Variants of interleukin-16 associated with gastric cancer risk

Association of the Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms rs11556218, rs4778889, rs4072111, and rs1131445 of the Interleukin-16 Gene with Ovarian Cancer

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IL-16 gene have been reported to influence the risk of several cancers, but their role in ovarian cancer (OC) has not been studied. Using the restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, we examined four IL-16 SNPs: rs11556218 (T > G), rs4778889 (T > C), rs4072111 (C > T), and rs1131445 (T > C) in blood samples from 413 women of Central European descent, including 200 OC patients and 213 healthy controls. Among the patients, 62% were postmenopausal, 84.5% were diagnosed in late stages (FIGO IIb-IV), and 73.5% had high-grade serous OC (HGSOC). Minor allele frequencies in controls were 9.2% for rs11556218 (G allele), 13.7% for rs4778889 (C allele), 10.4% for rs4072111 (T allele), and 32.3% for rs1131445 (C allele). We found significant associations of rs11556218 (G vs. T allele: OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.84-4.14, p < 0.0001) with elevated OC risk in the whole cohort (p < 0.001) and in both premenopausal (p < 0.001) and postmenopausal (p = 0.001) subgroups. These associations remained significant across heterozygote (p < 0.001), dominant (p < 0.001), and overdominant (p < 0.001) models. IL-16 rs4778889 was associated with OC risk predominantly in premenopausal women (p < 0.0001 in almost all models). In the whole cohort, the C allele was associated with OC risk (OR 1.54, CI 95% 1.06-2.23, p = 0.024), and the association of rs4778889 was significant in dominant (p = 0.019), overdominant (p = 0.033), and heterozygote (p = 0.027) models. Furthermore, rs4778889 was linked with HGSOC (p = 0.036) and endometriosis-related OC subtypes (p = 0.002). No significant associations were found for rs4072111 or rs1131445 (p = 0.81 or 0.47, respectively). In conclusion, rs11556218 and rs4778889 SNPs are associated with OC risk, especially in premenopausal women.

Correlation between inflammatory cytokines and the likelihood of developing multiple types of digestive system cancers: A Mendelian randomization study

OBJECTIVE

Inflammatory cytokines have been linked to digestive system cancers, yet their exact causal connection remains uncertain. Consequently, we conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to gauge how inflammatory cytokines are linked to the risk of five prevalent digestive system cancers (DSCs).

METHODS

We collected genetic variation data for 41 inflammatory cytokines from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and the results data for five common diseases from the Finnish database. Our primary analytical approach involved employing the inverse-variance weighted, residual sum (IVW) method, complemented by the MR-Egger method, the weighted median method, simple mode analysis, and weighted mode analysis as supplementary analytical techniques. Furthermore, we conducted multiple sensitivity analyses.

RESULTS

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and interleukin (IL)-18 showed a negative association with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conversely, TRAIL was inversely linked to the risk of gastric cancer, while IL-16 exhibited a positive correlation with gastric cancer risk. Stem cell factor (SCF) acted as a protective factor against pancreatic cancer. For colorectal cancer, IL-7, IL-9, IL-13, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were identified as risk factors. Notably, our results did not indicate a significant correlation between inflammatory cytokines and the risk of esophageal cancer.

CONCLUSION

Our research unveils potential connections between 41 inflammatory cytokines and the risk of five common DSCs through a MR analysis. These associations offer valuable insights that could aid in the development of diagnostic biomarkers and the identification of novel therapeutic targets for DSCs.

Association between interleukin gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to gastric cancer in the Qinghai population

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the associations between interleukin (IL) gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to gastric cancer in the Qinghai population, China.

METHODS

Patients with gastric cancer and cancer-free controls were enrolled into the study from Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital between September 2016 and September 2018. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped with the Sequenom MassARRAY® SNP genotype system. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in allele and genotype frequencies, and general characteristics between patients with gastric cancer and cancer-free controls, were evaluated using χ²-test. Potential associations between interleukin gene variants and the risk of gastric cancer were analysed by logistic regression.

RESULTS

Among eight candidate SNPs, the allele and genotype frequency distribution of IL-1B rs1143634 polymorphism was significantly different between patients with gastric cancer (n = 190) and cancer-free controls (n = 186). The IL-1B rs1143634 GA genotype and IL-1B rs1143634 GA + AA genotype were associated with a reduced risk of gastric cancer, however, the remaining SNPs were not statistically associated with gastric cancer risk in the Qinghai population.

