations with observations of hourly and daily airborne spore concentrations. The results show an accurate simulation of the trend and shape of B. lactucae temporal dynamics of airborne spore concentration. The model simulated hourly and daily peaks in airborne spore concentrations. More than 95% of the simulation runs, the daily-simulated airborne conidia concentration was 0 when airborne conidia were not observed. Also, the relationship between the simulated and the observed airborne spores was linear. In more than 94% of the simulation runs, the proportion of the linear variation in the hourly-observed values explained by the variation in the hourly-simulated values was greater than 0.7 in all years except one. Most of the errors came from the deviation from the 1:1 line, and the proportion of errors due to the model bias was low. This model is the only dynamic model developed to mimic the dynamics of airborne inoculum and represents an initial step towards improved lettuce downy mildew understanding, forecasting and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou Lamine Fall
- Biology Department, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 De l’Université Blvd., Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1K 2R1
- Compagnie de Recherche Phytodata inc., 111 Rang Saint-Patrice, Sherrington, QC, Canada, J0L 2N0
| | - Hervé Van der Heyden
- Compagnie de Recherche Phytodata inc., 111 Rang Saint-Patrice, Sherrington, QC, Canada, J0L 2N0
| | - Odile Carisse
- Horticulture Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Blvd., St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada, J3B 3E6
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17
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Li Q, Wu L, Hao J, Luo L, Cao Y, Li J. Biofumigation on Post-Harvest Diseases of Fruits Using a New Volatile-Producing Fungus of Ceratocystis fimbriata. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132009. [PMID: 26147922 PMCID: PMC4492557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Ceratocystis fimbriata have strong bioactivity against a wide range of fungi, bacteria and oomycetes. Mycelial growth, conidial production, and spore germination of fungi and oomycetes were significantly inhibited after exposure to cultures of C. fimbriata, and colony formation of bacteria was also inhibited. Two post-harvest diseases, peach brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola and citrus green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum, were controlled during a 4-day storage by enclosing wound-inoculated fruits with 10 standard diameter Petri plate cultures of C. fimbriata in a 15 L box. The fruits were freshly inoculated at onset of storage and the cultures of C. fimbriata were 6 days old. Percentage of control was 92 and 97%, respectively. After exposure to C. fimbriata VOCs, severely misshapen hyphae and conidia of these two post-harvest pathogens were observed by scanning electron microscopy, and their pathogenicity was lost or greatly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Seed and Plant Health (BERC-SPH) / Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wu
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Hao
- School of Food and Agriculture, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| | - Laixin Luo
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Seed and Plant Health (BERC-SPH) / Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yongsong Cao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Seed and Plant Health (BERC-SPH) / Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Seed and Plant Health (BERC-SPH) / Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), Beijing, P. R. China
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18
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Zachow C, Jahanshah G, de Bruijn I, Song C, Ianni F, Pataj Z, Gerhardt H, Pianet I, Lämmerhofer M, Berg G, Gross H, Raaijmakers JM. The Novel Lipopeptide Poaeamide of the Endophyte Pseudomonas poae RE*1-1-14 Is Involved in Pathogen Suppression and Root Colonization. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2015; 28:800-10. [PMID: 25761208 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-14-0406-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic Pseudomonas poae strain RE*1-1-14 was originally isolated from internal root tissue of sugar beet plants and shown to suppress growth of the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani both in vitro and in the field. To identify genes involved in its biocontrol activity, RE*1-1-14 random mutagenesis and sequencing led to the identification of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene cluster predicted to encode a lipopeptide (LP) with a 10-amino-acid peptide moiety. The two unlinked gene clusters consisted of three NRPS genes, designated poaA (cluster 1) and poaB and poaC (cluster 2), spanning approximately 33.7 kb. In silico analysis followed by chemical analyses revealed that the encoded LP, designated poaeamide, is a structurally new member of the orfamide family. Poaeamide inhibited mycelial growth of R. solani and different oomycetes, including Phytophthora capsici, P. infestans, and Pythium ultimum. The novel LP was shown to be essential for swarming motility of strain RE*1-1-14 and had an impact on root colonization of sugar beet seedlings The poaeamide-deficient mutant colonized the rhizosphere and upper plant cortex at higher densities and with more scattered colonization patterns than the wild type. Collectively, these results indicate that Pseudomonas poae RE*1-1-14 produces a structurally new LP that is relevant for its antagonistic activity against soilborne plant pathogens and for colonization of sugar beet roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Zachow
- 1 Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ghazaleh Jahanshah
- 2 Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Irene de Bruijn
- 3 Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chunxu Song
- 3 Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Ianni
- 4 Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Bioanalysis, University of Tübingen
| | - Zoltán Pataj
- 4 Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Bioanalysis, University of Tübingen
| | - Heike Gerhardt
- 4 Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Bioanalysis, University of Tübingen
| | - Isabelle Pianet
- 5 CESAMO-ISM, UMR 5255, CNRS, Université Bordeaux I, 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- 4 Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Bioanalysis, University of Tübingen
| | - Gabriele Berg
- 6 Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Gross
- 2 Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jos M Raaijmakers
- 3 Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Savory
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Leonard
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Richards
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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20
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Pang KL, Lin HJ, Lin HY, Huang YF, Chen YM. Production of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids by the marine oomycete Halophytophthora. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2015; 17:121-129. [PMID: 25119161 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-014-9600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are fatty acids with more than one double bond in the chemical structure. Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4 (n-6)) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 22:5 (n-3)) are common PUFAs with beneficial health effects. Marine fish and meat are the main sources of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in human's diet, respectively. In particular, there is a general decline in fish catch, implicating the need for an alternative source of omega-3 fatty acids. Previous studies have examined the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids including ARA and EPA by various microorganisms, including microalgae, fungi, and thraustochytrids. In this study, the production of ARA and EPA by 10 isolates of four estuarine Halophytophthora species (Halophytophthora avicenniae, Halophytophthora polymorphica, Halophytophthora vesicula, and Halophytophthora spinosa var. spinosa) cultured from fallen mangrove leaves in Taiwan was examined. The yield of ARA ranged from 0.004 to 0.052 g/L with the highest yield of ARA obtained from H. spinosa var. spinosa IMB162, but no or a very low level of EPA was produced by IMB162. For EPA production by Halophytophthora spp., the yield ranged from 0 to 0.047 g/L. Percentage of ARA in total fatty acid ranged between 7.16 and 25.02%. One-way ANOVA analysis using Tukey Test (p ≥ 0.05) suggested that there is significant difference in the percentage of EPA in total fatty acid produced by the isolates, which ranged from 0.01 to 18.42%. BODIPY 505/515 fluorescent staining suggests that lipid bodies were evenly distributed in the mycelia of Halophytophthora species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Lai Pang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China,
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21
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Jones LA, Worobo RW, Smart CD. Plant-pathogenic oomycetes, Escherichia coli strains, and Salmonella spp. Frequently found in surface water used for irrigation of fruit and vegetable crops in New York State. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:4814-20. [PMID: 24878603 PMCID: PMC4135776 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01012-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, surface water is commonly used to irrigate a variety of produce crops and can harbor pathogens responsible for food-borne illnesses and plant diseases. Understanding when pathogens infest water sources is valuable information for produce growers to improve the food safety and production of these crops. In this study, prevalence data along with regression tree analyses were used to correlate water quality parameters (pH, temperature, turbidity), irrigation site properties (source, the presence of livestock or fowl nearby), and precipitation data to the presence and concentrations of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and hymexazol-insensitive (HIS) oomycetes (Phytophthora and Pythium spp.) in New York State surface waters. A total of 123 samples from 18 sites across New York State were tested for E. coli and Salmonella spp., of which 33% and 43% were positive, respectively. Additionally, 210 samples from 38 sites were tested for HIS oomycetes, and 88% were found to be positive, with 10 species of Phytophthora and 11 species of Pythium being identified from the samples. Regression analysis found no strong correlations between water quality parameters, site factors, or precipitation to the presence or concentration of E. coli in irrigation sources. For Salmonella, precipitation (≤ 0.64 cm) 3 days before sampling was correlated to both presence and the highest counts. Analyses for oomycetes found creeks to have higher average counts than ponds, and higher turbidity levels were associated with higher oomycete counts. Overall, information gathered from this study can be used to better understand the food safety and plant pathogen risks of using surface water for irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA
