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Shangguan J, Rock RS. Pushed to the edge: hundreds of myosin 10s pack into filopodia and could cause traffic jams on actin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.26.546598. [PMID: 37425746 PMCID: PMC10327019 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.26.546598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Myosin 10 (Myo10) is a motor protein well known for its role in filopodia formation. Although Myo10-driven filopodial dynamics have been characterized, there is no information about the absolute number of Myo10 molecules during the filopodial lifecycle. To better understand molecular stoichiometries and packing restraints in filopodia, we measured Myo10 abundance in these structures. Here we combined SDS-PAGE densitometry with epifluorescence microscopy to quantitate HaloTag-labeled Myo10 in U2OS cells. About 6% of total intracellular Myo10 localizes to filopodia, where it is enriched at opposite ends of the cell. Hundreds of Myo10 are found in a typical filopodium, and their distribution across filopodia is log-normal. Some filopodial tips even contain more Myo10 than accessible binding sites on the actin filament bundle. Live-cell movies reveal a dense cluster of over a hundred Myo10 molecules that initiates filopodial elongation. Hundreds of Myo10 molecules continue to accumulate during filopodial growth, but that accumulation ceases when filopodia begin to retract. Rates of filopodial elongation, second-phase elongation, and retraction are inversely related to Myo10 quantities. Our estimates of Myo10 molecules in filopodia provide insight into the physics of packing Myo10, its cargo, and other filopodia-associated proteins in narrow membrane compartments. Our protocol provides a framework for future work analyzing Myo10 abundance and distribution upon perturbation.
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2
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Khan NG, Adiga D, Rai PS, Kabekkodu SP. Integrated In-Silico and In Vitro analysis to Decipher the contribution of bisphenol-A in cervical cancer. Toxicology 2024; 504:153791. [PMID: 38555994 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic chemical widely used as a monomer for producing polycarbonate plastics. The present investigation employed an in-silico approach to identify BPA-responsive genes and comprehend the biological functions affected using in vitro studies. A Comparative Toxicogenomics Database search identified 29 BPA-responsive genes in cervical cancer (CC). Twenty-nine genes were screened using published datasets, and thirteen of those showed differential expression between normal and CC samples. Protein-Protein Interaction Networks (PPIN) analysis identified BIRC5, CASP8, CCND1, EGFR, FGFR3, MTOR, VEGFA, DOC2B, WNT5A, and YY1 as hub genes. KM-based survival analysis identified that CCND, EGFR, VEGFA, FGFR3, DOC2B, and YY1 might affect CC patient survival. SiHa and CaSki cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were all considerably accelerated by BPA exposure. Changes in cell morphology, remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, increased number and length of filopodia, elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species and calcium, and lipid droplet accumulation were noted upon BPA exposure. BPA treatment upregulated the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition pathway members and enhanced the nuclear translocation of CTNNB1. We showed that the enhanced migration and nuclear translocation of CTNNB1 upon BPA exposure is a calcium-dependent process. The present study identified potential BPA-responsive genes and provided novel insights into the biological effects and mechanisms affected by BPA in CC. Our study raises concern over the use of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Ghani Khan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Divya Adiga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Padmalatha Satwadi Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
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3
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Nishita M, Kamizaki K, Hoshi K, Aruga K, Nishikaku I, Shibuya H, Matsumoto K, Minami Y. Rho family small GTPase Rif regulates Wnt5a-Ror1-Dvl2 signaling and promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105248. [PMID: 37703992 PMCID: PMC10570955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho in filopodia (Rif), a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, induces filopodia formation primarily on the dorsal surface of cells; however, its function remains largely unclear. Here, we show that Rif interacts with Ror1, a receptor for Wnt5a that can also induce dorsal filopodia. Our immunohistochemical analysis revealed a high frequency of coexpression of Ror1 and Rif in lung adenocarcinoma. Lung adenocarcinoma cells cultured on Matrigel established front-rear polarity with massive filopodia on their front surfaces, where Ror1 and Rif were accumulated. Suppression of Ror1 or Rif expression inhibited cell proliferation, survival, and invasion, accompanied by the loss of filopodia and cell polarity in vitro, and prevented tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, we found that Rif was required to activate Wnt5a-Ror1 signaling at the cell surface leading to phosphorylation of the Wnt signaling pathway hub protein Dvl2, which was further promoted by culturing the cells on Matrigel. Our findings reveal a novel function of Rif in mediating Wnt5a-Ror1-Dvl2 signaling, which is associated with the formation of polarized filopodia on 3D matrices in lung adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiru Nishita