CONCLUSION

The IL-1B rs1143634 polymorphism might be associated with a decreased risk of gastric cancer, and may be a protective factor against gastric cancer.

Association of functional IL16 polymorphisms with cancer and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is a chemotactic cytokine that is found to increase in Cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL16 were associated with diseases. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate possible associations between IL16 rs4778889, rs11556218, rs4072111, and rs1131445 SNPs and the risk for cancer or CVD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was performed according to the PRISMA statement. Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were systematically reviewed, and a meta-analysis was conducted.

RESULTS

The analysis comprised 6386 individuals with cancer and 2415 with CVD. The SNP rs11556218 was significantly associated with an increased risk for cancer in Chinese in different genetic inheritance models. Also, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to show an association of rs4778889 with an increased risk of gastric cancer and rs11556218 with an increased risk of CVD in Chinese.

CONCLUSIONS

Our meta-analysis suggested that the SNPs rs11556218 and rs4778889 of IL16 were associated with an increased risk for cancer in Chinese and rs11556218 with increased risk for CVD in Chinese, highlighting the need for further studies on the impact of these polymorphisms on cancer treatment and surveillance.

Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum interleukin‑16 in patients with gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the major leading causes of cancer‑associated mortality worldwide. Serum biomarkers have a vital role in diagnosis and prognosis of GC, and interleukin (IL)‑16 may serve as a useful biomarker with prognostic value for human cancers. The current study aimed to evaluate the expression level of serum IL‑16 in patients with GC, and evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of IL‑16. ELISA was performed determine the serum IL‑16 levels in patients with GC and healthy controls. Receiver operator curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic potential value of serum IL‑16 in GC diagnosis. Migration and invasion assays were performed using cells with IL‑16 small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown. The results demonstrated that serum IL‑16 levels were significantly higher in GC samples than in healthy controls, and increased serum IL‑16 levels were significantly associated with tumor recurrence and poor prognosis. Knockdown of IL‑16 significantly suppressed the migration and invasion of GC cells. In conclusion, the current results indicate that serum IL‑16 levels may have diagnostic and prognostic value for patient with GC.

Association of interleukin 16 gene polymorphisms and plasma IL16 level with osteosarcoma risk

Interleukin (IL) 16 plays a key role in inflammatory diseases as well as in tumorigenesis of osteosarcoma (OS). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of IL16 polymorphisms and plasma IL16 level with OS risk in a Chinese population. We genotyped IL16 rs4778889, rs11556218, and rs4072111 in 358 patients with OS and 402 controls using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Plasma IL16 level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Rs11556218 was associated with an increased risk of OS in heterozygote comparison (adjusted OR = 1.65, 95% CI, 1.23–2.21, P < 0.001), dominant model (adjusted OR = 1.66, 95% CI, 1.24–2.21, P < 0.001), and allele comparison (adjusted OR = 1.44, 95% CI, 1.14–1.81, P = 0.002). Moreover, rs11556218 TG/GG genotypes were associated with higher levels of IL16 as compared to TT genotype (P = 0.03). However, no significant association of rs4778889 and rs4072111 and OS was found. These findings suggest that rs11556218 TG/GG genotypes may be associated with increased susceptibility to OS, probably by increasing the production of IL16 level.

Association of interleukin-16 polymorphisms with disease progression and susceptibility in endometriosis

Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is a multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine that was previously found in association with complex disorders, and it is now cleared that this cytokine plays a critical role in regulation of cellular functions such as homoeostasis. Due to the complexity of endometriosis and its resemblance to cancer, we designed present case-control study to determine the effects of genetic polymorphisms of the human IL-16 gene on Iranian women's susceptibility to endometriosis. A total of 126 patients with endometriosis (stages I-IV) and 144 healthy women as control group were recruited to the study. We genotyped four single nucleotide polymorphisms of IL-16 gene (rs11556218 T>G, rs4778889 T>C, rs4072111 C>T and rs1131445 C>T). Genotyping was performed using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Our results showed that genotype distribution in two exonic polymorphisms including rs11556218 and rs4072111 was significantly different between Endometriosis patients and healthy individuals (P < 0.05). We have also found an association between rs4072111 and rs1131445 with progression to the severe stages (III-IV) of endometriosis (P < 0.05). Finally, we may conclude that IL-16 gene polymorphisms are highly associated with increased risk of endometriosis and could be considered as a susceptibility factor for endometriosis.

