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Wu Z, Xia Z, Tang Z, Li J, Liu W. Mutasynthesis generates nine new pyrroindomycins. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2813-2818. [PMID: 38511276 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00239c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Pyrroindomycins (PYRs) represent the only spirotetramate natural products discovered in nature, and possess potent activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Their unique structure and impressive biological activities make them attractive targets for synthesis and biosynthesis; however, the discovery and generation of new PYRs remains challenging. To date, only the initial components A and B have been reported. Herein, we report a mutasynthesis approach for the generation of nine new PYRs with varying acyl modifications on their deoxy-trisaccharide moieties. This was achieved by blocking the formation of the acyl group 1,8-dihydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole (DHPI) via gene pyrK1 inactivation and supplying chemical acyl precursors. The gene pyrK1 encodes a DUF1864 family protein that probably catalyzes the oxidative transformation of L-tryptophan to DHPI, and its deletion results in the abolishment of DHPI-containing PYRs and the accumulation of three new PYRs either without acyl modification or with DHPI replaced by benzoic acid and pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid. Capitalizing on the capacity of the ΔpyrK1 mutant to produce new PYRs, we have successfully developed a mutasynthesis strategy for the generation of six novel PYR analogs with various aromatic acid modifications on their deoxy-trisaccharide moieties, showcasing the potential for generating structurally diverse PYRs. Overall, this research contributes significantly to understanding the biosynthesis of PYRs and offers valuable perspectives on their structural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhua Wu
- National key Laboratory of Lead druggability Research, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Copernicus Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zhengxiang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, 399 Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Zhijun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Ji'an Li
- National key Laboratory of Lead druggability Research, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Copernicus Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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2
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Mo NF, Zhang Y, Guan ZH. Highly Enantioselective Three-Component Povarov Reaction for Direct Construction of Azaspirocycles. Org Lett 2022; 24:6397-6401. [PMID: 36018318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric organocatalyzed three-component Povarov reaction to construct azaspirocycles has been developed. A chiral phosphoric acid OCF-CPA bearing o-CF3-aryl on the H8-BINOL-framework is highly efficient in the reaction. The reaction was carried out under mind conditions for synthesis of a range of azaspirocycles in high yields and high to excellent enantioselectivities, thus expending the substrate scope of the traditional Povarov reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Fang Mo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Hui Guan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P.R. China
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3
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Sun C, Tian W, Lin Z, Qu X. Biosynthesis of pyrroloindoline-containing natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1721-1765. [PMID: 35762180 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00030j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022Pyrroloindoline is a privileged tricyclic indoline motif widely present in many biologically active and medicinally valuable natural products. Thus, understanding the biosynthesis of this molecule is critical for developing convenient synthetic routes, which is highly challenging for its chemical synthesis due to the presence of rich chiral centers in this molecule, especially the fully substituted chiral carbon center at the C3-position of its rigid tricyclic structure. In recent years, progress has been made in elucidating the biosynthetic pathways and enzymatic mechanisms of pyrroloindoline-containing natural products (PiNPs). This article reviews the main advances in the past few decades based on the different substitutions on the C3 position of PiNPs, especially the various key enzymatic mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of different types of PiNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Wenya Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Zhi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xudong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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4
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I2/PhI(OAc)2-assisted oxidative C-H amination protocols toward metal-free pragmatic synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Sar S, Tripathi A, Dubey KD, Sen S. Iodine-Catalyzed Aerobic Diazenylation-Amination of Indole Derivatives. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3748-3756. [PMID: 32019297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A mild strategy for consecutive diazenylation and amination of indole moieties has been demonstrated. The functionalization occurs at C3 and C2 carbon atoms, respectively, at the indole scaffold in the presence of catalytic iodine and air at 40 °C in the 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) solvent. It is noteworthy that the aromatic amines are generated in situ by the reaction of aryl hydrazine with iodine. In general, bright red products are obtained in moderate to good yield. Control reactions are conducted to establish the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Sar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, Chithera, Greater Noida, Gautam Budh Nagar, UP 201314, India
| | - Ankita Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, Chithera, Greater Noida, Gautam Budh Nagar, UP 201314, India
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, Chithera, Greater Noida, Gautam Budh Nagar, UP 201314, India
