Mapping cell diversity and dynamics in inflammatory temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis with pain at single-cell resolution

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis with pain is a highly prevalent disorder affecting patients' quality of life. A comprehensive understanding of cell type diversity and its dynamics in painful TMJ osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is lacking. Here, we utilized an inflammatory TMJOA mouse model via intra-articular injection of CFA. TMJOA mice exhibited cartilage remodeling, bone loss, synovitis, increased osteoarthritis (OA) score, and orofacial pain, recapitulating hallmark symptoms in patients. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of the TMJ was performed in conjunction with mouse genetic labeling, tissue clearing, light sheet and confocal 3D imaging, multiplex RNAscope, and immunodetection. We visualized, reconstructed, and analyzed the distribution and density of nociceptive innervation of TMJ at single-axon levels. We systematically mapped the heterogeneity and anatomical position of blood endothelial cells, synovial fibroblasts, and immune cells, including Cx3cr1-positive barrier macrophages. Importantly, TMJOA mice exhibited enhanced neurovascular coupling, sublining fibroblast hyperplasia, inflammatory immune cell expansion, disrupted signaling-dependent cell-cell interaction, and a breakdown of the sandwich-like organization consisting of synovial barrier macrophages and fibroblasts. By utilizing a mouse model with combined TMJ pain history and OA, we reveal the cellular diversity, anatomical structure, and cell dynamics of the TMJ at single-cell resolution, which facilitate our understanding and potential targeting of TMJOA.

Incidence of Malignancies and the Association with Biological Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Japanese Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Time-Dependent Analysis from the IORRA Patient Registry

INTRODUCTION

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may have an increased malignancy risk versus the general population, potentially elevated by biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) use. Using patient registry data, we determined malignancy risk, stratified by bDMARD use, among Japanese patients with RA versus the Japanese general population and investigated whether bDMARD use is a time-dependent risk factor for the development of malignancy.

METHODS

Patients aged ≥ 18 years with ≥ 2 data entries of RA in the IORRA (Institute of Rheumatology, Rheumatoid Arthritis) patient registry, enrolled from January 2013-December 2018, were identified ('All RA' cohort). Patients were stratified into bDMARD (≥ 1 bDMARD received) or non-bDMARD (no history of bDMARDs) sub-cohorts. Malignancy incidence rates and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) versus the Japanese general population were calculated. Risk of RA medication use was analyzed using a time-dependent Cox proportional hazards model, after adjusting for covariates.

RESULTS

A total of 8020 patients were identified for the All RA cohort; 2187 and 5833 for the bDMARD and non-bDMARD sub-cohorts, respectively. For all three cohorts, incidence of overall malignancies was similar versus the Japanese general population. Incidence of specific malignancies was also similar, but incidence of lymphoma was higher for all three cohorts (SIRs [95% CIs] 3.72 [2.71-4.93], 5.97 [3.34-9.59], and 2.79 [1.82-4.02], respectively). In the bDMARD sub-cohort, no increase in SIRs was observed for other site-specific malignancies. In the All RA cohort, use of methotrexate, tacrolimus, glucocorticoids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and bDMARDs were not associated with the risk of overall malignancy; the hazard ratio (95% CI) was 1.36 (0.96-1.93) for bDMARD use. Increased disease activity was a time-dependent risk factor of overall malignancy with a hazard ratio (95% CI) of 1.35 (1.15-1.59).

CONCLUSIONS

The use of bDMARDs was not a time-dependent risk factor for malignancy.

Malignancies and rheumatoid arthritis, csDMARDs, biological DMARDs, and JAK inhibitors: challenge and outlook

INTRODUCTION

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder necessitating immunosuppressive therapy. Remarkable progress has been made in the treatment of RA over recent decades, particularly with the development of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi). Nonetheless, the development of new drugs has been accompanied by concerns regarding the association between these novel therapies and the risk of malignancy.

AREAS COVERED

This narrative review aims to discuss the understanding of RA, conventional synthetic (cs) DMARDs, bDMARDs, JAKi, and their association with malignancy. Furthermore, the review discusses the management of malignancy in patients receiving b/tsDMARDs.

EXPERT OPINION

Although recent studies suggest that the potential risk of malignancy of methotrexate and a JAKi tofacitinib, it is essential to avoid indiscriminate withholding of treatment by those agents, as this may lead functional impairment and increased mortality. Therefore, the adoption of a Treat-to-Target (T2T) approach considering individual patient characteristics, becomes of utmost importance. Rheumatologists should maintain a vigilant stance regarding malignancy in this context, recognizing the importance of early detection and management. Implementing a screening program for malignancies is indispensable, and the use of computed tomography screening may enhance the effectiveness of management strategies.

Risk of malignancy in rheumatoid arthritis patients initiating biologics: an historical propensity score matched cohort study within the French nationwide healthcare database

Objective

To compare the risk of malignancy between patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) initiating their first biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) and those continuing conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs).

Methods

Nine-year historical Propensity Score (PS) matched cohort study within the French national healthcare database (87% of the French population; ~57 million people), including adults RA without malignancy. Exposures started with the first use of any systemic treatment (csDMARDs and/or bDMARDs). Incident users of bDMARDs were matched on a dynamic PS to patients continuing csDMARDs. Their risk of malignancy was compared by Cox model.

