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Nuutila A, Xiao X, van der Heul HU, van Wezel GP, Dinis P, Elsayed SS, Metsä-Ketelä M. Divergence of Classical and C-Ring-Cleaved Angucyclines: Elucidation of Early Tailoring Steps in Lugdunomycin and Thioangucycline Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:1131-1141. [PMID: 38668630 PMCID: PMC11106748 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Angucyclines are an important group of microbial natural products that display tremendous chemical diversity. Classical angucyclines are composed of a tetracyclic benz[a]anthracene scaffold with one ring attached at an angular orientation. However, in atypical angucyclines, the polyaromatic aglycone is cleaved at A-, B-, or C-rings, leading to structural rearrangements and enabling further chemical variety. Here, we have elucidated the branching points in angucycline biosynthesis leading toward cleavage of the C-ring in lugdunomycin and thioangucycline biosynthesis. We showed that 12-hydroxylation and 6-ketoreduction of UWM6 are shared steps in classical and C-ring-cleaved angucycline pathways, although the bifunctional 6-ketoreductase LugOIIred harbors additional unique 1-ketoreductase activity. We identified formation of the key intermediate 8-O-methyltetrangomycin by the LugN methyltransferase as the branching point toward C-ring-cleaved angucyclines. The final common step in lugdunomycin and thioangucycline biosynthesis is quinone reduction, catalyzed by the 7-ketoreductases LugG and TacO, respectively. In turn, the committing step toward thioangucyclines is 12-ketoreduction catalyzed by TacA, for which no orthologous protein exists on the lugdunomycin pathway. Our results confirm that quinone reductions are early tailoring steps and, therefore, may be mechanistically important for subsequent C-ring cleavage. Finally, many of the tailoring enzymes harbored broad substrate promiscuity, which we utilized in combinatorial enzymatic syntheses to generate the angucyclines SM 196 A and hydranthomycin. We propose that enzyme promiscuity and the competition of many of the enzymes for the same substrates lead to a branching biosynthetic network and formation of numerous shunt products typical for angucyclines rather than a canonical linear metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi Nuutila
- Department
of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FIN20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Xiansha Xiao
- Molecular
Biotechnology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300RA Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - Helga U. van der Heul
- Molecular
Biotechnology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300RA Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - Gilles P. van Wezel
- Molecular
Biotechnology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300RA Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - Pedro Dinis
- Department
of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FIN20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Somayah S. Elsayed
- Molecular
Biotechnology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300RA Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - Mikko Metsä-Ketelä
- Department
of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FIN20014 Turku, Finland
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Xia Y, Wang J, Peng Y, Song G. TfOH-Catalyzed Cascade Reaction: Metal-Free Access to 3,3-Disubstituted Phthalides from o-Alkynylbenzoic Acids. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12924-12934. [PMID: 37643422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A facile new method for the synthesis of 3,3-disubstituted phthalides is reported. A successive reaction process begins with the TfOH-catalyzed cyclization of o-alkynylbenzoic acids followed by an ortho-regioselective electrophilic alkylation of various electron-rich aromatic compounds or alkenes, which has been successfully developed. The corresponding regioselective products of 3-substituted phthalide were obtained in good to high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yunxin Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Gonghua Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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3
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Xu XM, Shi R, Li W, Zhang X, Chen S, Wang ZL, Wang X. One-Pot Synthesis of Diverse Isoindolobenzoxazinone and Isoindoloquinazolinone Derivatives through a Transition Metal-Free Cascade Cyclization. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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4
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Fu XZ, Zhang SM, Wang GF, Yang QL, Guo L, Pescitelli G, Xie ZP. Atypical Angucyclinones with Ring Expansion and Cleavage from a Marine Streptomyces sp. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15998-16010. [PMID: 36395479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A unique ring C-expanded angucyclinone, oxemycin A (1), and seven new ring-cleavage derivatives (2-5 and 9-11) were isolated from the marine actinomycete Streptomyces pratensis KCB-132, together with eight known analogues (6-8 and 12-16). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, single-crystal X-ray diffractions, and NMR and ECD calculations. Among these atypical angucyclinones, compound 1 represented the first seven-membered ketoester in the angucyclinone family, which sheds light on the origin of fragmented angucyclinones with C-ring cleavage at C-12/C-12a in the Baeyer-Villiger hypothesis, such as 2-4, while the related "nonoxidized" analogues 5-8 seem to originate from a diverse pathway within the Grob fragmentation hypothesis. Additionally, we have succeeded in the challenging separation of elmenols E and F (12) into their four stereoisomers, which remained stable in aprotic solvents but rapidly racemized under protic conditions. Furthermore, the absolute configurations of LS1924 and its isomers (14 and 15) were assigned by ECD calculations for the first time. Surprisingly, these two bicyclic acetals are susceptible to hydrolysis in solution, resulting in fragmented derivatives 17 and 18 with C-ring cleavage between C-6a and C-7. Compared with ring C-modified angucyclinones, ring A-cleaved 11 was more active to multiple resistant "ESKAPE" pathogens with MIC values ranging from 4.7 to 37.5 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhen Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Shu-Min Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Guang-Fei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Qiao-Li Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lin Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ze-Ping Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