| | - Subhabrata Sen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, Chithera, Greater Noida, Gautam Budh Nagar, UP 201314, India
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6
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Zheng Q, Gong Y, Guo Y, Zhao Z, Wu Z, Zhou Z, Chen D, Pan L, Liu W. Structural Insights into a Flavin-Dependent [4 + 2] Cyclase that Catalyzes trans-Decalin Formation in Pyrroindomycin Biosynthesis. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:718-727.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Li X, Zheng Q, Yin J, Liu W, Gao S. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of equisetin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:4695-4697. [PMID: 28401214 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01929g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We here report that the biosynthesis of equisetin, a fungal tetramate natural product with potent anti-infectious activity, relies on Fsa2, a Diels-Alderase that constructs the trans-decalin system of the molecule in a stereo-selective manner. This finding led to the development of a concise chemo-enzymatic route toward the synthesis of equisetin, which involves facile preparation of a linear polyene precursor via 7-steps and Fsa2 activity for equisetin maturation through an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction, thus exemplifying the significance of the combination of chemical and biological methods to achieve structurally complex cyclic natural products and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
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8
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Zheng Q, Wu Z, Sun P, Chen D, Tian Z, Liu W. A linear hydroxymethyl tetramate undergoes an acetylation-elimination process for exocyclic methylene formation in the biosynthetic pathway of pyrroindomycins. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:88-91. [PMID: 27942669 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02567f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the isolation and characterization of a key linear intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of pyrroindomycins, the potent spirotetramate natural products produced by Streptomyces rugosporus. This polyene intermediate bears a γ-hydroxymethyl group that is exocyclic to the tetramate moiety, indicating that a serine residue serves as the three-carbon unit for tetramate formation and chain-elongation termination. The further conversion involves an acetylation-elimination of the exocyclic γ-hydroxymethyl group to generate a γ-methylene group, which is indispensable for intramolecular [4 + 2] cross-bridging to construct the characteristic pentacyclic core. The findings presented in this study provide new insights into the biosynthesis of pyrroindomycins, and thus suggest a common paradigm for both spirotetramates and spirotetronates in processing the exocyclic γ-hydroxymethyl group of the five-membered heterocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zhuhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China. and Research Center for Marine Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China. and Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China. and Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
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9
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Son S, Hong YS, Jang M, Heo KT, Lee B, Jang JP, Kim JW, Ryoo IJ, Kim WG, Ko SK, Kim BY, Jang JH, Ahn JS. Genomics-Driven Discovery of Chlorinated Cyclic Hexapeptides Ulleungmycins A and B from a Streptomyces Species. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:3025-3031. [PMID: 29083895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the genome sequence of Streptomyces sp. KCB13F003 showed the presence of a cryptic gene cluster encoding flavin-dependent halogenase and nonribosomal peptide synthetase. Pleiotropic approaches using multiple culture media followed by LC-MS-guided isolation and spectroscopic analysis enabled the identification of two new chlorinated cyclic hexapeptides, ulleungmycins A and B (1 and 2). Their structures, including absolute configurations, were determined by 1D and 2D NMR techniques, advanced Marfey's analysis, and GITC derivatization. The new peptides, featuring unusual amino acids 5-chloro-l-tryptophan and d-homoleucine, exhibited moderate antibacterial activities against Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria including methicillin-resistant and quinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkeun Son
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Cheongju 28116, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Hong
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Cheongju 28116, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Mina Jang
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Cheongju 28116, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kyung Taek Heo
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Cheongju 28116, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Byeongsan Lee
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jun-Pil Jang
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jong-Won Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - In-Ja Ryoo
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Won-Gon Kim
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Superbacteria Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sung-Kyun Ko
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Cheongju 28116, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Cheongju 28116, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Jang
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Cheongju 28116, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jong Seog Ahn
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Cheongju 28116, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon 34141, Korea
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10