Results

From 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2014, 83 706 patients with RA started their first systemic treatment (63 837 remained on csDMARDs and 19 869 initiated a bDMARD during follow-up). After dynamic PS matching, 19 727 bDMARD initiators were compared with 19 727 RA remaining on csDMARDs. They did not statistically differ in risk of overall malignancies (HR 0.99 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.14)), solid cancer (HR 0.95 (95% CI 0.82 to 1.11)), nor lymphoma (HR 1.35 (95% CI 0.72 to 2.53)). Results were similar when bDMARDs were given as monotherapy or in association with csDMARDs. Analyses restricted to patients starting TNF inhibitor as first bDMARD compared with matched RA remaining on csDMARDs, provided similar results (HR for overall malignancy 1.03 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.21)). Sensitivity analyses, varying carry-over periods (up to 5 years) to define risk periods, provided similar results.

Conclusions

In this historical cohort study within the French nationwide healthcare database, the risk of overall, solid or haematological malignancies did not significantly differ between patients with RA initiating bDMARD and those continuing csDMARDs.

Inflammation-targeted therapies and cancer

OBJECTIVE

To review and analyze the current knowledge on the risk of malignancy associated with inflammation-targeted therapies in rheumatic diseases.

METHODS

We performed a non-systematic literature review on PubMEd MEDLINE by screening randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, reviews, and observational studies focusing on malignancies and inflammation-targeted therapies including TNF inhibitors, other biologics and JAK inhibitors in rheumatic diseases.

RESULTS

Data from literature are reassuring regarding the overall risk of incident and recurrent cancer with TNF inhibitors. The risk of lymphoma is more difficult to analyze and data are controversial; however, in most of the studies, this risk does not seem to be significanlty increased. By contrast, there is probably an increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer associated with TNF inhibitors, as with other immunosuppressants. There is no signal for an increased risk of malignancies with other biological DMARDs, but additional data are needed. A recent post-marketing surveillance study found out an increased risk of malignancies for tofacitinib compared with TNFi; additional data are, therefore, urgently needed to confirm or not these results.

CONCLUSION

Data are presently reassuring regarding the overall risk of cancer, whatever the inflammation-targeted treatment. However, additional data are needed for non-TNF biologics and JAK-inhibitors.

Breast Cancer and Microcalcifications: An Osteoimmunological Disorder?

The presence of microcalcifications in the breast microenvironment, combined with the growing evidences of the possible presence of osteoblast-like or osteoclast-like cells in the breast, suggest the existence of active processes of calcification in the breast tissue during a woman’s life. Furthermore, much evidence that osteoimmunological disorders, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or periodontitis influence the risk of developing breast cancer in women exists and vice versa. Antiresorptive drugs benefits on breast cancer incidence and progression have been reported in the past decades. More recently, biological agents targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines used against rheumatoid arthritis also demonstrated benefits against breast cancer cell lines proliferation, viability, and migratory abilities, both in vitro and in vivo in xenografted mice. Hence, it is tempting to hypothesize that breast carcinogenesis should be considered as a potential osteoimmunological disorder. In this review, we compare microenvironments and molecular characteristics in the most frequent osteoimmunological disorders with major events occurring in a woman’s breast during her lifetime. We also highlight what the use of bone anabolic drugs, antiresorptive, and biological agents targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines against breast cancer can teach us.

Tumor Necrosis Factor α Blockade: An Opportunity to Tackle Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the principal cause of mortality by malignancy in women and represents a main problem for public health worldwide. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine whose expression is increased in a variety of cancers. In particular, in breast cancer it correlates with augmented tumor cell proliferation, higher malignancy grade, increased occurrence of metastasis and general poor prognosis for the patient. These characteristics highlight TNFα as an attractive therapeutic target, and consequently, the study of soluble and transmembrane TNFα effects and its receptors in breast cancer is an area of active research. In this review we summarize the recent findings on TNFα participation in luminal, HER2-positive and triple negative breast cancer progression and metastasis. Also, we describe TNFα role in immune response against tumors and in chemotherapy, hormone therapy, HER2-targeted therapy and anti-immune checkpoint therapy resistance in breast cancer. Furthermore, we discuss the use of TNFα blocking strategies as potential therapies and their clinical relevance for breast cancer. These TNFα blocking agents have long been used in the clinical setting to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. TNFα blockade can be achieved by monoclonal antibodies (such as infliximab, adalimumab, etc.), fusion proteins (etanercept) and dominant negative proteins (INB03). Here we address the different effects of each compound and also analyze the use of potential biomarkers in the selection of patients who would benefit from a combination of TNFα blocking agents with HER2-targeted treatments to prevent or overcome therapy resistance in breast cancer.

Update of the Mexican College of Rheumatology Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, 2018

Therapeutic advances in rheumatoid arthritis require periodic review of treatment guidelines.

