1
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Cao F, Zhang MK, Yang X, Xu CX, Cheng JT, Zhao QW, Wu R, Sheng R, Mao XM. A target and efficient synthetic strategy for structural and bioactivity optimization of a fungal natural product. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 229:114067. [PMID: 34973507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drugs have been largely inspired from natural products, while enzymes underlying their biosynthesis have enabled complex structures and diverse bioactivities. Nevertheless, the high enzyme specificity and limited in vivo precursor types have restricted the natural product reservoir, but Nature has imprinted natural products with active sites, which can be readily modified by chemosynthesis with various functional groups for more favorable druggability. Here in the less exploited fungal natural products, we introduced CtvA, a polyketide synthase for a mycotoxin citreoviridin biosynthesis in Aspergillus, into an endophytic fungus Calcarisporium arbuscula to expand tetrahydrofuran (THF) into a dioxabicyclo-octane (DBO) ring moiety based on versatility and promiscuity of the aurovertin biosynthetic enzyme. Alternative acylations on the hydroxyl groups essential for cell toxicity by chemosynthesis produced compounds with improved anti-tumor activities and pharmacokinetics. Thus, we showed an effective strategic way to optimize the fungal natural product efficiently for more promising drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Min-Kui Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Chu-Xuan Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jin-Tao Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qing-Wei Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Rong Sheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Xu-Ming Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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2
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Gubiani JR, Bernardi DI, De Paula CCP, Seleghim MHR, Ferreira AG, Batista ANL, Batista JM, Oliveira LFP, Lira SP, Burdette JE, Berlinck RGS. Absolute configuration of cytotoxic anthraquinones from a Brazilian cave soil-derived fungus, Aspergillus sp. SDC28. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2100441. [PMID: 35099085 PMCID: PMC8983557 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Microbial strains isolated from extreme and understudied environments, such as caves, are still poorly investigated for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. Investigation of the ethyl acetate extract from the growth medium produced by the soil-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. SDC28, isolated from a Brazilian cave, yielded two anthraquinones: versicolorin C (1) and versiconol (2). The complete assignment of nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopic data of 1 and 2 was performed for the first time. Moreover, the yet unreported absolute configuration of both compounds was unambiguously established by analysis of experimental and theoretical electronic circular dichroism data. Vibrational circular dichroism was also applied to confirm the absolute stereochemistry of 2. Compounds 1 and 2 showed cytotoxic activity against human ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R Gubiani
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Darlon I Bernardi
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Caio C P De Paula
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.,Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Mirna H R Seleghim
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Antonio G Ferreira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - João M Batista
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Lucianne F P Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Simone P Lira
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Ashland, Oregon, USA
| | - Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
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3
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Yu X, Xing X, Dong Q, Shi K, Yan R. Separation, quantification and characterisation of the pigment produced by Paecilomyces lilacinus TD16. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:5053-5057. [PMID: 33896278 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1912750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fungal pigments are important natural products with a wide range of applications. In this study, the purple-red pigment produced by the fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus TD16 (TD16 pigment) was separated with acidulated ethyl acetate and purified by silica gel column chromatography. Results of UV-visible spectrum and HPLC analyses showed that TD16 pigment is a new polyketide pigment with three absorption peaks at 228, 272 and 527 nm and a retention time of 11.4665 min distinct from those of other Paecilomyces-sourced pigments. Results of kinetic analysis and antimicrobial activity assay showed that TD16 pigment is a non-growth-associated secondary products with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity on both bacteria and fungi and thus of potential application in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyong Yu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangying Xing
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Qinglin Dong
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Kangli Shi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ran Yan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
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4
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Dai ZB, Wang X, Li GH. Secondary Metabolites and Their Bioactivities Produced by Paecilomyces. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215077. [PMID: 33139652 PMCID: PMC7663581 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paecilomyces, a common saprobic filamentous fungus, not only plays an important role in biological control, but also has applications in medicine, food, and environmental protection. In this paper, 223 secondary metabolites and their bioactivities from 13 known species and various unidentified strains of Paecilomyces are reviewed. Their structures can be described as polyketide, terpenoid, peptide, alkaloid, quinone, pyrone, sterol, and fatty acid. They have been demonstrated varying biological activities, including antimicrobial, antitumor, insecticidal, antiplasmodial, antimalarial, nematicidal, herbicidal, and enzyme-inhibiting. This review provides a comprehensive overview of secondary metabolites and their biological activities from strains of Paecilomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Bao Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China;
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China;
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (G.-H.L.); Tel.: +86-871-65031092 (X.W.); +86-871-65032538 (G.-H.L.)
| | - Guo-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China;
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (G.-H.L.); Tel.: +86-871-65031092 (X.W.); +86-871-65032538 (G.-H.L.)
