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Zhao W, Jiang H, Ge Y, Zhou C, Ma Y, Zhou J, Xie Y, Wang Y, Wu B. Antimicrobial spiroketal macrolides and dichloro-diketopiperazine from Micromonospora sp. FIMYZ51. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105946. [PMID: 38575087 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Four compounds (1-4) featuring with an L-rhodinose and spiroketal, possess uncommon continuous hydroxy groups in the macrolide skeleton, and a dichloro-diketopiperazine (5) were isolated from a marine derived Micromonospora sp. FIMYZ51. The determination of the relative and absolute configurations of all isolates was achieved by extensive spectroscopic analyses, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and ECD calculations. According to structural characteristic and genomic sequences, a plausible biosynthetic pathway for compound 1-4 was proposed and a spirocyclase was inferred to be responsible for the formation of the rare spirocyclic moiety. Compounds 1-4 exhibited potent antifungal activities which is equal to itraconazole against Aspergillus niger. Compounds 1-5 exhibited different degree of inhibitory activities against opportunistic pathogenic bacteria of endocarditis (Micrococcus luteus) with MIC values ranging from 0.0625 μg/mL to 32 μg/mL. Compounds 2 and 3 showed moderate cytotoxicity against drug-resistant tumor cell lines (Namalwa and U266). The result not only provides active lead-compounds, but also reveal the potential of the spirocyclase gene resources from Micromonospora sp., which highlights the promising potential of the strain for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, People's Republic of China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Screening for Novel Microbial Products, Fujian Institute of Microbiology, Fuzhou 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Screening for Novel Microbial Products, Fujian Institute of Microbiology, Fuzhou 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichao Ge
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzeng Zhou
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihan Ma
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Screening for Novel Microbial Products, Fujian Institute of Microbiology, Fuzhou 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xie
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Screening for Novel Microbial Products, Fujian Institute of Microbiology, Fuzhou 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinuo Wang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wu
- Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, People's Republic of China; Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Feng XY, Li JH, Li RJ, Yuan SZ, Sun YJ, Peng XP, Dong H, Lou HX, Li G. Structures, Biosynthesis, and Bioactivity of Oligomycins from the Marine-Derived Streptomyces sp. FXY-T5. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1082-1095. [PMID: 38169320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Oligomycins are potent antifungal and antitumor agents. Mass spectrometry (MS)- and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic fingerprinting analysis of marine-derived actinomycetes in our in-house library provided an oligomycin-producing strain, Streptomyces sp. FXY-T5. Chemical investigation led to the discovery of five new oligomycins, 24-lumooligomycin B (1), 4-lumooligomycin B (2), 6-lumooligomycin B (3), 40-homooligomycin B (4), and 15-hydroxy-oligomycin B (5), together with seven biosynthetically related known derivatives. Their structures were assigned by MS, NMR, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The biosynthesis pathway of oligomycins was first proposed based on the analysis of a type I modular polyketide synthase (PKS) system and targeted gene disruption. As expected, the isolated oligomycins showed significant antiagricultural fungal pathogen activity and antiproliferative properties from which the possible structure-activity relationships were first suggested. More importantly, oligomycins induced significant G1-phase cell cycle arrest on cancer cells and significantly attenuated their Cyclin D1 and PCNA expression through a β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yan Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Zhi Yuan
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Jun Sun
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Peng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
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3
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Chakraborty M, Mahmud NU, Muzahid ANM, Rabby SMF, Islam T. Oligomycins inhibit Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum and suppress wheat blast disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233665. [PMID: 32804955 PMCID: PMC7430738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligomycins are macrolide antibiotics, produced by Streptomyces spp. that show antagonistic effects against several microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, nematodes and the oomycete Plasmopara viticola. Conidiogenesis, germination of conidia and formation of appressoria are determining factors pertaining to pathogenicity and successful diseases cycles of filamentous fungal phytopathogens. The goal of this research was to evaluate the in vitro suppressive effects of two oligomycins, oligomycin B and F along with a commercial fungicide Nativo® 75WG on hyphal growth, conidiogenesis, conidial germination, and appressorial formation of the wheat blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum (MoT) pathotype. We also determined the efficacy of these two oligomycins and the fungicide product in vivo in suppressing wheat blast with a detached leaf assay. Both oligomycins suppressed the growth of MoT mycelium in a dose dependent manner. Between the two natural products, oligomycin F provided higher inhibition of MoT hyphal growth compared to oligomycin B with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.005 and 0.05 μg/disk, respectively. The application of the compounds completely halted conidial formation of the MoT mycelium in agar medium. Further bioassays showed that these compounds significantly inhibited MoT conidia germination and induced lysis. The compounds also caused abnormal germ tube formation and suppressed appressorial formation of germinated spores. Interestingly, the application of these macrolides significantly inhibited wheat blast on detached leaves of wheat. This is the first report on the inhibition of mycelial growth, conidiogenesis, germination of conidia, deleterious morphological changes in germinated conidia, and suppression of blast disease of wheat by oligomycins from Streptomyces spp. Further study is needed to unravel the precise mode of action of these natural compounds and consider them as biopesticides for controlling wheat blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moutoshi Chakraborty