The expression of IGF-1R in Helicobacter pylori-infected intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer

Overexpression of IGF-1R has been demonstrated in gastrointestinal cancers, and its expression is reported as the result of the loss of tumor suppressors. IL-16 is involved in the pathophysiological process of chronic inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study is to determine the changes in the expression of IGF-1R in intestinal metaplasia (IM) and gastric cancer (GC) as well as the effect of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and IL-16 on cell proliferation and IGF-1R expression in gastric cells. AGS cells were incubated with combinations of IL-16 and H. pylori. Gastric cell proliferation was studied by BrdU uptake. In H. pylori infected mucosa, IGF-1R was significantly higher in IM than chronic gastritis (CG), and also higher in GC than CG and IM. H. pylori significantly decreased BrdU uptake. IL-16 increased BrdU uptake and IGF-1R on AGS cells which had been decreased by H. pylori. Co-incubation with IL-16 increased the expression of IGF-1R mRNA in H. pylori infected cells. We conclude that the expression of IGF-1R in H. pylori infected gastric mucosa may indicate an early stage of carcinogenesis. The IL-16 secretion by H. pylori can be a trigger for the expression of IGF-1R, and it may also be a factor for gastric carcinogenesis.

Association of genetic polymorphisms of interleukins with gastric cancer and precancerous gastric lesions in a high-risk Chinese population

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses play important roles in gastric cancer (GC) pathogenesis. To investigate an association between genetic polymorphisms in interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4R, IL-8, IL-10, IL-16, IL-18RAP, IL-22, and IL-32 and risks of GC and its precursors, a population-based study was conducted in Linqu County. Genotypes were determined by Sequenom MassARRAY platform in 132 GC cases and 1198 subjects with gastric lesions. The H. pylori status was determined by (13)C-urea breath test ((13)C-UBT) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among 11 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), subjects carrying IL-18RAP rs917997 AA genotype were associated with risk of GC [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.83, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.14-2.92] or chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG; OR = 1.55, 95 % CI 1.07-2.24). The risk of GC was also increased in subjects carrying IL-32 rs2015620 A allele (AA + AT; OR = 1.92, 95 % CI 1.09-3.39). Moreover, elevated risks of CAG (OR = 2.64, 95 % CI 1.89-3.69), intestinal metaplasia (IM; OR = 5.58, 95 % CI 3.86-8.05), and dysplasia (DYS; OR = 1.64, 95 % CI 1.18-2.26) were observed in subjects with IL-22 rs1179251 CC genotype. Stratified analysis indicated that risks of GC and its precursors were elevated in subjects with IL-32 rs2015620 A allele (AA + AT) or IL-22 rs1179251 CC genotype and H. pylori infection, and significant interactions between these two SNPs and H. pylori infection were found. These findings suggested that IL-18RAP rs917997, IL-32 rs2015620, IL-22 rs1179251, and interactions between these polymorphisms and H. pylori infection were associated with risks of gastric lesions. Genetic polymorphisms of interleukins may play crucial roles in H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis.

Interleukin-16 polymorphisms as new promising biomarkers for risk of gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is the second cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Interleukin (IL)-16 has a vital role in the development and homeostasis of the immune system. In the present study, we evaluated an exon variant rs4072111 C/T polymorphism and 3' UTR variant rs1131445 C/T within the miRNA binding with gastric cancer susceptibility in Iranian population. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood samples according to phenol chloroform extraction. The genotypes of IL-16 polymorphisms rs1131445 T/C and rs4072111 T/C were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. In this case control study, a total of 256 patients with gastric cancer (238 cases (92.9 %) non-cardia and 18 cases (7.1 %) cardia) and 300 healthy control subjects were evaluated. In the present study, we found a significant association between rs4072111 of IL-16 gene and risk of GC in Iranian population. Individuals with CT genotype showed a significant association with 1.79-fold increased risk of GC (P = 0.008; adjusted OR 1.792; 95 % CI 1.164-2.759). The significant association was also detected for T allele of rs4072111 and increased risk of GC (P < 0.001; adjusted OR 1.981; 95 % CI 1.354-2.900). We also observed statistically a significant relationship between rs1131445 of IL-16 CT genotype and GC risk. Carriers of IL-16 CT genotype compared with TT genotype had 1.44 times higher increased likelihood of GC (P = 0.048; adjusted OR 1.445; 95 % CI 1.003-2.084). After stratification according to gender, we observed that in rs1131445, CT and CC male carriers had a higher risk of GC than females (P = 0.08; adjusted OR 1.608; 95 % CI 0.945-2.737 and P = 0.08; adjusted OR 2.186; 95 % CI 0.897-5.325, respectively). We also observed that for male carriers with C allele in rs1131445, there was a 1.53-fold higher risk of GC risk than female subjects (P = 0.029; adjusted OR 1.53; 95 % CI 1.04.4-2.248). We found that the rs1131445 T/C and rs4072111 T/C variants of IL-16 were significantly associated with increased risk of GC in Iranian population.