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5
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The Structural Diversity of Marine Microbial Secondary Metabolites Based on Co-Culture Strategy: 2009-2019. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18090449. [PMID: 32867339 PMCID: PMC7551240 DOI: 10.3390/md18090449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine microorganisms have drawn great attention as novel bioactive natural product sources, particularly in the drug discovery area. Using different strategies, marine microbes have the ability to produce a wide variety of molecules. One of these strategies is the co-culturing of marine microbes; if two or more microorganisms are aseptically cultured together in a solid or liquid medium in a certain environment, their competition or synergetic relationship can activate the silent biosynthetic genes to produce cryptic natural products which do not exist in monocultures of the partner microbes. In recent years, the co-cultivation strategy of marine microbes has made more novel natural products with various biological activities. This review focuses on the significant and excellent examples covering sources, types, structures and bioactivities of secondary metabolites based on co-cultures of marine-derived microorganisms from 2009 to 2019. A detailed discussion on future prospects and current challenges in the field of co-culture is also provided on behalf of the authors’ own views of development tendencies.
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6
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Li XQ, Xu K, Liu XM, Zhang P. A Systematic Review on Secondary Metabolites of Paecilomyces Species: Chemical Diversity and Biological Activity. PLANTA MEDICA 2020; 86:805-821. [PMID: 32645741 DOI: 10.1055/a-1196-1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are well known for their ability to synthesize secondary metabolites, which have proven to be a rich resource for exploring lead compounds with medicinal and/or agricultural importance. The genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Talaromyces are the most widely studied fungal groups, from which a plethora of bioactive metabolites have been characterized. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the genus Paecilomyces, which has been reported to possess great potential for its application as a biocontrol agent. Meanwhile, a wide structural array of metabolites with attractive bioactivities has been reported from this genus. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of Paecilomyces species, with emphasis on the chemical diversity and relevant biological activities of these metabolic products. Herein, a total of 148 compounds and 80 references are cited in this review, which is expected to be beneficial for the development of medicines and agrochemicals in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qi Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kuo Xu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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7
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8
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Chaudhary NK, Pitt JI, Lacey E, Crombie A, Vuong D, Piggott AM, Karuso P. Banksialactones and Banksiamarins: Isochromanones and Isocoumarins from an Australian Fungus, Aspergillus banksianus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:1517-1526. [PMID: 29920099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of an Australian fungus, Aspergillus banksianus, led to the isolation of the major metabolite banksialactone A (1), eight new isochromanones, banksialactones B-I (2-9), two new isocoumarins, banksiamarins A and B (10 and 11), and the reported compounds, clearanol I (12), dothideomynone A (13), questin (14), and endocrocin (15). The structures of 1-11 were established by NMR spectroscopic data analysis, and the absolute configurations were determined from optical rotations and ECD spectra in conjunction with TD-DFT calculations. The secondary metabolite profile of A. banksianus is unusual, with the 11 most abundant metabolites belonging to a single isochromanone class. Conjugation of 1 with endocrocin, 5-methylorsellinic acid, 3,5-dimethylorsellinic acid, mercaptolactic acid, and an unknown methylthio source gave rise to five unprecedented biosynthetic hybrids, 5-9. The isolated compounds were tested for cytotoxicity, antibacterial, and antifungal activities, with hybrid metabolites 7-9 displaying weak cytotoxic and antibiotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal K Chaudhary
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW 2109 , Australia
| | - John I Pitt
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation , North Ryde , NSW 2113 , Australia
| | - Ernest Lacey
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW 2109 , Australia
- Microbial Screening Technologies Pty. Ltd. , Smithfield , NSW 2164 , Australia
| | - Andrew Crombie
- Microbial Screening Technologies Pty. Ltd. , Smithfield , NSW 2164 , Australia
| | - Daniel Vuong
- Microbial Screening Technologies Pty. Ltd. , Smithfield , NSW 2164 , Australia
| | - Andrew M Piggott
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW 2109 , Australia
| | - Peter Karuso
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW 2109 , Australia
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9
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Mao XM, Xu W, Li D, Yin WB, Chooi YH, Li YQ, Tang Y, Hu Y. Epigenetic genome mining of an endophytic fungus leads to the pleiotropic biosynthesis of natural products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7592-6. [PMID: 26013262 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The small-molecule biosynthetic potential of most filamentous fungi has remained largely unexplored and represents an attractive source for the discovery of new compounds. Genome sequencing of Calcarisporium arbuscula, a mushroom-endophytic fungus, revealed 68 core genes that are involved in natural product biosynthesis. This is in sharp contrast to the predominant production of the ATPase inhibitors aurovertin B and D in the wild-type fungus. Inactivation of a histone H3 deacetylase led to pleiotropic activation and overexpression of more than 75 % of the biosynthetic genes. Sampling of the overproduced compounds led to the isolation of ten compounds of which four contained new structures, including the cyclic peptides arbumycin and arbumelin, the diterpenoid arbuscullic acid A, and the meroterpenoid arbuscullic acid B. Such epigenetic modifications therefore provide a rapid and global approach to mine the chemical diversity of endophytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Ming Mao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA).,College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058 (China)
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA)
| | - Dehai Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA).,Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 (China)
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA).,Current address: State Key Laboratory of Mycology, The Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101 (China)
| | - Yit-Heng Chooi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA).,Current address: Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 (Australia)
| | - Yong-Quan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058 (China)
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA).