| | - Randy W Worobo
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA
| | - Christine D Smart
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA
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22
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Beakes GW, Glockling SL, James TY. A new oomycete species parasitic in nematodes, Chlamydomyzium dictyuchoides sp. nov.: developmental biology and phylogenetic studies. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:527-43. [PMID: 25088069 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The genus Chlamydomyzium is a little studied holocarpic oomycete parasite of nematodes of uncertain phylogenetic and taxonomic position. A new holocarpic species, Chlamydomyzium dictyuchoides, is described which has usually refractile cytoplasm and a dictyuchoid pattern of spore release. This new species infects bacteriotrophic rhabditid nematodes and was isolated from diverse geographical locations. Infection was initiated by zoospore encystment on the host surface and direct penetration of the cuticle. A sparsely branched, constricted, refractile thallus was formed which eventually occupied almost the entire host body cavity, often accompanied by complete dissolution of the host cuticle. Walled primary cysts formed throughout the thallus and each cyst released a single zoospore via an individual exit papillum, leaving a characteristic dictyuchoid wall net behind. At later stages of infection some thalli formed thick-walled stellate resting spores in uniseriate rows. Resting spore formation appeared to be parthenogenetic and was not accompanied by the formation of antheridial compartments. These spores had ooplast-like vacuoles and thick multi-layered walls, both of which suggest they were oospores. The maximum likelihood tree of sequences of the small ribosomal subunit (SSU) gene placed this new isolate in a clade before the main saprolegnialean and peronosporalean lines diverge. A second undescribed Chlamydomyzium sp., which has direct spore release forms a paraphyletic clade, close to C. dictyuchoides and Sapromyces. The fine structure of other documented Chlamydomyzium species was compared, including an undescribed (but sequenced) isolate, SL02, from Japan, Chlamydomyzium anomalum and Chlamydomyzium oviparasiticum. Chlamydomyzium as currently constituted is a paraphyletic genus that is part of a group of phylogenetically problematic early diverging clades that lie close to both the Leptomitales and Rhipidiales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Beakes
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Sally L Glockling
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL 60115, USA; Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9RQ, UK.
| | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Kraus Natural Science Bld., Rm. 1008, 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Deravel J, Lemière S, Coutte F, Krier F, Van Hese N, Béchet M, Sourdeau N, Höfte M, Leprêtre A, Jacques P. Mycosubtilin and surfactin are efficient, low ecotoxicity molecules for the biocontrol of lettuce downy mildew. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6255-64. [PMID: 24723290 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of surfactin and mycosubtilin as an eco-friendly alternative to control lettuce downy mildew caused by the obligate pathogen Bremia lactucae was investigated. Preliminary ecotoxicity evaluations obtained from three different tests revealed the rather low toxicity of these lipopeptides separately or in combination. The EC50 (concentration estimated to cause a 50 % response by the exposed test organisms) was about 100 mg L(-1) in Microtox assays and 6 mg L(-1) in Daphnia magna immobilization tests for mycosubtilin and 125 mg L(-1) and 25 mg L(-1) for surfactin, respectively. The toxicity of the mixture mycosubtilin/surfactin (1:1, w/w) was close to that obtained with mycosubtilin alone. In addition, the very low phytotoxic effect of these lipopeptides has been observed on germination and root growth of garden cress Lepidium sativum L. While a surfactin treatment did not influence the development of B. lactucae on lettuce plantlets, treatment with 100 mg L(-1) of mycosubtilin produced about seven times more healthy plantlets than the control samples, indicating that mycosubtilin strongly reduced the development of B. lactucae. The mixture mycosubtilin/surfactin (50:50 mg L(-1)) gave the same result on B. lactucae development as 100 mg L(-1) of mycosubtilin. The results of ecotoxicity as well as those obtained in biocontrol experiments indicated that the presence of surfactin enhances the biological activities of mycosubtilin. Mycosubtilin and surfactin were thus found to be efficient compounds against lettuce downy mildew, with low toxicity compared to the toxicity values of chemical pesticides. This is the first time that Bacillus lipopeptides have been tested in vivo against an obligate pathogen and that ecotoxic values have been given for surfactin and mycosubtilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Deravel
- Laboratoire des Procédés Biologiques, Génie Enzymatique et Microbien, ProBioGEM, UPRES-EA 1026, Polytech'Lille/IUT A, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille1, Av. Paul Langevin, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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24
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Veloso J, Prego C, Varela MM, Carballeira R, Bernal A, Merino F, Díaz J. Properties of capsaicinoids for the control of fungi and oomycetes pathogenic to pepper. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2014; 16:177-185. [PMID: 23452049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Capsaicinoids are pungent compounds found in pepper (Capsicum spp.) fruits. Capsaicin showed antimicrobial activity in plate assays against seven isolates of five species of fungi and nine isolates of two species of oomycetes. The general trend was that oomycetes were more inhibited than fungi. Assays of capsaicin biosynthetic precursors suggest that the lateral chain of capsaicinoids has more inhibitory activity than the phenolic part. In planta tests of capsaicinoids (capsaicin and N-vanillylnonanamide) applied to the roots demonstrated that these compounds conferred protection against the pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae and induced both chitinase activity and expression of several defence-related genes, such as CASC1, CACHI2 and CABGLU. N-Vanillylnonanamide infiltrated into cotyledons confers systemic protection to the upper leaves of pepper against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. In wild-type tomato plants such cotyledon infiltration has no protective effect, but is effective in the Never-ripe tomato mutant impaired in ethylene response. A similar effect was observed in tomato after salicylic acid infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Veloso
- Depto. de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
| | - C Prego
- Depto. de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
| | - M M Varela
- Depto. de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
| | - R Carballeira
- Depto. de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
| | - A Bernal
- Depto. de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
| | - F Merino
- Depto. de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
| | - J Díaz
- Depto. de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
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25
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Stassen JHM, den Boer E, Vergeer PWJ, Andel A, Ellendorff U, Pelgrom K, Pel M, Schut J, Zonneveld O, Jeuken MJW, Van den Ackerveken G. Specific in planta recognition of two GKLR proteins of the downy mildew Bremia lactucae revealed in a large effector screen in lettuce. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2013; 26:1259-70. [PMID: 23883357 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-13-0142-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Breeding lettuce (Lactuca sativa) for resistance to the downy mildew pathogen Bremia lactucae is mainly achieved by introgression of dominant downy mildew resistance (Dm) genes. New Bremia races quickly render Dm genes ineffective, possibly by mutation of recognized host-translocated effectors or by suppression of effector-triggered immunity. We have previously identified 34 potential RXLR(-like) effector proteins of B. lactucae that were here tested for specific recognition within a collection of 129 B. lactucae-resistant Lactuca lines. Two effectors triggered a hypersensitive response: BLG01 in 52 lines, predominantly L. saligna, and BLG03 in two L. sativa lines containing Dm2 resistance. The N-terminal sequences of BLG01 and BLG03, containing the signal peptide and GKLR variant of the RXLR translocation motif, are not required for in planta recognition but function in effector delivery. The locus responsible for BLG01 recognition maps to the bottom of lettuce chromosome 9, whereas recognition of BLG03 maps in the RGC2 cluster on chromosome 2. Lactuca lines that recognize the BLG effectors are not resistant to Bremia isolate Bl:24 that expresses both BLG genes, suggesting that Bl:24 can suppress the triggered immune responses. In contrast, lettuce segregants displaying Dm2-mediated resistance to Bremia isolate Bl:5 are responsive to BLG03, suggesting that BLG03 is a candidate Avr2 protein.