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
| | - Koki Kamizaki
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kyoka Hoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kana Aruga
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ikumi Nishikaku
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shibuya
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunio Matsumoto
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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4
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Kunida K, Takagi N, Aoki K, Ikeda K, Nakamura T, Sakumura Y. Decoding cellular deformation from pseudo-simultaneously observed Rho GTPase activities. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112071. [PMID: 36764299 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Limitations in simultaneously observing the activity of multiple molecules in live cells prevent researchers from elucidating how these molecules coordinate the dynamic regulation of cellular functions. Here, we propose the motion-triggered average (MTA) algorithm to characterize pseudo-simultaneous dynamic changes in arbitrary cellular deformation and molecular activities. Using MTA, we successfully extract a pseudo-simultaneous time series from individually observed activities of three Rho GTPases: Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA. To verify that this time series encoded information on cell-edge movement, we use a mathematical regression model to predict the edge velocity from the activities of the three molecules. The model accurately predicts the unknown edge velocity, providing numerical evidence that these Rho GTPases regulate edge movement. Data preprocessing using MTA combined with mathematical regression provides an effective strategy for reusing numerous individual observations of molecular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Kunida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 8916-5, Japan; School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takagi
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Aichi Prefectural University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1342, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kazushi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 8916-5, Japan; Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 8916-5, Japan; RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (RIKEN AIP), Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sakumura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 8916-5, Japan; Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 8916-5, Japan.
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5
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Rodríguez-Fernández JL, Criado-García O. A meta-analysis indicates that the regulation of cell motility is a non-intrinsic function of chemoattractant receptors that is governed independently of directional sensing. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1001086. [PMID: 36341452 PMCID: PMC9630654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoattraction, defined as the migration of a cell toward a source of a chemical gradient, is controlled by chemoattractant receptors. Chemoattraction involves two basic activities, namely, directional sensing, a molecular mechanism that detects the direction of a source of chemoattractant, and actin-based motility, which allows the migration of a cell towards it. Current models assume first, that chemoattractant receptors govern both directional sensing and motility (most commonly inducing an increase in the migratory speed of the cells, i.e. chemokinesis), and, second, that the signaling pathways controlling both activities are intertwined. We performed a meta-analysis to reassess these two points. From this study emerge two main findings. First, although many chemoattractant receptors govern directional sensing, there are also receptors that do not regulate cell motility, suggesting that is the ability to control directional sensing, not motility, that best defines a chemoattractant receptor. Second, multiple experimental data suggest that receptor-controlled directional sensing and motility can be controlled independently. We hypothesize that this independence may be based on the existence of separated signalling modules that selectively govern directional sensing and motility in chemotactic cells. Together, the information gathered can be useful to update current models representing the signalling from chemoattractant receptors. The new models may facilitate the development of strategies for a more effective pharmacological modulation of chemoattractant receptor-controlled chemoattraction in health and disease.