OBJECTIVE

To update the Mexican College of Rheumatology guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

METHOD

Board certified rheumatologists from different health institutions and regions of the country participated. Work teams were formed that reviewed the previous guidelines, elaborated new questions, reviewed the literature, and scored the evidence that was presented and discussed in plenary session. The conclusions were presented to infectologists, gynaecologists and patients. Recommendations were based on levels of evidence according to GRADE methodology.

RESULTS

Updated recommendations on the use of available medications for rheumatoid arthritis treatment in Mexico up to 2017 are presented. The importance of adequate and sustained control of the disease is emphasized and relevant safety aspects are described. Bioethical conflicts are included, and government action is invited to strengthen correct treatment of the disease.

CONCLUSIONS

The updated recommendations of the Mexican College of Rheumatology on the pharmacological treatment of rheumatoid arthritis incorporate the best available information to be used in the Mexican health care system.

Neutralization Versus Reinforcement of Proinflammatory Cytokines to Arrest Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes

As physiological pathways of intercellular communication produced by all cells, cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory insulitis as well as pivotal mediators of immune homeostasis. Proinflammatory cytokines including interleukins, interferons, transforming growth factor-β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nitric oxide promote destructive insulitis in type 1 diabetes through amplification of the autoimmune reaction, direct toxicity to β-cells, and sensitization of islets to apoptosis. The concept that neutralization of cytokines may be of therapeutic benefit has been tested in few clinical studies, which fell short of inducing sustained remission or achieving disease arrest. Therapeutic failure is explained by the redundant activities of individual cytokines and their combinations, which are rather dispensable in the process of destructive insulitis because other cytolytic pathways efficiently compensate their deficiency. Proinflammatory cytokines are less redundant in regulation of the inflammatory reaction, displaying protective effects through restriction of effector cell activity, reinforcement of suppressor cell function, and participation in islet recovery from injury. Our analysis suggests that the role of cytokines in immune homeostasis overrides their contribution to β-cell death and may be used as potent immunomodulatory agents for therapeutic purposes rather than neutralized.

Malignancy and the Risks of Biologic Therapies: Current Status

Cancer is a common event in patients with rheumatic diseases. In some cases, the disease, its risk factors, or its treatment could play a role in favoring cancer. This article analyzes the current knowledge on the risk of malignancy associated with biologics in rheumatic diseases and discusses some methodological issues to be considered when evaluating the association between disease, treatments, and the risk of cancer. This article focuses on the risk of overall malignancy but also of skin cancer, lymphoma, and recurrent cancer associated with all biologics marketed for the treatment of rheumatic diseases.

Gynäkologische Malignome bei Patientinnen mit rheumatisch‑entzündlichen Systemerkrankungen

Das Risiko für gynäkologische Tumoren bei rheumatisch-entzündlichen Systemerkrankungen scheint nur in Bezug auf das Zervixkarzinom v. a. bei systemischem Lupus erythematodes erhöht zu sein. Studien weisen auf die Bedeutung des Immunsystems für die Tumorkontrolle bei gynäkologischen Tumoren hin. Bislang konnte aber nur für das Zervixkarzinom ein ungünstiger Einfluss einer medikamentösen Immunsuppression bei rheumatologischen Patientinnen gezeigt werden. Biologika wirken sich bei dieser Entität dagegen nicht eindeutig tumorfördernd aus. Die Datenlage bei dieser Fragestellung ist allerdings begrenzt. Generelle Screeningempfehlungen existieren für das Mammakarzinom und das Zervixkarzinom. Empfehlungen zur Tumornachsorge werden dargestellt. Aufgrund der unzureichenden Datenlage empfiehlt sich zumindest in den ersten 5 Jahren nach kurativer onkologischer Therapie eine sehr strenge Indikationsstellung zum Einsatz von Immunsuppressiva und Biologika auch bei gynäkologischen Tumoren. Im Falle des Mammakarzinoms wird sogar die Beachtung eines längeren Intervalls diskutiert.

Malignancy risk of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha blockers: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

The objective of the study is to systematically review the malignancy risk of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFα) agents. Databases of PubMed Medline, OVID EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched to identify published systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized control trials, observational studies, and case series that evaluated malignancy risk of anti-TNFα blockers. Search time duration was restricted from January 1st, 2000 to July 16th, 2015. Overview Quality Assessment Questionnaires were used to assess the quality of included reviews. Two methodology trained reviewers separately and repeatedly screened searched studies according to study selection criteria, collected data, and assessed quality. Totally, 42 reviews proved eligible with only one Cochrane review. Anti-TNFα antagonists were extensively used to treat various diseases; nevertheless, malignancy risks were most commonly described in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In RA patients, no increased risks of breast cancer, lymphoma, and non-melanoma skin cancer were found, but if the use of anti-TNFα agents was associated with elevated risk of overall malignancy was still uncertainty. In IBD patients, the use of anti-TNFα inhibitors was not connected with enhanced risk of overall cancer. No increased cancer risk was found in other disease conditions. Twenty-nine reviews were rated as good quality, 12 as moderate, and one as poor. There are no sufficient evidences to draw the conclusion that anti-TNFα blockers have relationship with increased malignancy risk.