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26
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Slater BJ, McLoughlin S, Hilton J. Peronosporomycetes (Oomycota) from a Middle Permian permineralised peat within the Bainmedart Coal Measures, Prince Charles Mountains, Antarctica. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70707. [PMID: 23936465 PMCID: PMC3732221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fossil record of Peronosporomycetes (water moulds) is rather sparse, though their distinctive ornamentation means they are probably better reported than some true fungal groups. Here we describe a rare Palaeozoic occurrence of this group from a Guadalupian (Middle Permian) silicified peat deposit in the Bainmedart Coal Measures, Prince Charles Mountains, Antarctica. Specimens are numerous and comprise two morphologically distinct kinds of ornamented oogonia, of which some are attached to hyphae by a septum. Combresomyces caespitosus sp. nov. consists of spherical oogonia bearing densely spaced, long, hollow, slender, conical papillae with multiple sharply pointed, strongly divergent, apical branches that commonly form a pseudoreticulate pattern under optical microscopy. The oogonia are attached to a parental hypha by a short truncated stalk with a single septum. Combresomyces rarus sp. nov. consists of spherical oogonia bearing widely spaced, hollow, broad, conical papillae that terminate in a single bifurcation producing a pair of acutely divergent sharply pointed branches. The oogonium bears a short truncate extension where it attaches to the parental hypha. We propose that similarities in oogonium shape, size, spine morphology and hyphal attachment between the Permian forms from the Prince Charles Mountains and other reported Peronosporomycetes from Devonian to Triassic strata at widely separated localities elsewhere in the world delimit an extinct but once cosmopolitan Palaeozoic to early Mesozoic branch of the peronosporomycete clade. We name this order Combresomycetales and note that it played an important role in late Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic peatland ecosystems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Slater
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Schnee S, Queiroz EF, Voinesco F, Marcourt L, Dubuis PH, Wolfender JL, Gindro K. Vitis vinifera canes, a new source of antifungal compounds against Plasmopara viticola, Erysiphe necator, and Botrytis cinerea. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:5459-67. [PMID: 23730921 DOI: 10.1021/jf4010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Methanolic and ethanolic crude extracts of Vitis vinifera canes exhibited significant antifungal activity against the three major fungal pathogens affecting grapevines, Plasmopara viticola, Erysiphe necator and Botrytis cinerea. The active extracts were analyzed by LC-PDA-ESI-MS, and selected compounds were identified. Efficient targeted isolation using medium-pressure liquid chromatography afforded six pure constituents in one step. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by NMR and HRMS. Six identified compounds (ampelopsin A, hopeaphenol, trans-resveratrol, ampelopsin H, ε-viniferin, and E-vitisin B) presented antifungal activities against P. viticola. ε-Viniferin also exhibited a low antifungal activity against B. cinerea. None of the identified compounds inhibited the germination of E. necator. The potential to develop a novel natural fungicide against the three major fungal pathogens affecting V. vinifera from viticulture waste material is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Schnee
- Swiss Federal Research Station Agroscope Changins Wädenswil ACW, Route de Duiller 50, PO Box 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
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Misas-Villamil JC, Toenges G, Kolodziejek I, Sadaghiani AM, Kaschani F, Colby T, Bogyo M, van der Hoorn RAL. Activity profiling of vacuolar processing enzymes reveals a role for VPE during oomycete infection. Plant J 2013; 73:689-700. [PMID: 23134548 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) are important cysteine proteases that are implicated in the maturation of seed storage proteins, and programmed cell death during plant-microbe interactions and development. Here, we introduce a specific, cell-permeable, activity-based probe for VPEs. This probe is highly specific for all four Arabidopsis VPEs, and labeling is activity-dependent, as illustrated by sensitivity for inhibitors, pH and reducing agents. We show that the probe can be used for in vivo imaging and displays multiple active isoforms of VPEs in various tissues and in both monocot and dicot plant species. Thus, VPE activity profiling is a robust, simple and powerful tool for plant research for a wide range of applications. Using VPE activity profiling, we discovered that VPE activity is increased during infection with the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa). The enhanced VPE activity is host-derived and EDS1-independent. Sporulation of Hpa is reduced on vpe mutant plants, demonstrating a role for VPE during compatible interactions that is presumably independent of programmed cell death. Our data indicate that, as an obligate biotroph, Hpa takes advantage of increased VPE activity in the host, e.g. to mediate protein turnover and nutrient release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana C Misas-Villamil
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
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29
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Abstract
To study the influence of environmental conditions on sporulation of Plasmopara viticola lesions under vineyard's conditions, unsprayed vines were inspected every second or third day and the numbers of sporulating and nonsporulating lesions were counted in two North Italy vineyards in 2008 to 2010. Infected leaves were removed so that only fresh lesions were assessed at each field assessment. Sporulation was studied at two scales, across field assessments and across the seasonal population of lesions. Frequencies of sporulating lesions were positively correlated with the numbers of moist hours in the preceding dark period (i.e., the number of hours between 8:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. with relative humidity ≥80%, rainfall >0 mm, or wetness duration >30 min). In a receiver operating characteristic analysis, predicted sporulation based on the occurrence of ≥3 moist hours at night provided overall accuracy of 0.85. To study the time course of sporulation on lesions which were not washed by rainfall, numbers of sporangia produced per square millimeter of lesion were estimated on individual cohorts of lesions over the whole infectious period. The numbers of sporangia per square millimeter of lesion increased rapidly during the first 4 days after the beginning of sporulation and then tapered off prior to a halt; the time course of cumulative sporangia production by a lesion followed a monomolecular growth model (R(2) = 0.97). The total number of sporangia produced by a square millimeter of lesion increased as the maximum temperature decreased and moist hours in the dark increased. To study the release pattern of the sporangia, spore samplers were placed near grapevines with sporulating lesions. Airborne sporangia were caught in 91.2% of the days over a wide range of weather conditions, including rainless periods. The results of this study provide quantitative information on production of P. viticola sporangia that may help refine epidemiological models used as decision aids in grape disease management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tito Caffi
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Entomologia e Patologia vegetale, I-29122 Via E. Parmense 84, Piacenza, Italy
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Hwang IS, Kim NH, Choi DS, Hwang BK. Overexpression of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria effector AvrBsT in Arabidopsis triggers plant cell death, disease and defense responses. Planta 2012; 236:1191-1204. [PMID: 22678032 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1672-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of bacterial effector proteins by plant cells is crucial for plant disease and defense response signaling. The Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) type III effector protein, AvrBsT, is secreted into plant cells from Xcv strain Bv5-4a. Here, we demonstrate that dexamethasone (DEX): avrBsT overexpression triggers cell death signaling in healthy transgenic Arabidopsis plants. AvrBsT overexpression in Arabidopsis also reduced susceptibility to infection with the obligate biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Overexpression of avrBsT significantly induced some defense-related genes in Arabidopsis leaves. A high-throughput in planta proteomics screen identified TCP-1 chaperonin, SEC7-like guanine nucleotide exchange protein and calmodulin-like protein, which were differentially expressed in DEX:avrBsT-overexpression (OX) Arabidopsis plants during Hp. arabidopsidis infection. Treatment with purified GST-tagged AvrBsT proteins distinctly inhibited the growth and sporulation of Hp. arabidopsidis on Arabdiopsis cotyledons. In contrast, DEX:avrBsT-OX plants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 infection. Notably, susceptible cell death and enhanced electrolyte leakage were significantly induced in the Pst-infected leaves of DEX:avrBsT-OX plants. Together, these results suggest that Xcv effector AvrBsT overexpression triggers plant cell death, disease and defense signaling leading to both disease and defense responses to microbial pathogens of different lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sun Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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Lu YJ, Schornack S, Spallek T, Geldner N, Chory J, Schellmann S, Schumacher K, Kamoun S, Robatzek S. Patterns of plant subcellular responses to successful oomycete infections reveal differences in host cell reprogramming and endocytic trafficking. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:682-97. [PMID: 22233428 PMCID: PMC4854193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adapted filamentous pathogens such as the oomycetes Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) and Phytophthora infestans (Pi) project specialized hyphae, the haustoria, inside living host cells for the suppression of host defence and acquisition of nutrients. Accommodation of haustoria requires reorganization of the host cell and the biogenesis of a novel host cell membrane, the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM), which envelops the haustorium separating the host cell from the pathogen. Here, we applied live-cell imaging of fluorescent-tagged proteins labelling a variety of membrane compartments and investigated the subcellular changes associated with accommodating oomycete haustoria in Arabidopsis and N. benthamiana. Plasma membrane-resident proteins differentially localized to the EHM. Likewise, secretory vesicles and endosomal compartments surrounded Hpa and Pi haustoria revealing differences between these two oomycetes, and suggesting a role for vesicle trafficking pathways for the pathogen-controlled biogenesis of the EHM. The latter is supported by enhanced susceptibility of mutants in endosome-mediated trafficking regulators. These observations point at host subcellular defences and specialization of the EHM in a pathogen-specific manner. Defence-associated haustorial encasements, a double-layered membrane that grows around mature haustoria, were frequently observed in Hpa interactions. Intriguingly, all tested plant proteins accumulated at Hpa haustorial encasements suggesting the general recruitment of default vesicle trafficking pathways to defend pathogen access. Altogether, our results show common requirements of subcellular changes associated with oomycete biotrophy, and highlight differences between two oomycete pathogens in reprogramming host cell vesicle trafficking for haustoria accommodation. This provides a framework for further dissection of the pathogen-triggered reprogramming of host subcellular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Lu