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Alexandrova A, Lomakina M. How does plasticity of migration help tumor cells to avoid treatment: Cytoskeletal regulators and potential markers. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:962652. [PMID: 36278174 PMCID: PMC9582651 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.962652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor shrinkage as a result of antitumor therapy is not the only and sufficient indicator of treatment success. Cancer progression leads to dissemination of tumor cells and formation of metastases - secondary tumor lesions in distant organs. Metastasis is associated with acquisition of mobile phenotype by tumor cells as a result of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and further cell migration based on cytoskeleton reorganization. The main mechanisms of individual cell migration are either mesenchymal, which depends on the activity of small GTPase Rac, actin polymerization, formation of adhesions with extracellular matrix and activity of proteolytic enzymes or amoeboid, which is based on the increase in intracellular pressure caused by the enhancement of actin cortex contractility regulated by Rho-ROCK-MLCKII pathway, and does not depend on the formation of adhesive structures with the matrix, nor on the activity of proteases. The ability of tumor cells to switch from one motility mode to another depending on cell context and environmental conditions, termed migratory plasticity, contributes to the efficiency of dissemination and often allows the cells to avoid the applied treatment. The search for new therapeutic targets among cytoskeletal proteins offers an opportunity to directly influence cell migration. For successful treatment it is important to assess the likelihood of migratory plasticity in a particular tumor. Therefore, the search for specific markers that can indicate a high probability of migratory plasticity is very important.
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7
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Schick J, Raz E. Blebs—Formation, Regulation, Positioning, and Role in Amoeboid Cell Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:926394. [PMID: 35912094 PMCID: PMC9337749 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.926394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of development, tissue homeostasis, immune surveillance, and pathological conditions such as cancer metastasis and inflammation, migrating amoeboid cells commonly form protrusions called blebs. For these spherical protrusions to inflate, the force for pushing the membrane forward depends on actomyosin contraction rather than active actin assembly. Accordingly, blebs exhibit distinct dynamics and regulation. In this review, we first examine the mechanisms that control the inflation of blebs and bias their formation in the direction of the cell’s leading edge and present current views concerning the role blebs play in promoting cell locomotion. While certain motile amoeboid cells exclusively form blebs, others form blebs as well as other protrusion types. We describe factors in the environment and cell-intrinsic activities that determine the proportion of the different forms of protrusions cells produce.
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8
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Peng D, Ando K, Hußmann M, Gloger M, Skoczylas R, Mochizuki N, Betsholtz C, Fukuhara S, Schulte-Merker S, Lawson ND, Koltowska K. Proper migration of lymphatic endothelial cells requires survival and guidance cues from arterial mural cells. eLife 2022; 11:e74094. [PMID: 35316177 PMCID: PMC9042226 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) is key for the development of the complex and vast lymphatic vascular network that pervades most tissues in an organism. In zebrafish, arterial intersegmental vessels together with chemokines have been shown to promote lymphatic cell migration from the horizontal myoseptum (HM). We observed that emergence of mural cells around the intersegmental arteries coincides with lymphatic departure from HM which raised the possibility that arterial mural cells promote LEC migration. Our live imaging and cell ablation experiments revealed that LECs migrate slower and fail to establish the lymphatic vascular network in the absence of arterial mural cells. We determined that mural cells are a source for the C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (Cxcl12a and Cxcl12b), vascular endothelial growth factor C (Vegfc) and collagen and calcium-binding EGF domain-containing protein 1 (Ccbe1). We showed that chemokine and growth factor signalling function cooperatively to induce robust LEC migration. Specifically, Vegfc-Vegfr3 signalling, but not chemokines, induces extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in LECs, and has an additional pro-survival role in LECs during the migration. Together, the identification of mural cells as a source for signals that guide LEC migration and survival will be important in the future design for rebuilding lymphatic vessels in disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Peng
- Uppsala University, Immunology Genetics and PathologyUppsalaSweden
| | - Koji Ando
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Melina Hußmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Marleen Gloger
- Uppsala University, Immunology Genetics and PathologyUppsalaSweden
| | - Renae Skoczylas
- Uppsala University, Immunology Genetics and PathologyUppsalaSweden
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research InstituteSuitaJapan
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge (MedH), Karolinska Institutet, Campus FlemingsbergHuddingeSweden
| | - Shigetomo Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Nathan D Lawson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
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9