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Sadıkoğulları BC, Şenel P, Çini N, Faysal AA, Odabaşoğlu M, Özdemir AD, Gölcü A. An Overview of Natural and Synthetic Phthalides Involved in Cancer Studies: Past, Present, and Future. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bleda Can Sadıkoğulları
- Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Sciences and Letters Department of Chemistry Istanbul 34469 Turkey
| | - Pelin Şenel
- Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Sciences and Letters Department of Chemistry Istanbul 34469 Turkey
| | - Nejla Çini
- Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Sciences and Letters Department of Chemistry Istanbul 34469 Turkey
| | - Abdullah Al Faysal
- Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Sciences and Letters Department of Chemistry Istanbul 34469 Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabaşoğlu
- Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Sciences and Letters Department of Chemistry Trabzon 61080 Turkey
| | - Ayşe Daut Özdemir
- Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Sciences and Letters Department of Chemistry Istanbul 34469 Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Gölcü
- Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Sciences and Letters Department of Chemistry Istanbul 34469 Turkey
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Umurzokov M, Lee YM, Kim HJ, Cho KM, Kim YS, Choi JS, Park KW. Herbicidal characteristics and structural identification of a potential active compound produced by Streptomyces sp. KRA18-249. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 187:105213. [PMID: 36127057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The KRA18-249 strain, isolated from a natural recreational forest near Jeongseon, Gangwon-do, when applied to plants induced signs of wilting within 24 h, leading to plant death. The isolated actinomycete was identified as Streptomyces gardneri based on 16S rRNA gene homogeneity analysis. The culture filtrate was solvent fractionated to obtain the active substance, and the active compound 249-Y1 was isolated from the purified fractions via a herbicide activity test using Digitaria ciliaris. NMR and ESI-MS analyses revealed that the molecular formula of 249-Y1 is C20H16O6 [MW = 352.0947] and is an anthraquinone (rubiginone D2) produce by polyketide synthetase system. The active compound 249-Y1 showed strong (100%) herbicidal activity against several weeds at 500 μg mL-1 concentration. Twisting symptoms began to appear within 24 h of treatment and intensified over time. The KRA18-249 strain produced the herbicidal compound under specific culture conditions, that is, at 200 rpm, 35 °C, for eight days at an initial pH of 10. We also found that 249-Y1 inhibited chlorophyll, but was not a radical generator. Overall, the secondary metabolite 249-Y1, produced by KRA18-249, can be used as a new biological agent for weed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjalol Umurzokov
- Eco-friendly and New Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Me Lee
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Daeseungbiofarm Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34127, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Min Cho
- Daeseungbiofarm Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34127, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sook Kim
- Eco-friendly and New Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Sup Choi
- Eco-friendly and New Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kee Woong Park
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 34134 Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Daeseungbiofarm Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34127, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Synthesis and Antioxidant/Anti-Inflammatory Activity of 3-Arylphthalides. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050588. [PMID: 35631414 PMCID: PMC9144619 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalides are a group of compounds with relevant biological activities in different areas such as cytotoxicity, anti-stroke activity, neuroprotection, and inflammation, among others. In this study we designed and synthesized a series of 3-arylphthalide derivatives in order to identify their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The synthetic methodology was established in terms of atom and step economy through a dehydrative coupling reaction between 3-hydroxyphthalide and different properly functionalized arene rings. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by the ABTS assay and for the anti-inflammatory activity the inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in microglial cells Bv.2 and macrophage cells RAW 264.7 was measured. The synthesized compound 3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)phthalide (5a) showed better antioxidant activity than the Trolox standard and caused strong inhibition of NO production in LPS-stimulated Bv.2 and RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, compound 5a reduced the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines Il1b and Il6 in RAW 264.7 cells. These results, which are the first account of the anti-inflammatory activity of 3-arylphthalides, suggest that compound 5a could be a promising candidate for more advanced anti-inflammatory studies.