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Thomas Spallek
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Joanne Chory
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Swen Schellmann
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Plant Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Abstract
Biotrophy is a pervasive trait that evolved independently in plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. Comparative genomics of the first sequenced biotrophic pathogens highlight remarkable convergences, including gene losses in the metabolism of inorganic nitrogen, inorganic sulfur, and thiamine, and genes encoding carbohydrate active enzymes and secondary metabolism enzymes. Some biotrophs, but not all, display marked increases in overall genome size because of a proliferation of retrotransposons. I argue here that the release of constraints on transposon activity is driven by the advantages conferred by the genetic variability that results from transposition, in particular by the creation and diversification of broad palettes of effector genes. Increases in genome size and gene losses are the consequences of this trade-off. Genes that are not necessary for growth on a plant disappeared, but we still do not know what lost functions make some of these pathogens obligate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro D Spanu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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Caillaud MC, Piquerez SJM, Fabro G, Steinbrenner J, Ishaque N, Beynon J, Jones JDG. Subcellular localization of the Hpa RxLR effector repertoire identifies a tonoplast-associated protein HaRxL17 that confers enhanced plant susceptibility. Plant J 2012; 69:252-65. [PMID: 21914011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous phytopathogens form sophisticated intracellular feeding structures called haustoria in plant cells. Pathogen effectors are likely to play a role in the establishment and maintenance of haustoria in addition to their better-characterized role in suppressing plant defence. However, the specific mechanisms by which these effectors promote virulence remain unclear. To address this question, we examined changes in subcellular architecture using live-cell imaging during the compatible interaction between the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) and its host Arabidopsis. We monitored host-cell restructuring of subcellular compartments within plant mesophyll cells during haustoria ontogenesis. Live-cell imaging highlighted rearrangements in plant cell membranes upon infection, in particular to the tonoplast, which was located close to the extra-haustorial membrane surrounding the haustorium. We also investigated the subcellular localization patterns of Hpa RxLR effector candidates (HaRxLs) in planta. We identified two major classes of HaRxL effector based on localization: nuclear-localized effectors and membrane-localized effectors. Further, we identified a single effector, HaRxL17, that associated with the tonoplast in uninfected cells and with membranes around haustoria, probably the extra-haustorial membrane, in infected cells. Functional analysis of selected effector candidates in planta revealed that HaRxL17 enhances plant susceptibility. The roles of subcellular changes and effector localization, with specific reference to the potential role of HaRxL17 in plant cell membrane trafficking, are discussed with respect to Hpa virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Cécile Caillaud
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Casagrande K, Falginella L, Castellarin SD, Testolin R, Di Gaspero G. Defence responses in Rpv3-dependent resistance to grapevine downy mildew. Planta 2011; 234:1097-109. [PMID: 21735199 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Rpv3 locus determines the ability to operate an isolate-specific hypersensitive response (HR) against Plasmopara viticola in grapevines that carry a resistant Rpv3 (+) haplotype. Artificial infection was performed on leaf discs of Rpv3 (+) and Rpv3 (-) grapevines with two distinct isolates of the pathogen (avrRpv3 (+) and avrRpv3 (-)). The plant response, including the establishment of HR and changes in expression of 33 genes, was compared to the development of the pathogen. HR was induced exclusively in the Rpv3 (+) host upon inoculation with the avrRpv3 (+) isolate of the pathogen, which is assumed to use avrRpv3 (+) effectors that are recognised by/through the plant Rpv3 (+) gene product. The limitation imposed on pathogen growth was the result of inducible responses elicited by the Rpv3 (+)-avrRpv3 (+) interaction. This host reaction relied on transcriptional induction of the HR-associated gene HSR1 and salicylic acid-induced pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR-1 and PR-2 during the initial 24-48 h post-inoculation. These events had no parallel in the Rpv3 (-) host or upon infection with the avrRpv3 (-) isolate. The emerging model for Rpv3-mediated defence, which is dependent upon race-specific recognition, associated with up-regulation of PR-1 and PR-2 genes, and enforced by localised HR-type necrosis, is compatible with the cascade of events initiated by the products of NB-LRR and LRR-kinase receptor-like genes, such as those residing in the Rpv3 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Casagrande
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, via delle scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy
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Fabro G, Steinbrenner J, Coates M, Ishaque N, Baxter L, Studholme DJ, Körner E, Allen RL, Piquerez SJM, Rougon-Cardoso A, Greenshields D, Lei R, Badel JL, Caillaud MC, Sohn KH, Van den Ackerveken G, Parker JE, Beynon J, Jones JDG. Multiple candidate effectors from the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis suppress host plant immunity. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002348. [PMID: 22072967 PMCID: PMC3207932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens cause diverse plant diseases. To successfully colonize their hosts, they deliver a suite of effector proteins that can attenuate plant defenses. In the oomycete downy mildews, effectors carry a signal peptide and an RxLR motif. Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) causes downy mildew on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). We investigated if candidate effectors predicted in the genome sequence of Hpa isolate Emoy2 (HaRxLs) were able to manipulate host defenses in different Arabidopsis accessions. We developed a rapid and sensitive screening method to test HaRxLs by delivering them via the bacterial type-three secretion system (TTSS) of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000-LUX (Pst-LUX) and assessing changes in Pst-LUX growth in planta on 12 Arabidopsis accessions. The majority (∼70%) of the 64 candidates tested positively contributed to Pst-LUX growth on more than one accession indicating that Hpa virulence likely involves multiple effectors with weak accession-specific effects. Further screening with a Pst mutant (ΔCEL) showed that HaRxLs that allow enhanced Pst-LUX growth usually suppress callose deposition, a hallmark of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). We found that HaRxLs are rarely strong avirulence determinants. Although some decreased Pst-LUX growth in particular accessions, none activated macroscopic cell death. Fewer HaRxLs conferred enhanced Pst growth on turnip, a non-host for Hpa, while several reduced it, consistent with the idea that turnip's non-host resistance against Hpa could involve a combination of recognized HaRxLs and ineffective HaRxLs. We verified our results by constitutively expressing in Arabidopsis a sub-set of HaRxLs. Several transgenic lines showed increased susceptibility to Hpa and attenuation of Arabidopsis PTI responses, confirming the HaRxLs' role in Hpa virulence. This study shows TTSS screening system provides a useful tool to test whether candidate effectors from eukaryotic pathogens can suppress/trigger plant defense mechanisms and to rank their effectiveness prior to subsequent mechanistic investigation. Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) is an obligate biotroph whose population coevolves with its host, Arabidopsis thaliana. The Hpa isolate Emoy2 genome has been sequenced, allowing the discovery of dozens of secreted candidate effectors. We set out to assign functions to these candidate effectors, investigating if they suppress host defenses. We analyzed a sub-set of Hpa candidate effectors (HaRxLs) that carry the RxLR motif, using a bacterial system for in planta delivery. To our surprise, we found that most of the HaRxLs enhanced plant susceptibility on at least some accessions, while few decreased it. These phenotypes were mostly confirmed on Arabidopsis transgenic lines stably expressing HaRxLs that became more susceptible to compatible Hpa isolates. Furthermore, effectors that conferred enhanced virulence generally suppressed callose deposition, a hallmark of plant defense. This indicates that the “effectorome” of Hpa comprises multiple distinct effectors that can attenuate Arabidopsis immunity. We found that many HaRxLs did not confer enhanced virulence on all host accessions, and also that only ∼50% of the effectors that conferred enhanced Pst growth on Arabidopsis, were able to do so on turnip, a non-host for Hpa. Our data reveal interesting HaRxLs for detailed mechanistic investigation in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Fabro
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Steinbrenner
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Coates
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, United Kingdom
| | - Naveed Ishaque
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Baxter
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, United Kingdom