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Qi J, Rittershaus A, Priya R, Mansingh S, Stainier DYR, Helker CSM. Apelin signaling dependent endocardial protrusions promote cardiac trabeculation in zebrafish. eLife 2022; 11:e73231. [PMID: 35225788 PMCID: PMC8916774 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During cardiac development, endocardial cells (EdCs) produce growth factors to promote myocardial morphogenesis and growth. In particular, EdCs produce neuregulin which is required for ventricular cardiomyocytes (CMs) to seed the multicellular ridges known as trabeculae. Defects in neuregulin signaling, or in endocardial sprouting toward CMs, cause hypotrabeculation. However, the mechanisms underlying endocardial sprouting remain largely unknown. Here, we first show by live imaging in zebrafish embryos that EdCs interact with CMs via dynamic membrane protrusions. After touching CMs, these protrusions remain in close contact with their target despite the vigorous cardiac contractions. Loss of the CM-derived peptide Apelin, or of the Apelin receptor, which is expressed in EdCs, leads to reduced endocardial sprouting and hypotrabeculation. Mechanistically, neuregulin signaling requires endocardial protrusions to induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) activity in CMs and trigger their delamination. Altogether, these data show that Apelin signaling-dependent endocardial protrusions modulate CM behavior during trabeculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Qi
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| | - Annegret Rittershaus
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| | - Rashmi Priya
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| | - Shivani Mansingh
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| | - Didier YR Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| | - Christian SM Helker
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
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10
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Routledge D, Rogers S, Ono Y, Brunt L, Meniel V, Tornillo G, Ashktorab H, Phesse TJ, Scholpp S. The scaffolding protein flot2 promotes cytoneme-based transport of wnt3 in gastric cancer. eLife 2022; 11:77376. [PMID: 36040316 PMCID: PMC9457691 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway regulates multiple cellular processes during development and many diseases, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Despite their hydrophobic nature, Wnt proteins exert their function over long distances to induce paracrine signalling. Recent studies have identified several factors involved in Wnt secretion; however, our understanding of how Wnt ligands are transported between cells to interact with their cognate receptors is still debated. Here, we demonstrate that gastric cancer cells utilise cytonemes to transport Wnt3 intercellularly to promote proliferation and cell survival. Furthermore, we identify the membrane-bound scaffolding protein Flotillin-2 (Flot2), frequently overexpressed in gastric cancer, as a modulator of these cytonemes. Together with the Wnt co-receptor and cytoneme initiator Ror2, Flot2 determines the number and length of Wnt3 cytonemes in gastric cancer. Finally, we show that Flotillins are also necessary for Wnt8a cytonemes during zebrafish embryogenesis, suggesting a conserved mechanism for Flotillin-mediated Wnt transport on cytonemes in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Routledge
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
| | - Sally Rogers
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
| | - Yosuke Ono
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
| | - Lucy Brunt
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
| | - Valerie Meniel
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Giusy Tornillo
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard UniversityWashingtonUnited States
| | - Toby J Phesse
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
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11
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Félix RC, Anjos L, Costa RA, Letsiou S, Power DM. Cartilage Acidic Protein a Novel Therapeutic Factor to Improve Skin Damage Repair? Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19100541. [PMID: 34677440 PMCID: PMC8536980 DOI: 10.3390/md19100541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish skin has been gaining attention due to its efficacy as a human-wound-treatment product and to identify factors promoting its enhanced action. Skin fibroblasts have a central role in maintaining skin integrity and secrete extra cellular matrix (ECM) proteins, growth factors and cytokines to rapidly repair lesions and prevent further damage or infection. The effects on scratch repair of the ubiquitous but poorly characterized ECM protein, cartilage acidic protein 1 (CRTAC1), from piscine and human sources were compared using a zebrafish SJD.1 primary fibroblast cell line. A classic in vitro cell scratch assay, immunofluorescence, biosensor and gene expression analysis were used. Our results demonstrated that the duplicate sea bass Crtac1a and Crtac1b proteins and human CRTAC-1A all promoted SJD.1 primary fibroblast migration in a classic scratch assay and in an electric cell impedance sensing assay. The immunofluorescence analysis revealed that CRTAC1 enhanced cell migration was most likely caused by actin-driven cytoskeletal changes and the cellular transcriptional response was most affected in the early stage (6 h) of scratch repair. In summary, our results suggest that CRTAC1 may be an important factor in fish skin promoting damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Castelo Félix
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.A.); (R.A.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.F.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Liliana Anjos
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.A.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Rita Alves Costa
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.A.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Sophia Letsiou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Scientific Affairs, APIVITA SA, Industrial Park of Markopoulo Mesogaias, Markopoulo Attikis, 19003 Athens, Greece;
| | - Deborah Mary Power
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.A.); (R.A.C.)