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8
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Zhang J, Sun Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Xue L, Zhang J, Zhu X, Duan Y, Yan X. Genome mining of novel rubiginones from Streptomyces sp. CB02414 and characterization of the post-PKS modification steps in rubiginone biosynthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:192. [PMID: 34600534 PMCID: PMC8487521 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rubiginones belong to the angucycline family of aromatic polyketides, and they have been shown to potentiate the vincristine (VCR)-induced cytotoxicity against VCR-resistant cancer cell lines. However, the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) and biosynthetic pathways for rubiginones have not been reported yet. Results In this study, based on bioinformatics analysis of the genome of Streptomyces sp. CB02414, we predicted the functions of the two type II polyketide synthases (PKSs) BGCs. The rub gene cluster was predicted to encode metabolites of the angucycline family. Scale-up fermentation of the CB02414 wild-type strain led to the discovery of eight rubiginones, including five new ones (rubiginones J, K, L, M, and N). Rubiginone J was proposed to be the final product of the rub gene cluster, which features extensive oxidation on the A-ring of the angucycline skeleton. Based on the production profiles of the CB02414 wild-type and the mutant strains, we proposed a biosynthetic pathway for the rubiginones in CB02414. Conclusions A genome mining strategy enabled the efficient discovery of new rubiginones from Streptomyces sp. CB02414. Based on the isolated biosynthetic intermediates, a plausible biosynthetic pathway for the rubiginones was proposed. Our research lays the foundation for further studies on the mechanism of the cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxidation of angucyclines and for the generation of novel angucyclines using combinatorial biosynthesis strategies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01681-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Zhang
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Tongzipo Road, #172, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yeji Wang
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Tongzipo Road, #172, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Tongzipo Road, #172, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangcheng Zhu
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Tongzipo Road, #172, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Natural Product Drug Discovery, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis for Drug Discovery, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanwen Duan
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Tongzipo Road, #172, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Natural Product Drug Discovery, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Engineering Research Center of Combinatorial Biosynthesis for Drug Discovery, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Tongzipo Road, #172, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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9
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Wang S, Wang K, Chang B, Huang D, Hu Y. Synthesis of 1‐(3
H
)isobenzofuranone compounds by tin powder promoted cascade condensation reaction. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangxian Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Ke‐Hu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Bo Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Danfeng Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Yulai Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
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Mikhaylov AA, Ikonnikova VA, Solyev PN. Disclosing biosynthetic connections and functions of atypical angucyclinones with a fragmented C-ring. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1506-1517. [PMID: 33480893 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00082e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review on atypical angucyclinones possessing an aromatic cleavage of the C-ring covers literature between 1995 and early 2020.The unusual framework of the middle C-ring, "broken" as a result of biotransformations and oxidations in vivo and bearing an sp3-C connection, is of interest for biosynthetic investigations. The reported 39 natural compounds (55 including stereoisomers) have been analyzed and arranged into three structural groups. The biosynthetic origin of all these compounds has been thoroughly reviewed and revised, based on the found connections with oxidized angucyclinone structures. The data on biological activities has been summarized. Careful consideration of the origin of the structure allowed us to outline a hypothesis on the biological function as well as prospective applications of such atypical angucyclinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Mikhaylov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117997, Russia.