- Warwick Systems Biology, Warwick University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Studholme
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Evelyn Körner
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
- John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L. Allen
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alejandra Rougon-Cardoso
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genomica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Mexico
| | - David Greenshields
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
- National Research Council Canada, Plant Biotechnology Institute, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Rita Lei
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge L. Badel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kee-Hoon Sohn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Plant-Microbe interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, and Center for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jane E. Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jim Beynon
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, United Kingdom
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Gamm M, Héloir MC, Bligny R, Vaillant-Gaveau N, Trouvelot S, Alcaraz G, Frettinger P, Clément C, Pugin A, Wendehenne D, Adrian M. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism in Plasmopara viticola-infected grapevine leaves. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2011; 24:1061-73. [PMID: 21649510 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-11-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete Plasmopara viticola is responsible for downy mildew, a severe grapevine disease. In infected grapevine leaves, we have observed an abnormal starch accumulation at the end of the dark period, suggesting modifications in starch metabolism. Therefore, several complementary approaches, including transcriptomic analyses, measurements of enzyme activities, and sugar quantification, were performed in order to investigate and to understand the effects of P. viticola infection on leaf starch and-to a larger extent-carbohydrate metabolism. Our results indicate that starch accumulation is associated with an increase in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) activity and modifications in the starch degradation pathway, especially an increased α-amylase activity. Together with these alterations in starch metabolism, we have observed an accumulation of hexoses, an increase in invertase activity, and a reduction of photosynthesis, indicating a source-to-sink transition in infected leaf tissue. Additionally, we have measured an accumulation of the disaccharide trehalose correlated to an increased trehalase gene expression and enzyme activity. Altogether, these results highlight a dramatic alteration of carbohydrate metabolism correlated with later stages of P. viticola development in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gamm
- Universite de Bourgogne Plante Microbe Environnement, Dijon Cedex, France
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Kemen E, Gardiner A, Schultz-Larsen T, Kemen AC, Balmuth AL, Robert-Seilaniantz A, Bailey K, Holub E, Studholme DJ, MacLean D, Jones JDG. Gene gain and loss during evolution of obligate parasitism in the white rust pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1001094. [PMID: 21750662 PMCID: PMC3130010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotrophic eukaryotic plant pathogens require a living host for their growth and form an intimate haustorial interface with parasitized cells. Evolution to biotrophy occurred independently in fungal rusts and powdery mildews, and in oomycete white rusts and downy mildews. Biotroph evolution and molecular mechanisms of biotrophy are poorly understood. It has been proposed, but not shown, that obligate biotrophy results from (i) reduced selection for maintenance of biosynthetic pathways and (ii) gain of mechanisms to evade host recognition or suppress host defence. Here we use Illumina sequencing to define the genome, transcriptome, and gene models for the obligate biotroph oomycete and Arabidopsis parasite, Albugo laibachii. A. laibachii is a member of the Chromalveolata, which incorporates Heterokonts (containing the oomycetes), Apicomplexa (which includes human parasites like Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii), and four other taxa. From comparisons with other oomycete plant pathogens and other chromalveolates, we reveal independent loss of molybdenum-cofactor-requiring enzymes in downy mildews, white rusts, and the malaria parasite P. falciparum. Biotrophy also requires “effectors” to suppress host defence; we reveal RXLR and Crinkler effectors shared with other oomycetes, and also discover and verify a novel class of effectors, the “CHXCs”, by showing effector delivery and effector functionality. Our findings suggest that evolution to progressively more intimate association between host and parasite results in reduced selection for retention of certain biosynthetic pathways, and particularly reduced selection for retention of molybdopterin-requiring biosynthetic pathways. These mechanisms are not only relevant to plant pathogenic oomycetes but also to human pathogens within the Chromalveolata. Plant pathogens that cannot grow except on their hosts are called obligate biotrophs. How such biotrophy evolves is poorly understood. In this study, we sequenced the genome of the obligate biotroph white rust pathogen (Albugo laibachii, Oomycota) of Arabidopsis. From comparisons with other oomycete plant pathogens, diatoms, and the human pathogen Plasmodium falciparum, we reveal a loss of important metabolic enzymes. We also reveal the appearance of defence-suppressing “effectors”, some carrying motifs known from other oomycete effectors, and discover and experimentally verify a novel class of effectors that share a CHXC motif within 50 amino acids of the signal peptide cleavage site. Obligate biotrophy involves an intimate association within host cells at the haustorial interface (where the parasite penetrates the host cell's cell wall), where nutrients are acquired from the host and effectors are delivered to the host. We found that A. laibachii, like Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and Plasmodium falciparum, lacks molybdopterin-requiring biosynthetic pathways, suggesting relaxed selection for retention of, or even selection against, this pathway. We propose that when defence suppression becomes sufficiently effective, hosts become such a reliable source of nutrients that a free-living phase can be lost. These mechanisms leading to obligate biotrophy and host specificity are relevant not only to plant pathogenic oomycetes but also to human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kemen
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Gardiner
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ariane C. Kemen
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alexi L. Balmuth
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- The GenePool, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kate Bailey
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Holub
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne Campus, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dan MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. G. Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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38
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Baxter L, Tripathy S, Ishaque N, Boot N, Cabral A, Kemen E, Thines M, Ah-Fong A, Anderson R, Badejoko W, Bittner-Eddy P, Boore JL, Chibucos MC, Coates M, Dehal P, Delehaunty K, Dong S, Downton P, Dumas B, Fabro G, Fronick C, Fuerstenberg SI, Fulton L, Gaulin E, Govers F, Hughes L, Humphray S, Jiang RHY, Judelson H, Kamoun S, Kyung K, Meijer H, Minx P, Morris P, Nelson J, Phuntumart V, Qutob D, Rehmany A, Rougon-Cardoso A, Ryden P, Torto-Alalibo T, Studholme D, Wang Y, Win J, Wood J, Clifton SW, Rogers J, Van den Ackerveken G, Jones JDG, McDowell JM, Beynon J, Tyler BM. Signatures of adaptation to obligate biotrophy in the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis genome. Science 2010; 330:1549-1551. [PMID: 21148394 PMCID: PMC3971456 DOI: 10.1126/science.1195203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Many oomycete and fungal plant pathogens are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissue and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Although these pathogens cause substantial crop losses, little is known about the molecular basis or evolution of obligate biotrophy. Here, we report the genome sequence of the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa), an obligate biotroph and natural pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana. In comparison with genomes of related, hemibiotrophic Phytophthora species, the Hpa genome exhibits dramatic reductions in genes encoding (i) RXLR effectors and other secreted pathogenicity proteins, (ii) enzymes for assimilation of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur, and (iii) proteins associated with zoospore formation and motility. These attributes comprise a genomic signature of evolution toward obligate biotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Baxter
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Sucheta Tripathy
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Naveed Ishaque
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Nico Boot
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98,6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana Cabral
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98,6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Kemen
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Marco Thines
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Siesmayerstr. 70, D-60323 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Audrey Ah-Fong
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ryan Anderson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Wole Badejoko
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, CV35 9EF, UK
| | | | - Jeffrey L Boore
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Marcus C Chibucos
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Mary Coates
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Paramvir Dehal
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kim Delehaunty
- Genome Sequencing Centre, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO63110, USA
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
| | - Polly Downton
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Bernard Dumas
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Georgina Fabro
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Catrina Fronick
- Genome Sequencing Centre, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO63110, USA
| | | | - Lucinda Fulton
- Genome Sequencing Centre, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO63110, USA
| | - Elodie Gaulin