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Correspondence: (R.C.F.); (D.M.P.)
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12
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Banisch TU, Slaidina M, Gupta S, Ho M, Gilboa L, Lehmann R. A transitory signaling center controls timing of primordial germ cell differentiation. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1742-1755.e4. [PMID: 34081907 PMCID: PMC8330407 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Organogenesis requires exquisite spatiotemporal coordination of cell morphogenesis, migration, proliferation, and differentiation of multiple cell types. For gonads, this involves complex interactions between somatic and germline tissues. During Drosophila ovary morphogenesis, primordial germ cells (PGCs) either are sequestered in stem cell niches and are maintained in an undifferentiated germline stem cell state or transition directly toward differentiation. Here, we identify a mechanism that links hormonal triggers of somatic tissue morphogenesis with PGC differentiation. An early ecdysone pulse initiates somatic swarm cell (SwC) migration, positioning these cells close to PGCs. A second hormone peak activates Torso-like signal in SwCs, which stimulates the Torso receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway in PGCs promoting their differentiation by de-repression of the differentiation gene, bag of marbles. Thus, systemic temporal cues generate a transitory signaling center that coordinates ovarian morphogenesis with stem cell self-renewal and differentiation programs, highlighting a more general role for such centers in reproductive and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten U Banisch
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Maija Slaidina
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Selena Gupta
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Megan Ho
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lilach Gilboa
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ruth Lehmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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13
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Bajpai S, Prabhakar R, Chelakkot R, Inamdar MM. Role of cell polarity dynamics and motility in pattern formation due to contact-dependent signalling. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20200825. [PMID: 33561375 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A key challenge in biology is to understand how spatio-temporal patterns and structures arise during the development of an organism. An initial aggregate of spatially uniform cells develops and forms the differentiated structures of a fully developed organism. On the one hand, contact-dependent cell-cell signalling is responsible for generating a large number of complex, self-organized, spatial patterns in the distribution of the signalling molecules. On the other hand, the motility of cells coupled with their polarity can independently lead to collective motion patterns that depend on mechanical parameters influencing tissue deformation, such as cellular elasticity, cell-cell adhesion and active forces generated by actin and myosin dynamics. Although modelling efforts have, thus far, treated cell motility and cell-cell signalling separately, experiments in recent years suggest that these processes could be tightly coupled. Hence, in this paper, we study how the dynamics of cell polarity and migration influence the spatiotemporal patterning of signalling molecules. Such signalling interactions can occur only between cells that are in physical contact, either directly at the junctions of adjacent cells or through cellular protrusional contacts. We present a vertex model which accounts for contact-dependent signalling between adjacent cells and between non-adjacent neighbours through long protrusional contacts that occur along the orientation of cell polarization. We observe a rich variety of spatiotemporal patterns of signalling molecules that is influenced by polarity dynamics of the cells, relative strengths of adjacent and non-adjacent signalling interactions, range of polarized interaction, signalling activation threshold, relative time scales of signalling and polarity orientation, and cell motility. Though our results are developed in the context of Delta-Notch signalling, they are sufficiently general and can be extended to other contact dependent morpho-mechanical dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Bajpai
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Mumbai 400076, India.,Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ranganathan Prabhakar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Raghunath Chelakkot
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Mandar M Inamdar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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14
