Demographic survey of four thousand patients with 10 common cancers in North Eastern Iran over the past three decades

Association of polymorphisms in PIN1 with progression and susceptibility in gastric cancer

Background: High expression of PIN1 is associated with gastric cancer progression and risk. Patients & methods: Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in PIN1, rs2233678 and rs2233679, were examined in gastric cancer patients using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results: The rs2233678 GC genotype and C alleles correlated with a decreased susceptibility to gastric cancer. The stratification analysis indicated that the rs2233678 GC genotype was inversely related to gastric cancer risk in never smokers, never drinkers and patients with stage I/II disease. Males and ever drinkers carrying the rs2233679 CT genotype had a mildly elevated susceptibility to gastric cancer. Conclusion: The PIN1 single-nucelotide polymorphisms rs2233678 and rs2233679 correlate with the risk of gastric cancer.

Epidemiologic Study of Gastric Cancer in Iran: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers in Iran. Knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease is essential in planning for prevention. So this study aimed to investigate the epidemiological aspects of gastric cancer including prevalence, incidence, mortality, and risk factors of Iran.

METHODS

This systematic review study was based on articles published in both English and Persian languages during the years of 1970-2020 in international databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus) and national databases (including SID, Magiran, and IranDoc). Papers related to epidemiological aspects of the disease including mortality, prevalence, incidence, and risk entered the final review.

RESULTS

According to the studies, the minimum and maximum prevalence of gastric cancer in northwestern Iran (Ardabil) is between 0.2 and 100 per 100,000. Also, the death rate per 100,000 people ranged from 10.6 to 15.72 and the ASMR ranged from 4.2 to 32.2%. On the other hand, the incidence of GC was higher in men than in women (74.9 vs 4.6%). The GC risk ratio was 8-times higher in the elderly than in the other age groups (HR=8.0, 2.7-23.5). The incidence of gastric cancer in patients with H. pylori infection was 18-times and that of smokers 2-times higher than other populations. Low level of economic situation and food insecurity increased the odds of GC by 2.42- and 2.57-times, respectively. It should be noted that there was a direct relationship between consumption of processed red meat, dairy products, fruit juice, smoked and salty fish and legumes, strong and hot tea, and consumption of salt and gastric cancer incidence. There was also an inverse relationship between citrus consumption, fresh fruit, garlic, and gastric cancer. In addition, the mRNA genes are the most GC-related genes.

CONCLUSION

Given the high incidence of GC in Iran, changing lifestyle and decreasing consumption of preservatives in food, increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables, and improving the lifestyle can be effective in reducing the incidence of this disease.

Bladder Cancer in Iran: An Epidemiological Review

PURPOSE

Bladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer in Iran. Information about the epidemiological situation of the disease and its risk factors is necessary for conducting a planning program to reduce the disease. This study is conducted with the aim of evaluating the epidemiological features of bladder cancer in Iran.

METHODS

This is a systematic review of the published articles in both Persian and English in international and national journals during the years 2000-2019 with key words of Iran and bladder cancer. Articles were selected from the national information database (SID, Magiran) and international databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science). Articles related to the epidemiological aspects of the disease, including incidence, prevalence, mortality, and risk factors, were evaluated.

RESULTS

The incidence rate of bladder cancer was about 1.6-115; cumulative survival rate was 0.95, mortality rate was 0.5-0.84 and its prevalence in the Iranian population was between 4.10% and 12.8%. The risk of developing malignancy in major risk factor groups, including smoking and opium, was 6.2 (2.04-18.7), increases in protein and animal fat consumption were about 5- and 19-times higher than in the general population, respectively. In terms of occupational exposure, bus and heavy truck drivers were 11.3 (1.3-92.05) more at risk than others.

CONCLUSION

Regarding the increasing trend of this disease, changes in lifestyle to reduce risk factors can be effective in decreasing the incidence and mortality rate of this malignancy.

Effect of genetic ancestry to the risk of susceptibility to gastric cancer in a mixed population of the Brazilian Amazon

Background

Global literature describes differences in the incidence of gastric cancer among populations. For instance, Europeans have lower incidence rates of gastric cancer in relation to Latin and Asian populations, particularly Korean and Japanese populations. However, only a few studies have been able to verify the occurrence of gastric cancer in admixed populations with high interethnic degree mix, such as the Brazilian Amazon region.

Results

We observed an increase in European ancestry in the control group compared to the case group (47% vs. 41%). Using increments of 10%, compared to categorical distribution of European ancestry in the sample, we found a difference in the contribution between cases and controls (p = 0.03). Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine the influence of European ancestry in susceptibility to gastric cancer in the sample. According to the adopted model, for each 10% increase in European ancestry, there is a 20% decrease chance of developing gastric cancer (P = 0.0121; OR = 0.81; 95% CI 0.54–0.83).

Conclusion

Overall, the results suggest that a greater contribution of European ancestry can be a protective factor for the development of gastric cancer in the studied Amazon population. It can help to establish protocols able to predict susceptibility to gastric cancer in admixed populations.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-017-2963-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Clinical significance of serum cathepsin B and cystatin C levels and their ratio in the prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer

OBJECTIVE

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the serum cathepsin B (CTSB) and cystatin C (CysC) levels in patients with esophageal carcinoma and their correlation with the clinical indices and prognosis.