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Yang ZY, Tian T, Du YF, Li SY, Chu CC, Chen LY, Li D, Liu JY, Wang B. Direct intramolecular amination of tryptophan esters to prepare pyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:8050-8053. [PMID: 28671697 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03983b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free iodine-catalyzed intramolecular amination has been developed for the practical synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles from readily available tryptophan esters. The transformation has been applied to a wide array of substrates and can be performed on gram scale under very mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Abstract
[4 + 2]-Cycloadditions are increasingly being recognized in the biosynthetic pathways of many structurally complex natural products. A relatively small collection of enzymes from these pathways have been demonstrated to increase rates of cyclization and impose stereochemical constraints on the reactions. While mechanistic investigation of these enzymes is just beginning, recent studies have provided new insights with implications for understanding their biosynthetic roles, mechanisms of catalysis, and evolutionary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Sun Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Shao-An Wang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mark W Ruszczycky
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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12
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Chen M, Liu J, Duan P, Li M, Liu W. Biosynthesis and molecular engineering of templated natural products. Natl Sci Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nww045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Bioactive small molecules that are produced by living organisms, often referred to as natural products (NPs), historically play a critical role in the context of both medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. How nature creates these chemical entities with stunning structural complexity and diversity using a limited range of simple substrates has not been fully understood. Focusing on two types of NPs that share a highly evolvable ‘template’-biosynthetic logic, we here provide specific examples to highlight the conceptual and technological leaps in NP biosynthesis and witness the area of progress since the beginning of the twenty-first century. The biosynthesis of polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides and their hybrids that share an assembly-line enzymology of modular multifunctional proteins exemplifies an extended ‘central dogma’ that correlates the genotype of catalysts with the chemotype of products; in parallel, post-translational modifications of ribosomally synthesized peptides involve a number of unusual biochemical mechanisms for molecular maturation. Understanding the biosynthetic processes of these templated NPs would largely facilitate the design, development and utilization of compatible biosynthetic machineries to address the challenge that often arises from structural complexity to the accessibility and efficiency of current chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Panpan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mulin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, Huzhou 313000, China
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13
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Hemmerling F, Hahn F. Biosynthesis of oxygen and nitrogen-containing heterocycles in polyketides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1512-50. [PMID: 27559404 PMCID: PMC4979870 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the biosynthesis of heterocycles in polyketide natural products with a focus on oxygen and nitrogen-containing heterocycles with ring sizes between 3 and 6 atoms. Heterocycles are abundant structural elements of natural products from all classes and they often contribute significantly to their biological activity. Progress in recent years has led to a much better understanding of their biosynthesis. In this context, plenty of novel enzymology has been discovered, suggesting that these pathways are an attractive target for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hemmerling
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Zentrum für Biomolekulare Wirkstoffe, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany; Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Frank Hahn
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Zentrum für Biomolekulare Wirkstoffe, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany; Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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14
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Minami A, Oikawa H. Recent advances of Diels–Alderases involved in natural product biosynthesis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:500-6. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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Pang B, Wang M, Liu W. Cyclization of polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides on and off their assembly lines. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:162-73. [PMID: 26604034 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00095e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are multifunctional megaenzymes that serve as templates to program the assembly of short carboxylic acids and amino acids in a primarily co-linear manner. The variation, combination, permutation and evolution of their functional units (e.g., modules, domains and proteins) along with their association with external enzymes have resulted in the generation of numerous versions of templates, the roles of which have not been fully recognized in the structural diversification of polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides and their hybrids present in nature. In this Highlight, we focus on the assembly-line enzymology and associated chemistry by providing examples of some newly characterized cyclization reactions that occur on and off the assembly lines during and after chain elongation for the purpose of elucidating the template effects of PKSs and NRPSs. A fundamental understanding of the underlying biosynthetic logic would facilitate the elucidation of chemical information contained within the PKS or NRPS templates and benefit the development of strategies for genome mining, biosynthesis-inspired chemical synthesis and combinatorial biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China. and Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