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Awasthi A, Singh M, Rathee G, Chandra R. Recent advancements in synthetic methodologies of 3-substituted phthalides and their application in the total synthesis of biologically active natural products. RSC Adv 2020; 10:12626-12652. [PMID: 35497626 PMCID: PMC9051324 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00701c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We have provided a critical review that focuses on key developments in the area of 3-substituted phthalides and their role in the development of important biologically active natural products. 3-Substituted phthalides are vital molecules owing to their fascinating biological activity. The scope, isolation, and characterization of various naturally occurring racemic and chiral 3-substituted phthalides have been covered. We have put significant emphasis on recently developed research methodologies for the synthesis of racemic and chiral 3-substituted phthalides. These newer approaches are essential for the development of newer and elegant strategies for the synthesis of phthalide-based or similar molecular architecture with broader substrate scope and higher stereoselectivities. Also, we have discussed the application of 3-substituted phthalides as a precursor for the synthesis of natural products and their analogs. We have provided contextual information on the chemistry of 3-substituted phthalides and their significance in natural product synthesis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Amardeep Awasthi
- Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Garima Rathee
- Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
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12
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Liu B, Cheng J, Li Y, Li JH. Oxidative tandem annulation of 1-(2-ethynylaryl)prop-2-en-1-ones catalyzed by cooperative iodine and TBHP. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:667-670. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09271k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free I2-catalyzed tandem annulation of 1,6-enynes to access 1H-cyclopropa-[b]naphthalene-2,7-diones using TBHP is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
| | - Jiang Cheng
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
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(-)-Shikimic Acid as a Chiral Building Block for the Synthesis of New Cytotoxic 6-Aza-Analogues of Angucyclinones. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061422. [PMID: 29895756 PMCID: PMC6099682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the syntheses of nine new angucyclinone 6-aza-analogues, achieved through a hetero Diels-Alder reaction between the shikimic acid derivative-azadiene 13, with different naphthoquinones. The cytotoxic activity of the new synthesized compounds and five angucyclinones, previously reported, was evaluated in vitro against three cancer cell lines: PC-3 (prostate cancer), HT-29 (colon cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer), and one non-tumoral cell line, human colon epithelial cells (CCD841 CoN). Our results showed that most 6-azadiene derivatives exhibited significant cytotoxic activities, which was demonstrated by their IC50 values (less than 10 μM), especially for the most sensitive cells, PC-3 and HT-29. From a chemical point of view, depending on the protected group of ring A and the pattern of substitution on ring D, cytotoxicity elicited these compounds, in terms of their potency and selectivity. Therefore, according to these chemical features, the most promising agents for every cancer cell line were 7a, 17, and 19c for PC-3 cells; 7a, 17, and 20 for HT-29 cells, and 19a for MCF-7 cells.
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Phthalides: Distribution in Nature, Chemical Reactivity, Synthesis, and Biological Activity. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 104 2017; 104:127-246. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45618-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Wang L, Zhang J, Lang M, Wang J. Palladium-catalyzed ring contraction reaction of naphthoquinones upon reaction with alkynes. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00045b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented palladium catalysed ring-contraction reaction of naphthoquinones with alkynes is described to construct phthalides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Ming Lang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- China
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16
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Yixizhuoma, Tsukahara K, Toume K, Ishikawa N, Abdelfattah MS, Ishibashi M. Novel cytotoxic isobenzofuran derivatives from Streptomyces sp. IFM 11490. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Synthesis of phthalides from bis-propargyl ethers: use of Garratt–Braverman cyclization to construct the phthalans and IBX as a new reagent for subsequent oxidation. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Zhang SM, Zhang HY, Yang SX, Qu CL, Xie ZP, Pescitelli G. Isolation, Stereochemical Study, and Cytotoxic Activity of Isobenzofuran Derivatives From a MarineStreptomycessp. Chirality 2014; 27:82-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Min Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Binzhou Medical University; Yantai China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Biological Technology and Food Science; Tianjin University of Commerce; Tianjin China
| | | | | | - Ze-Ping Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Binzhou Medical University; Yantai China
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; Università di Pisa; Pisa Italy