Association between the interleukin-17A -197G>A (rs2275913) polymorphism and risk of digestive cancer

Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a multifunctional cytokine which plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of cancer. To date, several studies have investigated associations between IL-17A -197G>A (rs2275913) polymorphism and digestive cancer risk, but the results remain conflicting. We here aimed to confirm the role of this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in susceptibility to digestive cancer through a systemic review and meta-analysis. Ten eligible case-control studies were identified by searching electronic databases, involving 3,087 cases and 3,815 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of the association. The results of overall analyses indicated that the variant A allele was associated with an increased risk of digestive cancer (AA vs GG: OR=1.51, 95%CI=1.18-1.93; AA vs GG+GA: OR=1.45, 95%CI=1.12-1.87; A vs G: OR=1.21, 95%CI=1.05-1.39). In subgroup analysis stratified by specific cancer type, elevated risk among studies of gastric cancer was found (AA vs GG: OR=1.68, 95%CI=1.24-2.28; AA vs GG+GA: OR=1.62, 95%CI=1.16-2.26; A vs G: OR=1.23, 95%CI=1.04-1.46). According to ethnicity, there was evidence in the Asian populations for an association between this polymorphism and cancer risk (GA vs GG: OR=1.19, 95%CI=1.05-1.36; AA vs GG: OR=1.56, 95%CI=1.15-2.12; AA+GA vs GG: OR=1.28, 95%CI=1.13- 1.44; AA vs GG+GA: OR=1.42, 95%CI=1.01-2.00; A vs G: OR=1.24, 95%CI=1.08-1.44), while in the Caucasian populations an association was found in the recessive model (AA vs GG+GA: OR=1.62, 95%CI=1.17-2.24). In conclusion, the results of this meta-analysis suggest that the IL-17A -197G>A polymorphism contributes to an increased risk of human digestive cancer, both in the Asian and Caucasian populations and especially for gastric cancer.

Interleukin-12 and interleukin-6 gene polymorphisms and risk of bladder cancer in the Iranian population

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) as an antitumor and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an inflammatory cytokine, are immunomodulatory products that play important roles in responses in cancers and inflammation. We tested the association between two polymorphisms of IL-12(1188A>C; rs3212227) and IL-6 (-174 C>G) and the risk of bladder cancer in 261 patients and 251 healthy individuals. We also investigated the possible association of these SNPs in patients with high-risk jobs and smoking habits with the incidence of bladder cancer. The genotype distributions of IL-6 (-174 C/G) genotype were similar between the cases and the control groups; however, among patients with smoking habits, the association between IL-6 gene polymorphism and incidence of bladder cancer was significant. After a control adjustment for age and sex, the following results were recorded: CC genotype (OR= 2.11, 95%CI=1.56-2.87, p=0.007), GC genotype (OR=2.18, 95%CI=1.16-4.12, p=0.014) and GC+ CC (OR=2.6, 95%CI=1.43-4.47, p=0.011). A significant risk of bladder cancer was observed for the heterozygous genotype (AC) of IL-12 (OR=1.47, 95%CI=1.01-2.14, p=0.045) in all cases, and among smokers (AC) (OR=3.13, 95%CI=1.82-5.37, p=0.00014), combined AC+CC (OR=3.05, 95%CI=1.8-5.18, p=0.000015). Moreover among high risk job patients, there was more than a 3-fold increased risk of cancer in the carriers of IL-12 beta heterozygous (OR=3.7, 95%CI=2.04-6.57, p=0.000056) and combined AC+CC(OR=3.29, 95%CI=1.58-5.86, p=0.00002) genotypes as compared with the AA genotype with low-risk jobs. As a conclusion, this study suggests that IL-12(3'UTR A>C) and IL-6 (-174 C>G) genotypes are significantly associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in the Iranian population with smoking habits and/or performing high-risk jobs.