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Nur Uddin Mahmud
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Naim Md. Muzahid
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - S. M. Fajle Rabby
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Tofazzal Islam
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
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Hrdý J, Súkeníková L, Petrásková P, Novotná O, Kahoun D, Petříček M, Chroňáková A, Petříčková K. Inhibition of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines by Metabolites of Streptomycetes-A Potential Alternative to Current Anti-Inflammatory Drugs? Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050621. [PMID: 32344935 PMCID: PMC7284804 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Current treatment of chronic diseases includes, among others, application of cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, cellular therapies, and immunostimulants. As all the underlying mechanisms of a particular diseases are not always fully clarified, treatment can be inefficient and associated with various, sometimes serious, side effects. Small secondary metabolites produced by various microbes represent an attractive alternative as future anti-inflammatory drug leads. Compared to current drugs, they are cheaper, can often be administered orally, but still can keep a high target-specificity. Some compounds produced by actinomycetes or fungi have already been used as immunomodulators—tacrolimus, sirolimus, and cyclosporine. This work documents strong anti-inflammatory features of another secondary metabolite of streptomycetes—manumycin-type polyketides. We compared the effect of four related compounds: manumycin A, manumycin B, asukamycin, and colabomycin E on activation and survival of human monocyte/macrophage cell line THP-1. The anti-cancer effect of manucycine A has been demonstrated; the immunomodulatory capacities of manumycin A are obvious when using micromolar concentrations. The application of all four compounds in 0.25–5 μM concentrations leads to efficient, concentration-dependent inhibition of IL-1β and TNF expression in THP-1 upon LPS stimulation, while the three latter compounds show a significantly lower pro-apoptotic effect than manumycin A. We have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory capacity of selected manumycin-type polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Hrdý
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.P.); (O.N.); (M.P.); (K.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lenka Súkeníková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.P.); (O.N.); (M.P.); (K.P.)
| | - Petra Petrásková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.P.); (O.N.); (M.P.); (K.P.)
| | - Olga Novotná
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.P.); (O.N.); (M.P.); (K.P.)
| | - David Kahoun
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Miroslav Petříček
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.P.); (O.N.); (M.P.); (K.P.)
| | - Alica Chroňáková
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Petříčková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.P.); (O.N.); (M.P.); (K.P.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
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5
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In-vitro assessment of antimicrobial properties and lymphocytotoxicity assay of benzoisochromanequinones polyketide from Streptomyces sp JRG-04. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:117-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Salim AA, Tan L, Huang XC, Cho KJ, Lacey E, Hancock JF, Capon RJ. Oligomycins as inhibitors of K-Ras plasma membrane localisation. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:711-715. [PMID: 26565618 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02020d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Frequently present in pancreatic, colorectal and non-small cell lung carcinomas, oncogenic mutant K-Ras must be localised to the plasma membrane (PM) to be functional. Inhibitors of K-Ras PM localisation are therefore putative cancer chemotherapeutics. By screening a microbial extract library in a high content cell-based assay we detected the rare oligomycin class of Streptomyces polyketides as inhibitors of K-Ras PM localisation. Cultivation and fractionation of three unique oligomycin producing Streptomyces strains yielded oligomycins A-E (1-5) and 21-hydroxy-oligomycin A (6), together with the new 21-hydroxy-oligomycin C (7) and 40-hydroxy-oligomycin B (8). Structures for 1-8 were assigned by detailed spectroscopic analysis. Cancer cell viability screening confirmed 1-8 were cytotoxic to human colorectal carcinoma cells (IC50 > 3 μM), and were inhibitors of the ABC transporter efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp), with 5 being comparable in potency to the positive control verapamil. Significantly, oligomycins 1-8 proved to be exceptionally potent inhibitors of K-Ras PM localisation (Emax 0.67-0.75 with an IC50 ~ 1.5-14 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Salim
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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7
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Dame ZT, Islam MT, Helmke E, von Tiedemann A, Laatsch H. Oligomycins and pamamycin homologs impair motility and induce lysis of zoospores of the grapevine downy mildew pathogen,Plasmopara viticola. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw167. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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8
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Yadav JS, Reddy NM, Rahman MA, Prasad AR. Synthesis of the Spiroketal Fragment of (-)-Ushikulide A. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Sato S, Iwata F, Yamada S, Katayama M. Neomaclafungins A-I: oligomycin-class macrolides from a marine-derived actinomycete. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:1974-1982. [PMID: 23102410 DOI: 10.1021/np300719g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nine new 26-membered macrolides of the oligomycin subfamily, neomaclafungins A-I, were isolated from the fermentation broth of Actinoalloteichus sp. NPS702, which was isolated from marine sediment collected from Usa Bay, Kochi Prefecture, Japan. Their structures were identified through mass spectrometry and NMR experiments. They belong to the oligomycin class and have several distinct features including the presence of alkane or alkanol branches. Neomaclafungins A-I exhibited significant antifungal activity in vitro against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (ATCC 9533), showing MIC values between 1 and 3 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seizo Sato
- Central Research Laboratory, Tokyo Innovation Center , Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd. 32-3 Nanakuni 1 chome, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0991, Japan