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, NL-1-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Hughes
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Sean Humphray
- Sanger, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Rays H Y Jiang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, NL-1-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141-2023, USA
| | - Howard Judelson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Kim Kyung
- Genome Sequencing Centre, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO63110, USA
| | - Harold Meijer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, NL-1-6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Minx
- Genome Sequencing Centre, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO63110, USA
| | - Paul Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403-0212, USA
| | - Joanne Nelson
- Genome Sequencing Centre, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO63110, USA
| | - Vipa Phuntumart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403-0212, USA
| | - Dinah Qutob
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Anne Rehmany
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, CV35 9EF, UK
| | | | - Peter Ryden
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Trudy Torto-Alalibo
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - David Studholme
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
| | - Joe Win
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jo Wood
- Sanger, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sandra W Clifton
- Genome Sequencing Centre, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO63110, USA
| | - Jane Rogers
- Sanger, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Siesmayerstr. 70, D-60323 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - John M McDowell
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jim Beynon
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Wellesbourne, CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Peressotti E, Wiedemann-Merdinoglu S, Delmotte F, Bellin D, Di Gaspero G, Testolin R, Merdinoglu D, Mestre P. Breakdown of resistance to grapevine downy mildew upon limited deployment of a resistant variety. BMC Plant Biol 2010; 10:147. [PMID: 20633270 PMCID: PMC3095292 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural disease resistance is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way of controlling plant disease. Breeding programmes need to make sure that the resistance deployed is effective and durable. Grapevine downy mildew, caused by the Oomycete Plasmopara viticola, affects viticulture and it is controlled with pesticides. Downy mildew resistant grapevine varieties are a promising strategy to control the disease, but their use is currently restricted to very limited acreages. The arising of resistance-breaking isolates under such restricted deployment of resistant varieties would provide valuable information to design breeding strategies for the deployment of resistance genes over large acreages whilst reducing the risks of the resistance being defeated. The observation of heavy downy mildew symptoms on a plant of the resistant variety Bianca, whose resistance is conferred by a major gene, provided us with a putative example of emergence of a resistance-breaking isolate in the interaction between grapevine and P. viticola. RESULTS In this paper we describe the emergence of a P. viticola isolate (isolate SL) that specifically overcomes Rpv3, the major resistance gene carried by Bianca at chromosome 18. We show that isolate SL has the same behaviour as two P. viticola isolates avirulent on Bianca (isolates SC and SU) when inoculated on susceptible plants or on resistant plants carrying resistances derived from other sources, suggesting there is no fitness cost associated to the virulence. Molecular analysis shows that all three isolates are genetically closely related. CONCLUSIONS Our results are the first description of a resistance-breaking isolate in the grapevine/P. viticola interaction, and show that, despite the reduced genetic variability of P. viticola in Europe compared to its basin of origin and the restricted use of natural resistance in European viticulture, resistance-breaking isolates overcoming monogenic resistances may arise even in cases where deployment of the resistant varieties is limited to small acreages. Our findings represent a warning call for the use of resistant varieties and an incentive to design breeding programmes aiming to optimize durability of the resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Peressotti
- INRA, UMR1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F-68000 Colmar, France
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Sabine Wiedemann-Merdinoglu
- INRA, UMR1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F-68000 Colmar, France
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F-68000 Colmar, France
| | - François Delmotte
- INRA, UMR1065 Santé Végétale, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin - Bordeaux Aquitaine, BP 81, F- 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Diana Bellin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Gaspero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Istituto di Genomica Applicata, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico Luigi Danieli, via Jacopo Linussio 51, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Raffaele Testolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Istituto di Genomica Applicata, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico Luigi Danieli, via Jacopo Linussio 51, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Didier Merdinoglu
- INRA, UMR1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F-68000 Colmar, France
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F-68000 Colmar, France
| | - Pere Mestre
- INRA, UMR1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F-68000 Colmar, France
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F-68000 Colmar, France
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Knoth C, Salus MS, Girke T, Eulgem T. The synthetic elicitor 3,5-dichloroanthranilic acid induces NPR1-dependent and NPR1-independent mechanisms of disease resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2009; 150:333-47. [PMID: 19304930 PMCID: PMC2675713 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.133678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are at least partially mediated by coordinated transcriptional up-regulation of plant defense genes, such as the Late/sustained Up-regulation in Response to Hyaloperonospora parasitica (LURP) cluster. We found a defined region in the promoter of the LURP member CaBP22 to be important for this response. Using a CaBP22 promoter-reporter fusion, we have established a robust and specific high-throughput screening system for synthetic defense elicitors that can be used to trigger defined subsets of plant immune responses. Screening a collection of 42,000 diversity-oriented molecules, we identified 114 candidate LURP inducers. One representative, 3,5-dichloroanthranilic acid (DCA), efficiently induced defense reactions to the phytopathogens H. parasitica and Pseudomonas syringae. In contrast to known salicylic acid analogs, such as 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA), which exhibit a long-lasting defense-inducing activity and are fully dependent on the transcriptional cofactor NPR1 (for Nonexpresser of Pathogenesis-Related genes1), DCA acts transiently and is only partially dependent on NPR1. Microarray analyses revealed a cluster of 142 DCA- and INA-responsive genes that show a pattern of differential expression coinciding with the kinetics of DCA-mediated disease resistance. These ACID genes (for Associated with Chemically Induced Defense) constitute a core gene set associated with chemically induced disease resistance, many of which appear to encode components of the natural immune system of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Knoth
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Karraker NE, Ruthig GR. Effect of road deicing salt on the susceptibility of amphibian embryos to infection by water molds. Environ Res 2009; 109:40-45. [PMID: 18976747 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Some causative agents of amphibian declines act synergistically to impact individual amphibians and their populations. In particular, pathogenic water molds (aquatic oomycetes) interact with environmental stressors and increase mortality in amphibian embryos. We documented colonization of eggs of three amphibian species, the wood frog (Rana sylvatica), the green frog (Rana clamitans), and the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), by water molds in the field and examined the interactive effects of road deicing salt and water molds, two known sources of mortality for amphibian embryos, on two species, R. clamitans and A. maculatum in the laboratory. We found that exposure to water molds did not affect embryonic survivorship in either A. maculatum or R. clamitans, regardless of the concentration of road salt to which their eggs were exposed. Road salt decreased survivorship of A. maculatum, but not R. clamitans, and frequency of malformations increased significantly in both species at the highest salinity concentration. The lack of an effect of water molds on survival of embryos and no interaction between road salt and water molds indicates that observations of colonization of these eggs by water molds in the field probably represent a secondary invasion of unfertilized eggs or of embryos that had died of other causes. Given increasing salinization of freshwater habitats on several continents and the global distribution of water molds, our results suggest that some amphibian species may not be susceptible to the combined effects of these factors, permitting amphibian decline researchers to devote their attention to other potential causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Karraker