METHODS

The serum levels of CTSB and CysC from 56 patients with esophageal carcinoma and 30 healthy donors were determined preoperatively by using enzyme-linked immunosor-bent assay. The correlation between CTSB and CysC was evaluated by Spearman correlation coefficient test. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted, while the survival rates were compared using the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses of prognostic factors for survival were performed using the Cox proportional hazard regression model with a 95% confidence interval.

RESULTS

CTSB (38.35±4.3 ng/mL) and CysC (703.96±23.6 ng/mL) levels were significantly higher in the sera of the patients than in controls. A significant correlation was observed between CTSB and CysC (r=0.754, P<0.001). The levels of CTSB and CysC/CTSB in the patient serum significantly correlated with the T status. CysC/CTSB ratio was also found to be significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis. None of the parameters were observed to be related to CysC, including age, gender, pathologic type, tumor differentiation and tumor invasion depth. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with higher levels of CysC/CTSB and negative lymph node metastasis experienced significantly longer overall survival time, whereas patients with higher CSTB levels tended to live shorter, although the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.081).

CONCLUSION

Serum CTSB and CysC levels are of diagnostic significance in esophageal cancer. The ratio of serum CysC/CTSB is prognostic for the survival of esophageal carcinoma patients.

The prevalence and expression pattern of melanoma-associated antigen 1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a historical cohort study

Introduction

Melanoma-associated antigen 1 (MAGE1) expression in normal tissues is restricted to the testes, whilst being over-expressed in a number of human cancers. This feature of MAGE1 makes it a promising cancer biomarker. This study aimed to determine the expression of MAGE1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and its relationship with clinicopathological factors.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study conducted on pretreatment endoscopic tissue specimens of 43 patients with non-metastatic esophageal SCC, admitted to Omid Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, between 2011 and 2013. Out of 127 esophageal SCC patients who had already enrolled in a trial of trimodality therapy, we chose 43 patients whose paraffin blocks of endoscopic samples were accessible, which we then stained for MAGE1 expression by immunohistochemistry. Correlation of MAGE1expression and clinicopathological data (age, sex, stage, grade, and outcome) was assessed using SPSS 16 by T test, chi-square, and Pearson tests (p <0.05 was considered significant).

Results

MAGE1 was expressed in 46.5% (20 out of 43) of esophageal SCC specimens. The MAGE1 nuclear staining increased significantly by age; its expression for <40, 41–49, 50–59, 60–69, and ≥70 years old was 0%, 0%, 8.3%, 26.3%, and 100%, respectively (p=0.02; Person’s R value = 0.3 and p=0.04). There was no significant correlation between MAGE1 expression and other clinicopathological parameters.

Conclusion

MAGE1 antigen has considerable expression in the esophageal SCC among the Iranian population; it can be potentially applied as a cancer biomarker as well as a target for immunotherapy in patients with esophageal SCC.

Long-term outcomes of endoscopic multiband mucosectomy for early esophageal squamous cell neoplasia: a retrospective, single-center study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Endoscopic multiband mucosectomy (EMBM) has been used to treat early Barrett's esophagus and esophagogastric junction neoplasia, yet it is seldom reported for the treatment of early esophageal squamous cell neoplasia. Here we retrospectively evaluated the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of EMBM for early esophageal squamous cell neoplasia.

METHODS

A total of 125 patients were included in the study. Lesions were delineated using electrocoagulation and resected using the EMBM technique. The primary outcomes were local recurrence and adverse events. Secondary outcomes were histology of the endoscopic resection specimens, specimen area, and speed of resection. All patients were followed up endoscopically.

RESULTS

There were 135 esophageal lesions, of which 40 were pathologically diagnosed as low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, 57 as high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, 34 as early esophageal cancer, and 4 as squamous epithelium without neoplasia. No severe adverse events were observed, except for 1 perforation, which was treated by application of clips. The median follow-up was 27.75 months. Three patients had local recurrence and were endoscopically treated again. Local recurrence rate was 2.4% (3/125). No deaths occurred during the follow-up. All specimens were visible with a dividing rule, and the mean specimen area was 4.63 cm². Mean operation time was 31.2 ± 17.4 minutes. Mean speed of resection was 6.74 min/cm².

CONCLUSIONS

EMBM seems to be effective and safe for patients with early esophageal squamous cell neoplasia. The long-term recurrence rate is low.

The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer and their relationship to development in Asia

BACKGROUND

Esophageal cancer is the most common cancer in less developed countries. It is necessary to understand epidemiology of the cancer for planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer, and its relationship with Human Development Index (HDI) and its components in Asia in 2012.

METHODS

This study was an Ecological study, which conducted based on GLOBOCAN project of WHO for Asian counters. We assess the correlation between standardized incidence rates (SIR) and standardized mortality rates (SMR) of esophageal cancer with HDI and its components with using of SPSS18.

RESULTS

A total of 337,698 incidence (70.33% were males and 29.87% females. Sex ratio was 2.37) and 296,734 death (69.45% in men and 30.54% in women. The sex ratio was 2.27) esophageal cancer was recorded in Asian countries in 2012. Five countries with the highest SIR and SMR of esophageal cancer were Turkmenistan, Mongolia and Tajikistan, Bangladesh and China respectively. Correlation between HDI and SIR was -0.211 (P=0.159), in men -0.175 (P=0.244) and in women -0.231 (P=0.123). Also between HDI and SMR -0.250 (P=0.094) in men -0.226 (P=0.131) and in women -0.251 (P=0.037).

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of esophageal cancer is more in less developed and developing countries. Statistically significant correlation was not found between standardized incidence and mortality rates of esophageal cancer, and HDI and its dimensions, except for life expectancy at birth.