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16
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Klas K, Tsukamoto S, Sherman DH, Williams RM. Natural Diels-Alderases: Elusive and Irresistable. J Org Chem 2016; 80:11672-85. [PMID: 26495876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eight examples of biosynthetic pathways wherein a natural enzyme has been identified and claimed to function as a catalyst for the [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction, namely, Diels-Alderases, are briefly reviewed. These are discussed in the context of the mechanistic challenges associated with the technical difficulty of proving that the net formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition under study indeed proceeds through a synchronous mechanism and that the putative biosynthetic enzyme deploys the pericyclic transition state required for a Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Klas
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States
| | - Sachiko Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University , 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, and Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, United States.,University of Colorado Cancer Center , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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17
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Pang B, Zhong G, Tang Z, Liu W. Enzymatic [4+2] Cycloadditions in the Biosynthesis of Spirotetramates and Spirotetronates. Methods Enzymol 2016; 575:39-63. [PMID: 27417924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reaction is a quintessential type of [4+2] cycloaddition that remains one of the most intriguing transformations in synthetic chemistry. This reaction has long been envisaged to participate in the biosynthesis of a number of cyclohexene-containing natural products, although the question of whether a bona fide Diels-Alderase exists remains unsolved. In nature, there are remarkably few enzymes known to have the activity of [4+2] cycloaddition. These enzymes are phylogenetically distinct and are often classified according to the specific chemical structures. The variation of protein ancestors and in many cases the instability/complexity of the substrates and products pose a significant challenge in identification of the [4+2] cycloaddition catalysts using general homology-based mining approaches. We here provide the detailed description of the multiple comparison-based strategy and methods for the characterization of two distinct types of dedicated [4+2] cyclases (eg, PyrE3 and PyrI4) in the biosynthesis of spirotetramates and spirotetronates, where they act in tandem for coordinated cross-bridging of a linear polyene intermediate into a enantiomerically pure pentacyclic core. The search of new protein scaffolds with the [4+2] cycloaddition activity could enrich the pool of the candidates for mechanistic examination of a true enzymatic Diels-Alder reaction. The protocols presented in this study would also be applicable to the study of other functionally similar but phylogenetically different proteins, eg, the spiroketal cyclases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - G Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Z Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - W Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China; Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, Huzhou, PR China.
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18
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Enzyme-Dependent [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Depends on Lid-like Interaction of the N-Terminal Sequence with the Catalytic Core in PyrI4. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:352-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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An enzymatic [4+2] cyclization cascade creates the pentacyclic core of pyrroindomycins. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:259-65. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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20
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Total synthesis of virgineone aglycone and stereochemical assignment of natural virgineone. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Wu Q, Wu Z, Qu X, Liu W. Insights into Pyrroindomycin Biosynthesis Reveal a Uniform Paradigm for Tetramate/Tetronate Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:17342-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja304829g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032,
China
| | - Zhuhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032,
China
| | - Xudong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032,
China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032,
China
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22
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Abstract
A study toward the unusual spirotetramate core of the pyrroindomycin antibiotics employing an intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction of an exo-methylene tetramic acid dienophile is described. The exo-methylene tetramate is readily synthesized from S-methylcysteine, and its reactivity as a dienophile is compared with that of related dehydroalanine derivatives. An alternative approach to spirotetramates using a nitroalkene dienophile is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Butt
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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23
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Schobert R, Schlenk A. Tetramic and tetronic acids: an update on new derivatives and biological aspects. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:4203-21. [PMID: 18334299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Significant developments in the isolation of tetramic acids and tetronic acids, in the elucidation of their biosyntheses and their biological activities and in laboratory syntheses are reviewed with a focus on those derivatives with medicinal and pharmacological relevance. Important new members of the title compound families isolated since the year 2000 are covered as well as new biological aspects of some earlier congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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24