Genetic polymorphisms of interleukin-16 and risk of knee osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND

Interleukin-16 (IL-16), a pleiotropic cytokine, plays a fundamental role in inflammatory diseases. This study investigates the association between IL-16 polymorphisms and the risk of knee osteoarthritis (OA) in a Chinese population.

METHODS

The IL-16 rs11556218, rs4072111, and rs4778889 polymorphisms were determined in 150 knee OA cases and 147 healthy controls through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.

RESULTS

The results suggested that the variants in IL-16 gene rs11556218 site were associated with a decreased knee OA risk after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and smoking and drinking status (TG vs. TT: OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.53-0.89; P = 0.006; GG vs. TT: OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.45-0.90; P = 0.042; dominant model: OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.29-0.87; P = 0.002; G vs. T allele: OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.66-0.90; P = 0.003). Similarly, subjects bearing the rs4072111 variant genotypes and alleles also had a lower susceptibility to knee OA compared with those bearing the wild-type (CT vs. CC: OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53-0.83; P = 0.002; TT vs. CC: OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.40-0.82; P = 0.027; dominant model: OR, 0.65; 95%, CI 0.52-0.80; P <0.001; T vs. C allele: OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.58-0.81; P <0.001). Further, the C allele and the combined genotype (CC+CT) of rs4778889 were associated with a slightly decreased risk of knee OA. In addition, we found two high-risk haplotypes: TTT (OR, 3.70) and GCC (OR, 6.22). Finally, serum IL-16 levels of knee OA patients were significantly higher than those of controls (P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the small sample size, this is the first study suggesting IL-16 gene polymorphisms to be associated with the risk of knee OA.

Positive association between IL-16 rs11556218 T/G polymorphism and cancer risk: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is a multifunctional cytokine which plays a key role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases as well as in cancer. Genetic polymorphisms of IL-16 have been implicated in susceptibility to cancer. However, associations remain inconclusive. The present meta-analysis was therefore carried out to establish a more conclusive association of IL-16 polymorphisms with cancer risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Relevant studies were searched through the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Wan fang electronic databases updated in October 2013. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to assess the association between IL-16 polymorphisms and cancer risk.

RESULTS

Eight eligible studies (rs4778889 T/C: 8, rs11556218 T/G: 7, rs4072111 C/T: 6) that met our selection criteria were included. The meta-analysis indicated that rs11556218 T/G was associated with a significant increased risk of cancer (G vs. T, OR=1.321, 95% CI=1.142-1.528, P <0.001; TG vs. TT, OR=1.665, 95% CI=1.448-1.915, P<0.001; GG+TG vs. TT, OR=1.622, 95% CI=1.416-1.858, P<0.001),as well as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and colorectal cancer. Furthermore, in the subgroup of Chinese, significant associations were found between rs11556218 polymorphism and cancer risk. There was no statistically significant association between the other two variants (rs4778889, rs4072111) and risk of cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis suggests that the IL-16 rs11556218 polymorphism is associated with increased cancer risk. Large well-designed studies involving various cancer types and different populations are now needed.

Interleukin-16 polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of glioma

OBJECTIVE

Previous studies have shown that interleukin (IL)-16 is overexpressed in human and rat gliomas. Potential links between IL-16 polymorphisms and glioma risk are currently unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between IL-16 polymorphisms and glioma risk.

METHODS

We examined IL-16 gene polymorphisms (i.e., rs 4778889, rs 11556218, and rs 4072111) in 216 patients with glioma and 275 controls in a Chinese population. Genotypes were determined using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. Odds ratios (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to evaluate the effect of the IL-16 polymorphisms on glioma risk.

RESULTS

The rs 11556218TG genotype is associated with an increased risk of glioma compared with the TT genotype (OR=1.76; 95% CI, 1.22-2.54; p=0.002). Similarly, the rs 11556218G allele is associated with an increased risk of glioma compared with the T allele (OR=1.41; 95% CI, 1.06-1.87; p=0.017). However, no significant association was observed between the IL-16 rs 4778889 and rs 4072111 polymorphisms and the risk of glioma.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that the IL-16 rs 11556218 polymorphism may be used as a susceptibility marker for glioma.