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Natte K, Chen J, Li H, Neumann H, Beller M, Wu XF. Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation of 2-Bromoanilines with 2-Formylbenzoic Acid and 2-Halobenzaldehydes: Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Isoindolinones. Chemistry 2014; 20:14184-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Karmakar R, Pahari P, Mal D. Phthalides and Phthalans: Synthetic Methodologies and Their Applications in the Total Synthesis. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6213-84. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400524q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raju Karmakar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
- Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Pallab Pahari
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
- Synthetic
Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Dipakranjan Mal
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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21
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Shashikumar ND, Krishnamurthy G, Bhojyanaik HS. A Facile Synthesis of Novel Cyclic Esters of γ-Keto Acid Derivatives by Heck Coupling Reaction. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Krishnamurthy
- Department of Chemistry; Sahyadri Science College(Autonomous); Shimoga 577203 Karnataka India
| | - Halehatti S. Bhojyanaik
- Department of PG Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences; Kuvempu University; Shankaraghatta 577 451 Shimoga Karnataka India
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22
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Lewis acid-catalyzed cascade radical addition/cyclization for the synthesis of 3-substituted isoindolin-1-one derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Park HB, Lee JK, Lee KR, Kwon HC. Angumycinones A and B, two new angucyclic quinones from Streptomyces sp. KMC004 isolated from acidic mine drainage. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Tan PW, Juwaini NAB, Seayad J. Rhodium(III)-Amine Dual Catalysis for the Oxidative Coupling of Aldehydes by Directed C–H Activation: Synthesis of Phthalides. Org Lett 2013; 15:5166-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402145m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wen Tan
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, #07-01, Singapore 138665
| | - Nur Asyikin Binte Juwaini
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, #07-01, Singapore 138665
| | - Jayasree Seayad
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, #07-01, Singapore 138665
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25
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Moreno-Fuquen R, Castillo JC, Abonia R, Ellena J, Tenorio JC. (±)-3-(5-Amino-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-benzo-furan-1(3H)-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2013; 69:o1181-2. [PMID: 24046722 PMCID: PMC3770437 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813017479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C18H15N3O2, the benzo-furan ring system is essentially planar, the rings making a dihedral angle of 0.57 (9)°. The phenyl, furan and benzene rings subtend dihedral angles of 47.07 (10), 85.76 (7) and 86.04 (7)°, respectively, with the pyrazole ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by weak N-H⋯N, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O inter-actions, generating edge-fused R 4 (4)(20), and R 1 (2)(7) rings linked into sheets which are parallel to (010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Moreno-Fuquen
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Valle, Apartado 25360, Santiago de Cali, Colombia
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26
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Yasmin N, Ray JK. Synthesis of phthalides utilizing a one-pot intramolecular domino protocol. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45117h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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27
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Shi X, Li CJ. A Novel Rhodium-Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization: Direct Synthesis of 3-Substituted Phthalides from Aldehydes and Aromatic Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Xie Z, Liu B, Wang H, Yang S, Zhang H, Wang Y, Ji N, Qin S, Laatsch H. Kiamycin, a unique cytotoxic angucyclinone derivative from a marine Streptomyces sp. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:551-558. [PMID: 22611353 PMCID: PMC3347014 DOI: 10.3390/md10030551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kiamycin (1), a new angucyclinone derivative possessing an 1,12-epoxybenz[a]anthracene ring system, was isolated from the marine Streptomyces sp. strain M268 along with the known compounds 8-O-methyltetrangomycin (3) and 8-O-methylrabelomycin (4). Their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. The new angucyclinone derivative showed inhibitory activities against the human cell lines HL-60 (leukemia), A549 (lung adenocarcinoma), and BEL-7402 (hepatoma) with inhibition rates of 68.2%, 55.9%, and 31.7%, respectively, at 100 µM. It appears to have potential as an anticancer agent with selective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeping Xie
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (Z.X.); (B.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.J.)
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (Z.X.); (B.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.J.)
| | - Hongpeng Wang
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen D-37077, Germany;
| | - Shengxiang Yang
- Chemical Biological Research Institute, College of Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (Z.X.); (B.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.J.)
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (Z.X.); (B.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.J.)
| | - Naiyun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (Z.X.); (B.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.J.)
