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Chemistry and Biology of Bioactive Glycolipids of Marine Origin. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16090294. [PMID: 30135377 PMCID: PMC6163716 DOI: 10.3390/md16090294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids represent a broad class of natural products structurally featured by a glycosidic fragment linked to a lipidic molecule. Despite the large structural variety of these glycoconjugates, they can be classified into three main groups, i.e., glycosphingolipids, glycoglycerolipids, and atypical glycolipids. In the particular case of glycolipids derived from marine sources, an impressive variety in their structural features and biological properties is observed, thus making them prime targets for chemical synthesis. In the present review, we explore the chemistry and biology of this class of compounds.
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Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are known to play important roles in disease. More than 40 chemokine ligands and 20 chemokine receptors have been identified, but, to date, only two small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists have been approved by the FDA. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 was identified in 1996, and nearly 20 years later, new areas of CXCR3 disease biology continue to emerge. Several classes of small molecule CXCR3 antagonists have been developed, and two have shown efficacy in preclinical models of inflammatory disease. However, only one CXCR3 antagonist has been evaluated in clinical trials, and there remain many opportunities to further investigate known classes of CXCR3 antagonists and to identify new chemotypes. This Perspective reviews the known CXCR3 antagonists and considers future opportunities for the development of small molecules for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Andrews
- Heptares Therapeutics , BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Rhona J Cox
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity IMED , Pepparedsleden, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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Wang B, You J, King JB, Cai S, Park E, Powell DR, Cichewicz RH. Polyketide glycosides from Bionectria ochroleuca inhibit Candida albicans biofilm formation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:2273-9. [PMID: 25302529 PMCID: PMC4208675 DOI: 10.1021/np500531j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the challenges presented by Candida infections is that many of the isolates encountered in the clinic produce biofilms, which can decrease these pathogens' susceptibilities to standard-of-care antibiotic therapies. Inhibitors of fungal biofilm formation offer a potential solution to counteracting some of the problems associated with Candida infections. A screening campaign utilizing samples from our fungal extract library revealed that a Bionectria ochroleuca isolate cultured on Cheerios breakfast cereal produced metabolites that blocked the in vitro formation of Candida albicans biofilms. A scale-up culture of the fungus was undertaken using mycobags (also known as mushroom bags or spawn bags), which afforded four known [TMC-151s C-F (1-4)] and three new [bionectriols B-D (5-7)] polyketide glycosides. All seven metabolites exhibited potent biofilm inhibition against C. albicans SC5314, as well as exerted synergistic antifungal activities in combination with amphotericin B. In this report, we describe the structure determination of the new metabolites, as well as compare the secondary metabolome profiles of fungi grown in flasks and mycobags. These studies demonstrate that mycobags offer a useful alternative to flask-based cultures for the preparative production of fungal secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Natural Product Discovery Group, Institute for Natural
Products Applications
and Research Technologies, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson
Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Jianlan You
- Natural Product Discovery Group, Institute for Natural
Products Applications
and Research Technologies, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson
Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Jarrod B. King
- Natural Product Discovery Group, Institute for Natural
Products Applications
and Research Technologies, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson
Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Shengxin Cai
- Natural Product Discovery Group, Institute for Natural
Products Applications
and Research Technologies, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson
Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Elizabeth Park
- Natural Product Discovery Group, Institute for Natural
Products Applications
and Research Technologies, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson
Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Douglas R. Powell
- Natural Product Discovery Group, Institute for Natural
Products Applications
and Research Technologies, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson
Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Robert H. Cichewicz
- Natural Product Discovery Group, Institute for Natural
Products Applications
and Research Technologies, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson
Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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Expression of two human acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase isozymes in yeast and selectivity of microbial inhibitors toward the isozymes. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2009; 62:51-4. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2008.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Uchida R, Imasato R, Yamaguchi Y, Masuma R, Shiomi K, Tomoda H, Omura S. New insecticidal antibiotics, hydroxyfungerins A and B, produced by Metarhizium sp. FKI-1079. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2006; 58:804-9. [PMID: 16506697 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2005.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New insecticidal antibiotics designated hydroxyfungerins A and B were isolated from the culture broth of a fungal strain Metarhizium sp. FKI-1079 together with a known compound, fungerin. The structures of hydroxyfungerins A and B were elucidated by spectroscopic studies including various NMR experiments. Hydroxyfungerins A and B showed growth inhibitory activity against brine shrimps, Artemia salina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Uchida
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Abstract
The integration of viral cDNA into the host genome is an essential step in the HIV-1-life cycle and is mediated by the virally encoded enzyme, integrase (IN). Inhibition of this process provides an attractive strategy for antiviral drug design. The discovery of beta-diketo acid inhibitors played a major role in validating IN as a legitimate antiretroviral drug target. Over a decade of research, a plethora of IN inhibitors have been discovered and some showed antiviral activity consistent with their effect on IN. To date, at least two compounds have been tested in human but none are close to the FDA approval. In this review, we provide a comprehensive report of all small-molecule IN inhibitors discovered during the years 2003 and 2004. Compilation of such data will prove beneficial in developing QSAR, virtual screening, pharmacophore hypothesis generation, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra Dayam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, USA
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Quittnat F, Nishikawa Y, Stedman TT, Voelker DR, Choi JY, Zahn MM, Murphy RC, Barkley RM, Pypaert M, Joiner KA, Coppens I. On the biogenesis of lipid bodies in ancient eukaryotes: synthesis of triacylglycerols by a Toxoplasma DGAT1-related enzyme. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2004; 138:107-22. [PMID: 15500922 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the main stored neutral lipids are triacylglycerol and cholesteryl esters, which are produced by two related enzymes, acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), respectively. Very little is known about the metabolism, intracellular storage and function of neutral lipids in many pathogenic lower eukaryotes. In this paper, we have characterized the activity of an important triacylglycerol synthetic enzyme in the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. A full-length cDNA and gene encoding a T. gondii DGAT1-related enzyme were identified and designated TgDGAT1. The gene is composed of 15 exons and 14 introns, and encodes a protein with a predicted M(r) 63.5kDa, containing signature motifs characteristic of the DGAT1 family. The native protein migrates at 44kDa under reducing conditions. TgDGAT1 is an integral membrane protein localized to the parasite cortical and perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum, with the C-terminus oriented to the lumen of the organelle. When a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strain lacking neutral lipid production is transformed with TgDGAT1 cDNA, a significant DGAT activity is reconstituted, resulting in triacylglycerol synthesis and biogenesis of cytosolic lipid inclusions, resembling lipid bodies in T. gondii. No production of steryl esters is observed upon TgDGAT1 expression in yeast. In contrast to human DGAT1 lacking fatty acid specificity, TgDGAT1 preferentially incorporates palmitate. Our results indicate that parasitic protozoa are also neutral lipid accumulators and illustrate the first example of the existence of a functional DGAT gene in an ancient eukaryote, demonstrating that diacylglycerol esterification is evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Quittnat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 808 LCI, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208022, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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