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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Hardham AR, Takemoto D, White RG. Rapid and dynamic subcellular reorganization following mechanical stimulation of Arabidopsis epidermal cells mimics responses to fungal and oomycete attack. BMC Plant Biol 2008; 8:63. [PMID: 18513448 PMCID: PMC2435237 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-8-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant cells respond to the presence of potential fungal or oomycete pathogens by mounting a basal defence response that involves aggregation of cytoplasm, reorganization of cytoskeletal, endomembrane and other cell components and development of cell wall appositions beneath the infection site. This response is induced by non-adapted, avirulent and virulent pathogens alike, and in the majority of cases achieves penetration resistance against the microorganism on the plant surface. To explore the nature of signals that trigger this subcellular response and to determine the timing of its induction, we have monitored the reorganization of GFP-tagged actin, microtubules, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and peroxisomes in Arabidopsis plants - after touching the epidermal surface with a microneedle. RESULTS Within 3 to 5 minutes of touching the surface of Arabidopsis cotyledon epidermal cells with fine glass or tungsten needles, actin microfilaments, ER and peroxisomes began to accumulate beneath the point of contact with the needle. Formation of a dense patch of actin was followed by focusing of actin cables on the site of contact. Touching the cell surface induced localized depolymerization of microtubules to form a microtubule-depleted zone surrounding a dense patch of GFP-tubulin beneath the needle tip. The concentration of actin, GFP-tubulin, ER and peroxisomes remained focused on the contact site as the needle moved across the cell surface and quickly dispersed when the needle was removed. CONCLUSION Our results show that plant cells can detect the gentle pressure of a microneedle on the epidermal cell surface and respond by reorganizing subcellular components in a manner similar to that induced during attack by potential fungal or oomycete pathogens. The results of our study indicate that during plant-pathogen interactions, the basal defence response may be induced by the plant's perception of the physical force exerted by the pathogen as it attempts to invade the epidermal cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R Hardham
- Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Rosemary G White
- Division of Plant Industry, C.S.I.R.O., Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Borhan MH, Gunn N, Cooper A, Gulden S, Tör M, Rimmer SR, Holub EB. WRR4 encodes a TIR-NB-LRR protein that confers broad-spectrum white rust resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana to four physiological races of Albugo candida. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2008; 21:757-68. [PMID: 18624640 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-6-0757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
White blister rust in the Brassicaceae is emerging as a superb model for exploring how plant biodiversity has channeled speciation of biotrophic parasites. The causal agents of white rust across a wide breadth of cruciferous hosts currently are named as variants of a single oomycete species, Albugo candida. The most notable examples include a major group of physiological races that each are economically destructive in a different vegetable or oilseed crop of Brassica juncea (A. candida race 2), B. rapa (race 7), or B. oleracea (race 9); or parasitic on wild crucifers such as Capsella bursa-pastoris (race 4). Arabidopsis thaliana is innately immune to these races of A. candida under natural conditions; however, it commonly hosts its own molecularly distinct subspecies of A. candida (A. candida subsp. arabidopsis). In the laboratory, we have identified several accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana (e.g.,. Ws-3) that can permit varying degrees of rust development following inoculation with A. candida races 2, 4, and 7, whereas race 9 is universally incompatible in Arabidopsis thaliana and nonrusting resistance is the most prevalent outcome of interactions with the other races. Subtle variation in resistance phenotypes is evident, observed initially with an isolate of A. candida race 4, indicating additional genetic variation. Therefore, we used the race 4 isolate for map-based cloning of the first of many expected white rust resistance (WRR) genes. This gene was designated WRR4 and encodes a cytoplasmic toll-interleukin receptor-like nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein that confers a dominant, broad-spectrum white rust resistance in the Arabidopsis thaliana accession Columbia to representative isolates of A. candida races 2, 4, 7, and 9, as verified by transgenic expression of the Columbia allele in Ws-3. The WRR4 protein requires functional expression of the lipase-like protein EDS1 but not the paralogous protein PAD4, and confers full immunity that masks an underlying nonhypersensitive incompatibility in Columbia to A. candida race 4. This residual incompatibility is independent of functional EDS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hossein Borhan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK., S7N 0X2, Canada
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Cooper AJ, Latunde-Dada AO, Woods-Tör A, Lynn J, Lucas JA, Crute IR, Holub EB. Basic compatibility of Albugo candida in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica juncea causes broad-spectrum suppression of innate immunity. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2008; 21:745-56. [PMID: 18624639 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-6-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A biotrophic parasite often depends on an intrinsic ability to suppress host defenses in a manner that will enable it to infect and successfully colonize a susceptible host. If the suppressed defenses otherwise would have been effective against alternative pathogens, it follows that primary infection by the "suppressive" biotroph potentially could enhance susceptibility of the host to secondary infection by avirulent pathogens. This phenomenon previously has been attributed to true fungi such as rust (basidiomycete) and powdery mildew (ascomycete) pathogens. In our study, we observed broad-spectrum suppression of host defense by the oomycete Albugo candida (white blister rust) in the wild crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana and a domesticated relative, Brassica juncea. A. candida subsp. arabidopsis suppressed the "runaway cell death" phenotype of the lesion mimic mutant lsd1 in Arabidopsis thaliana in a sustained manner even after subsequent inoculation with avirulent Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana downy mildew). In sequential inoculation experiments, we show that preinfection by virulent Albugo candida can suppress disease resistance in cotyledons to several downy mildew pathogens, including contrasting examples of genotype resistance to H. arabidopsis in Arabidopsis thaliana that differ in the R protein and modes of defense signaling used to confer the resistance; genotype specific resistance in B. juncea to H. parasitica (Brassica downy mildew; isolates derived from B. juncea); species level (nonhost) resistance in both crucifers to Bremia lactucae (lettuce downy mildew) and an isolate of the H. parasitica race derived from Brassica oleracea; and nonhost resistance in B. juncea to H. arabidopsis. Broad-spectrum powdery mildew resistance conferred by RPW8 also was suppressed in Arabidopsis thaliana to two morphotypes of Erysiphe spp. following pre-infection with A. candida subsp. arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Cooper
- Warwick-HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwickshire, CV35 9EF, U.K
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Li S, Jochum CC, Yu F, Zaleta-Rivera K, Du L, Harris SD, Yuen GY. An antibiotic complex from Lysobacter enzymogenes strain C3: antimicrobial activity and role in plant disease control. Phytopathology 2008; 98:695-701. [PMID: 18944294 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-98-6-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lysobacter enzymogenes C3 is a bacterial biological control agent that exhibits antagonism against multiple fungal pathogens. Its antifungal activity was attributed in part to lytic enzymes. In this study, a heat-stable antifungal factor (HSAF), an antibiotic complex consisting of dihydromaltophilin and structurally related macrocyclic lactams, was found to be responsible for antagonism by C3 against fungi and oomycetes in culture. HSAF in purified form exhibited inhibitory activity against a wide range of fungal and oomycetes species in vitro, inhibiting spore germination, and disrupting hyphal polarity in sensitive fungi. When applied to tall fescue leaves as a partially-purified extract, HSAF at 25 mug/ml and higher inhibited germination of conidia of Bipolaris sorokiniana compared with the control. Although application of HSAF at 12.5 mug/ml did not reduce the incidence of conidial germination, it inhibited appressorium formation and suppressed Bipolaris leaf spot development. Two mutant strains of C3 (K19 and DeltaNRPS) that were disrupted in different domains in the hybrid polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene for HSAF biosynthesis and had lost the ability to produce HSAF were compared with the wild-type strain for biological control efficacy against Bipolaris leaf spot on tall fescue and Fusarium head blight, caused by Fusarium graminearum, on wheat. Both mutant strains exhibited decreased capacity to reduce the incidence and severity of Bipolaris leaf spot compared with C3. In contrast, the mutant strains were as efficacious as the wild-type strain in reducing the severity of Fusarium head blight. Thus, HSAF appears to be a mechanism for biological control by strain C3 against some, but not all, plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583, USA
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Kachroo A, Fu DQ, Havens W, Navarre D, Kachroo P, Ghabrial SA. An oleic acid-mediated pathway induces constitutive defense signaling and enhanced resistance to multiple pathogens in soybean. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2008; 21:564-75. [PMID: 18393616 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-5-0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stearoyl-acyl carrier protein-desaturase (SACPD)-catalyzed synthesis of oleic acid (18:1) is an essential step in fatty acid biosynthesis. Arabidopsis mutants (ssi2) with reduced SACPD activity accumulate salicylic acid (SA) and exhibit enhanced resistance to multiple pathogens. We show that reduced levels of 18:1 induce similar defense-related phenotypes in soybean. A Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV)-based vector was employed to effectively silence soybean SACPDs. The silenced plants contained reduced 18:1 and increased stearic acid, developed spontaneous cell death lesions, increased SA accumulation, and constitutively expressed pathogenesis-related genes. These plants also expressed elevated levels of resistance-like genes and showed resistance to bacterial and oomycete pathogens. Exogenous application of glycerol induced similar phenotypes, mimicking the effect of silencing SACPDs in healthy soybean plants. Overexpression of a soybean SACPD increased 18:1 levels in ssi2 but not in wild-type Arabidopsis plants, suggesting that the soybean enzyme was under feedback regulation similar to that of the Arabidopsis isozymes. These results suggest that soybean and Arabidopsis respond similarly to 18:1-derived cues by inducing a novel broad-spectrum resistance-conferring pathway, even though they differ significantly in their lipid biosynthetic pathways. We also demonstrate the efficacy of BPMV-induced gene silencing as a tool for functional studies in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA.