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10
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Yang PW, Li MG, Zhao JY, Zhu MZ, Shang H, Li JR, Cui XL, Huang R, Wen ML. Oligomycins A and C, major secondary metabolites isolated from the newly isolated strain Streptomyces diastaticus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2010; 55:10-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-010-0002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Lysenkova LN, Turchin KF, Danilenko VN, Korolev AM, Preobrazhenskaya MN. The first examples of chemical modification of oligomycin A. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2009; 63:17-22. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2009.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Wagenaar MM, Williamson RT, Ho DM, Carter GT. Structure and absolute stereochemistry of 21-hydroxyoligomycin A. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007; 70:367-71. [PMID: 17249728 DOI: 10.1021/np060519u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
21-Hydroxyoligomycin A (1) was isolated from Streptomyces cyaneogriseus ssp. noncyanogenus (LL-F28249) and fully characterized by NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The complete 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift assignments for 1 were made using 2D NMR experiments, and the chirality at C-21 was deduced to be R from a J-based configuration analysis. The absolute configuration at C-21 and at the other 18 chiral centers in the molecule were independently confirmed by anomalous dispersion measurements on a crystal of the chloroform methanol solvate of 21-hydroxyoligomycin A (1).
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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14
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Lotesta SD, Hou Y, Williams LJ. A Spirodiepoxide-Based Strategy to the A−B Ring System of Pectenotoxin 4. Org Lett 2007; 9:869-72. [PMID: 17286409 DOI: 10.1021/ol063087n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A synthesis of a pectenotoxin 4 C1-C15 segment is reported. Suitable C1-C7 and C8-C15 segments were prepared, coupled, converted to I and the C3-hydroxy variant, and then cyclized. Key findings include the stereoselective conversion of the allene to the corresponding spirodiepoxide, oxidative cleavage of the p-methoxybenzyl ether, and cyclization of the spirodiepoxide to spiroketal II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Lotesta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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15
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Wei X, Yunxiang L, Yinghua Z. Enhancement and selective production of oligomycin through inactivation of avermectin's starter unit in Streptomyces avermitilis. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:911-6. [PMID: 16786277 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Oligomycin and its analogues, produced by Streptomyces avermitilis and other actinomycetes, are of interest for their potent and selective biological activities. PCR-mediated gene replacement, targeting bkdF, one of avermectin's starter unit encoding genes in S. avermitilis, was performed to yield an oligomycin producer, BIB0423. The engineered strain produced oligomycin A at 2.3 mg/ml compared to the wild type strain at 0.1 mg/ml. This resulting mutant was genetically stable and should be useful for the industrial production of oligomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Wei
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
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16
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Takahashi K, Yoshihara T, Kurosawa K. Ushikulides A and B, immunosuppressants produced by a strain of Streptomyces sp. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2005; 58:420-4. [PMID: 16156521 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2005.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Novel immunosuppressants, ushikulides A and B, were isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp. IUK-102. Ushikulides A and B both have the same molecular formula, determined as C40H68O10. The structures of both compounds were elucidated to be novel 22-membered macrolides. Both compounds showed immunosuppressive activity for murine splenocyte proliferation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosaku Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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17
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Kundu B, Khare SK. Recent advances in immunosuppressants. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1999; 52:1-51. [PMID: 10396125 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8730-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a large number of structurally diverse immunosuppressants have been discovered that are effective for the treatment of organ transplantation. Some of them are undergoing clinical trials and may soon enter into routine clinical practice. These compounds are either chemical entities obtained from natural sources/synthetic means or biomaterials such as monoclonal antibodies/gene products/proteins. They have been found to interfere at different stages of T cell activation and proliferation, and can be identified as inhibitors of nucleotide synthesis, growth factor signal transduction and differentiation. Newer strategies involving combination of new agents with traditional immunosuppressants, monoclonal antibodies and gene therapy offer enormous potential, not only for the investigation of mechanisms pertaining to graft rejection, but also for its therapeutic prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kundu
- Division of Biopolymers, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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18
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Oligomycins B and C: complete ab initio assignments of their 1H and 13C NMR spectra and a study of their conformations in solution. J Mol Struct 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(98)00441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Kernen P, Vogel P. Synthesis of Polypropionate Fragments Containing Tertiary-Alcohol Moieties. Cross-aldolisations with lithium enolates of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one derivatives. Helv Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19950780205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Nakata M, Ishiyama T, Akamatsu S, Hirose Y, Maruoka H, Suzuki R, Tatsuta K. Synthetic Studies on Oligomycins. Synthesis of the Oligomycin B Spiroketal and Polypropionate Portions. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1995. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.68.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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