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; (Z.X.); (B.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.J.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (S.Q.); (H.L.); Tel.: +86-535-2109177 (S.Q.); Fax: +86-535-2109000 (S.Q.); Tel.: +49-551-393211 (H.L.); Fax +49-551-399660 (H.L.)
| | - Hartmut Laatsch
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen D-37077, Germany;
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (S.Q.); (H.L.); Tel.: +86-535-2109177 (S.Q.); Fax: +86-535-2109000 (S.Q.); Tel.: +49-551-393211 (H.L.); Fax +49-551-399660 (H.L.)
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30
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Zhang H, Zhang S, Liu L, Luo G, Duan W, Wang W. Synthesis of Chiral 3-Substituted Phthalides by a Sequential Organocatalytic Enantioselective Aldol-Lactonization Reaction. Three-Step Synthesis of (S)-(−)-3-Butylphthalide. J Org Chem 2009; 75:368-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902118x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Sciences & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shilei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Sciences & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Sciences & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guangshun Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Sciences & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenhu Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Sciences & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Sciences & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001
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31
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Kuriyama M, Ishiyama N, Shimazawa R, Shirai R, Onomura O. Efficient Synthesis of 3-Arylphthalides using Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation of Aldehydes with Organoboronic Acids. J Org Chem 2009; 74:9210-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901964k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masami Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Natsuki Ishiyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Rumiko Shimazawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Shirai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan
| | - Osamu Onomura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Abdelfattah MS, Kharel MK, Hitron JA, Baig I, Rohr J. Moromycins A and B, isolation and structure elucidation of C-glycosylangucycline-type antibiotics from Streptomyces sp. KY002. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:1569-73. [PMID: 18666798 PMCID: PMC2562265 DOI: 10.1021/np800281f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Two new anticancer antibiotics of the angucycline class, moromycins A and B (1, 2), along with the known microbial metabolites saquayamycin B (3) and fridamycin D (4) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of a culture broth of the terrestrial Streptomyces sp. KY002. The structures consist of a tetrangomycin core and various C- and O-glycosidically linked deoxysugars. The chemical structures of the new secondary metabolites were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR and by mass spectrometry. Moromycin B (2) showed significant cytotoxicity against H-460 human lung cancer and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jürgen Rohr
- Corresponding author. E-mail:. Fax: 859-257-7564
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33
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Mal D, Pahari P, De SR. Regiospecific synthesis of 3-(2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)phthalides: application to the synthesis of isopestacin and cryphonectric acid. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Sun CH, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhou JQ, Jin WZ, You XF, Gao H, Zhao LX, Si SY, Li X. Chemomicin A, a New Angucyclinone Antibiotic Produced by Nocardia mediterranei subsp. kanglensis 1747-64. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2007; 60:211-5. [PMID: 17446695 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2007.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new angucyclinone antibiotic, chemomicin A was isolated from cultured broth of Nocardia mediterranei subsp. kanglensis 1747-64. Its chemical structure was determined to be 1,2,3,4a,5,6,6a,12a,12b-nonahydro-1,2,3,8,12,12b-hexahydroxy-3-methyl-6a,12a-epoxybenz[a]anthracen-4,7(12H)-dione by a detailed spectroscopic analysis. Chemomicin A had antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium with MIC values of 10.2 and 20.4 microM, respectively, and showed cytotoxicity against human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells and human esophageal carcinoma YES-2 cells with IC50 values of 127 and 153 microM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hang Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
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Coelho F, Veronese D, Pavam CH, de Paula VI, Buffon R. Palladium-catalyzed carbonylative cyclization of Baylis–Hillman adducts. An efficient approach for the stereoselective synthesis of 3-alkenyl phthalides. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Ziegert RE, Toräng J, Knepper K, Bräse S. The Recent Impact of Solid-Phase Synthesis on Medicinally Relevant Benzoannelated Oxygen Heterocycles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:147-69. [PMID: 15762741 DOI: 10.1021/cc049879v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ziegert
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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38
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Knepper K, Ziegert RE, Bräse S. Solid-phase synthesis of isoindolinones and naturally-occurring benzobutyrolactones (phthalides) using a cyclative-cleavage approach. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.05.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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