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Sekimoto S, Beakes GW, Gachon CMM, Müller DG, Küpper FC, Honda D. The development, ultrastructural cytology, and molecular phylogeny of the basal oomycete Eurychasma dicksonii, infecting the filamentous phaeophyte algae Ectocarpus siliculosus and Pylaiella littoralis. Protist 2008; 159:299-318. [PMID: 18243049 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The morphological development, ultrastructural cytology, and molecular phylogeny of Eurychasma dicksonii, a holocarpic oomycete endoparasite of phaeophyte algae, were investigated in laboratory cultures. Infection of the host algae by E. dicksonii is initiated by an adhesorium-like infection apparatus. First non-walled, the parasite cell developed a cell wall and numerous large vacuoles once it had almost completely filled the infected host cell (foamy stage). Large-scale cytoplasmic changes led to the differentiation of a sporangium with peripheral primary cysts. Secondary zoospores appeared to be liberated from the primary cysts in the internal space left after the peripheral spores differentiated. These zoospores contained two phases of peripheral vesicles, most likely homologous to the dorsal encystment vesicles and K-bodies observed in other oomycetes. Following zoospore liberation the walls of the empty cyst were left behind, forming the so-called net sporangium, a distinctive morphological feature of this genus. The morphological and ultrastructural features of Eurychasma were discussed in relation to similarities with other oomycetes. Both SSU rRNA and COII trees pointed to a basal position of Eurychasma among the Oomycetes. The cox2 sequences also revealed that the UGA codon encoded tryptophan, constituting the first report of stop codon reassignment in an oomycete mitochondrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sekimoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Okamoto, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8501, Japan
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Zhu S, Liu P, Liu X, Li J, Yuan S, Si N. Assessing the risk of resistance in Pseudoperonospora cubensis to the fungicide flumorph in vitro. Pest Manag Sci 2008; 64:255-261. [PMID: 18095384 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oomycete fungicide flumorph is a recently introduced carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicide. In order to evaluate the risk of developing field resistance to flumorph, the authors compared it with dimethomorph and azoxystrobin with respect to the ease of obtaining resistant isolates to these fungicides, the level of resistance and their fitness in the laboratory. RESULTS Mutants with a high level of resistance to azoxystrobin were isolated readily by adaptation and UV irradiation, and their fitness was as good as that of the parent isolates. Attempts to generate mutants of Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Burk. & MA Curtis) Rostovsev resistant to flumorph and dimethomorph by sporangia adaptation on fungicide-treated leaves were unsuccessful. However, moderately resistant mutants were isolated using UV mutagenesis, but their resistance level [maximum resistance factor (MRF) < 100] was much lower than that of the azoxystrobin-resistant mutant (MRF = 733). With the exception of stability of resistance, all mutants showed low pathogenicity and sporulation compared with wild-type isolates and azoxystrobin-resistant mutants. There is cross-resistance between flumorph and dimethomorph, suggesting that they have the same resistance mechanism. CONCLUSION The above results suggest that the resistance risk of flumorph may be similar to that of dimethomorph but lower than that of azoxystrobin and can be classified as moderate. Thus, it can be managed by appropriate product use strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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49
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Pedras MSC, Zheng QA, Gadagi RS, Rimmer SR. Phytoalexins and polar metabolites from the oilseeds canola and rapeseed: differential metabolic responses to the biotroph Albugo candida and to abiotic stress. Phytochemistry 2008; 69:894-910. [PMID: 18039546 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The metabolites produced in leaves of the oilseeds canola and rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.) inoculated with either different races of the biotroph Albugo candida or sprayed with CuCl(2) were determined. This investigation established consistent phytoalexin (spirobrassinin, cyclobrassinin, and rutalexin) and phytoanticipin (indolyl-3-acetonitrile, arvelexin, caulilexin C, and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin) production in canola and rapeseed in response to both biotic and abiotic elicitation. In addition, a wide number of polar metabolites were isolated from infected leaves, including six new phenylpropanoids and two new flavonoids. The extractable chemical components of zoosporangia of A. candida and the anti-oomycete activity of phytoalexins were determined as well. Overall, the results suggest that during the initial stage of the interaction, leaves of B. rapa have a similar response to virulent and avirulent races of A. candida, with respect to the accumulation of chemical defenses. After this stage, despite the higher phytoalexin concentration, the "compatible" races could overcome the plant defense system for further infection, but growth of the "incompatible" races was inhibited. Since results of bioassays showed that cyclobrassinin and brassilexin were more inhibitory to A. candida than rutalexin, the apparent redirection of the phytoalexin pathway towards rutalexin, avoiding cyclobrassinin and brassilexin accumulation might be caused by the pathogen. Alternatively, A. candida might be able to detoxify both cyclobrassinin and brassilexin, similar to necrotrophic plant pathogens. Overall, the correlation between phytoalexin production in infected or stressed leaves and the outcome of the plant-pathogen interaction suggested that A. candida was able to elude the plant defense mechanisms by, for example, redirecting the phytoalexin biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soledade C Pedras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9.
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Trouvelot S, Varnier AL, Allègre M, Mercier L, Baillieul F, Arnould C, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Klarzynski O, Joubert JM, Pugin A, Daire X. A beta-1,3 glucan sulfate induces resistance in grapevine against Plasmopara viticola through priming of defense responses, including HR-like cell death. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2008; 21:232-43. [PMID: 18184067 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-2-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated laminarin (PS3) has been shown previously to be an elicitor of plant defense reactions in tobacco and Arabidopsis and to induce protection against tobacco mosaic virus. Here, we have demonstrated the efficiency of PS3 in protecting a susceptible grapevine cultivar (Vitis vinifera cv. Marselan) against downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) under glasshouse conditions. This induced resistance was associated with potentiated H2O2 production at the infection sites, upregulation of defense-related genes, callose and phenol depositions, and hypersensitive response-like cell death. Interestingly, similar responses were observed following P. viticola inoculation in a tolerant grapevine hybrid cultivar (Solaris). A pharmacological approach led us to conclude that both callose synthesis and jasmonic acid pathway contribute to PS3-induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trouvelot
- Unité Mixte de Recherches INRA-CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe Environnement, INRA, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
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