| | - Youcai Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA). .,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050 (China).
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10
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Mao XM, Xu W, Li D, Yin WB, Chooi YH, Li YQ, Tang Y, Hu Y. Epigenetic Genome Mining of an Endophytic Fungus Leads to the Pleiotropic Biosynthesis of Natural Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Bharate SB, Sawant SD, Singh PP, Vishwakarma RA. Kinase inhibitors of marine origin. Chem Rev 2013; 113:6761-815. [PMID: 23679846 DOI: 10.1021/cr300410v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B Bharate
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
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12
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13
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Wu HY, Wang YL, Tan JL, Zhu CY, Li DX, Huang R, Zhang KQ, Niu XM. Regulation of the growth of cotton bollworms by metabolites from an entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces cateniobliquus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5604-5608. [PMID: 22607354 DOI: 10.1021/jf302054b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of one entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces cateniobliquus YMF1.01799 led to the isolation and identification of six metabolites, which include three new compounds (2-3, and 5) and three known metabolites. Their structures were established by spectroscopic studies such as 1D and 2D NMR and MS analysis. Insect growth experiments suggested that polyketide-derived compound 1 showed significant inhibitory effect on the growth of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, while terpenoid-derived metabolite 5 promoted the growth of the larvae. The findings revealed that the entomopathogenic fungus P. cateniobliquus could produce different types of metabolites to regulate growth of the insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
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14
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Velmurugan P, Lee YH, Nanthakumar K, Kamala-Kannan S, Dufossé L, Mapari SAS, Oh BT. Water-soluble red pigments from Isaria farinosa and structural characterization of the main colored component. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 50:581-90. [PMID: 20806258 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the red pigment synthesized by the filamentous fungi Isaria farinosa under submerged culture conditions. The pigment production was optimal under the following conditions: pH 5, agitation speed 150 rpm, temperature 27 °C, incubation time 192 h, light source total darkness, sucrose and glucose as carbon source, yeast extract, meat peptone and monosodium glutamate at a fixed concentration of 3% as nitrogen source. The addition of 10 mM CaCl₂ to the culture medium increased the biomass and pigment production. Structural elucidation of the pigment using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that the red pigment contains an anthraquinone-related compound. In addition, the isolated pigment was water soluble, and was stable when exposed to salt solution (96.1% of stability after treatment with sodium chloride), acid (72.1% with citric acid), heat (86.2% at 60 °C), and sunlight (99.4%). These results are promising to further exploit the fungal culture of Isaria farinosa for producing the red pigment and, subsequently, to considerably increase its yield. The study has commercial importance in the production of Isaria farinosa pigment for industrial application after considerable toxicological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Velmurugan
- Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environmental and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Fonzie J Quance-Fitch
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Wang J, Huang Y, Fang M, Zhang Y, Zheng Z, Zhao Y, Su W. Brefeldin A, a cytotoxin produced by Paecilomyces sp. and Aspergillus clavatus isolated from Taxus mairei and Torreya grandis. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 34:51-7. [PMID: 12208606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Paecilomyces sp. and Aspergillus clavatus, which were isolated from Taxus mairei and Torreya grandis from southeast China, produced toxic metabolites when grown in liquid culture. Nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, infrared spectrometry, electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy and X-ray analysis identified brefeldin A, a bioactive metabolite produced by a number of fungal species belonging to the genera Alternaria, Ascochyta, Penicillium, Curvularia, Cercospora and Phyllosticta. This is the first report of the isolation of the cytotoxin from Paecilomyces sp. and A. clavatus. The relevance of brefeldin A to the association between these fungi and their host plants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, P.O. Box 958, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bridges
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pearce
- MYCOsearch, Oncogene Science Inc. Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA
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