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Zehner S, Kotzsch A, Bister B, Süssmuth RD, Méndez C, Salas JA, van Pée KH. A regioselective tryptophan 5-halogenase is involved in pyrroindomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces rugosporus LL-42D005. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:445-52. [PMID: 15850981 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Revised: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The antibiotic compound pyrroindomycin B contains an indole ring chlorinated in the 5 position. The indole ring is probably derived from tryptophan, and thus primers derived from conserved regions of tryptophan halogenases were used to amplify and clone a DNA fragment that was then used to isolate a tryptophan 5-halogenase gene (pyrH) from a cosmid library of the pyrroindomycin producer Streptomyces rugosporus LL-42D005. A gene disruption mutant in the tryptophan 5-halogenase gene no longer produced pyrroindomycin B, but still produced pyrroindomycin A, the nonhalogenated derivative. The halogenase gene could be overexpressed in Pseudomonas fluorescens BL915 DeltaORF1 and was purified to homogeneity by immobilized metal chelate ion affinity chromatography. Chlorinating and brominating activities with tryptophan as a substrate were detected in cell-free extracts and for the purified enzyme.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/biosynthesis
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/genetics
- Genes, Fungal
- Genetic Vectors
- Macrolides/metabolism
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/isolation & purification
- Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Plasmids/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
- Streptomyces/enzymology
- Streptomyces/genetics
- Streptomyces/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Zehner
- Institut für Biochemie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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25
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Kling E, Schmid C, Unversucht S, Wage T, Zehner S, van Pée KH. Enzymatic incorporation of halogen atoms into natural compounds. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2005:165-94. [PMID: 15645721 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27055-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Kling
- Institut für Biochemie, TU Dresden, Germany
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26
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Oikawa H, Tokiwano T. Enzymatic catalysis of the Diels–Alder reaction in the biosynthesis of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2004; 21:321-52. [PMID: 15162222 DOI: 10.1039/b305068h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on enzymes catalyzing the Diels- Alder reaction. often named "Diels-Alderases", clearlydemonstrated the involvement of this synthetically useful reaction in the biosynthesis of natural products.This review covers natural Diels-Alder type cycloadducts. synthetic efforts on the chemical feasibility ofthe biosynthctic Diels - Alder reaction and a brief history of studies on Diels-Alderases. In addition,reaction mechanisms of artificial and natural Diels--Alderases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Oikawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku Kita 10 Jo Nishi 8 Chome, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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27
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Gossauer A. Monopyrrolic natural compounds including tetramic acid derivatives. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2003; 86:1-188. [PMID: 12899123 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6029-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gossauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Alksne LE, Burgio P, Hu W, Feld B, Singh MP, Tuckman M, Petersen PJ, Labthavikul P, McGlynn M, Barbieri L, McDonald L, Bradford P, Dushin RG, Rothstein D, Projan SJ. Identification and analysis of bacterial protein secretion inhibitors utilizing a SecA-LacZ reporter fusion system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:1418-27. [PMID: 10817687 PMCID: PMC89891 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.6.1418-1427.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein secretion is an essential process for bacterial growth, yet there are few if any antimicrobial agents which inhibit secretion. An in vivo, high-throughput screen to detect secretion inhibitors was developed based on the translational autoregulation of one of the central protein components, SecA. The assay makes use of a SecA-LacZ fusion reporter construct in Escherichia coli which is induced when secretion is perturbed. Several compounds, including two natural product extracts, which had the ability to induce the reporter fusion were identified and the MICs of these compounds for Staphylococcus aureus strain MN8 were found to be < or =128 microg/ml. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and immunoprecipitation techniques were used to analyze the affects of these compounds on protein secretion. Six representative compounds presented here appear to be bona fide secretion inhibitors but were found to have deleterious effects on membranes. It was concluded that, while the method described here for identifying inhibitors of secretion is valid, screens such as this, which are directed against the membrane-bound portion of a pathway, may preferentially identify compounds which affect membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Alksne
- Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
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29
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Le Quesne PW, Dong Y, Blythe TA. Recent Research on Pyrrole Alkaloids. ALKALOIDS: CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-8210(99)80026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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