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Grimaldi C, Schumacher I, Boquet-Pujadas A, Tarbashevich K, Vos BE, Bandemer J, Schick J, Aalto A, Olivo-Marin JC, Betz T, Raz E. E-cadherin focuses protrusion formation at the front of migrating cells by impeding actin flow. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5397. [PMID: 33106478 PMCID: PMC7588466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of many cell types relies on the formation of actomyosin-dependent protrusions called blebs, but the mechanisms responsible for focusing this kind of protrusive activity to the cell front are largely unknown. Here, we employ zebrafish primordial germ cells (PGCs) as a model to study the role of cell-cell adhesion in bleb-driven single-cell migration in vivo. Utilizing a range of genetic, reverse genetic and mathematical tools, we define a previously unknown role for E-cadherin in confining bleb-type protrusions to the leading edge of the cell. We show that E-cadherin-mediated frictional forces impede the backwards flow of actomyosin-rich structures that define the domain where protrusions are preferentially generated. In this way, E-cadherin confines the bleb-forming region to a restricted area at the cell front and reinforces the front-rear axis of migrating cells. Accordingly, when E-cadherin activity is reduced, the bleb-forming area expands, thus compromising the directional persistence of the cells. The arrival of migratory cells at their targets relies on following precise routes within tissues. Here the authors demonstrate that the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin can control the path of cell migration by confining the site where bleb-type protrusions form within the cell front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Grimaldi
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Isabel Schumacher
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Aleix Boquet-Pujadas
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, 75105, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3691, 75105, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Katsiaryna Tarbashevich
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Eduard Vos
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Bandemer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Schick
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Anne Aalto
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Timo Betz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Physics - Biophysics, Georg August Universität, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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15
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Alexandrova AY, Chikina AS, Svitkina TM. Actin cytoskeleton in mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition of cancer cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:197-256. [PMID: 33066874 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During development of metastasis, tumor cells migrate through different tissues and encounter different extracellular matrices. An ability of cells to adapt mechanisms of their migration to these diverse environmental conditions, called migration plasticity, gives tumor cells an advantage over normal cells for long distant dissemination. Different modes of individual cell motility-mesenchymal and amoeboid-are driven by different molecular mechanisms, which largely depend on functions of the actin cytoskeleton that can be modulated in a wide range by cellular signaling mechanisms in response to environmental conditions. Various triggers can switch one motility mode to another, but regulations of these transitions are incompletely understood. However, understanding of the mechanisms driving migration plasticity is instrumental for finding anti-cancer treatment capable to stop cancer metastasis. In this review, we discuss cytoskeletal features, which allow the individually migrating cells to switch between mesenchymal and amoeboid migrating modes, called mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition (MAT). We briefly describe main characteristics of different cell migration modes, and then discuss the triggering factors that initiate MAT with special attention to cytoskeletal features essential for migration plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Y Alexandrova
- Laboratory of Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Aleksandra S Chikina
- Cell Migration and Invasion and Spatio-Temporal Regulation of Antigen Presentation teams, UMR144/U932 Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Tatyana M Svitkina
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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16
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Diverse roles of non-muscle myosin II contractility in 3D cell migration. Essays Biochem 2020; 63:497-508. [PMID: 31551323 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
All is flux, nothing stays still. Heraclitus of Ephesus' characterization of the universe holds true for cells within animals and for proteins within cells. In this review, we examine the dynamics of actin and non-muscle myosin II within cells, and how their dynamics power the movement of cells within tissues. The 3D environment that migrating cells encounter along their path also changes over time, and cells can adopt various mechanisms of motility, depending on the topography, mechanics and chemical composition of their surroundings. We describe the differential spatio-temporal regulation of actin and myosin II-mediated contractility in mesenchymal, lobopodial, amoeboid, and swimming modes of cell migration. After briefly reviewing the biochemistry of myosin II, we discuss the role actomyosin contractility plays in the switch between modes of 3D migration that cells use to adapt to changing environments.
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17
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Sommer F, Torraca V, Meijer AH. Chemokine Receptors and Phagocyte Biology in Zebrafish. Front Immunol 2020; 11:325. [PMID: 32161595 PMCID: PMC7053378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes are highly motile immune cells that ingest and clear microbial invaders, harmful substances, and dying cells. Their function is critically dependent on the expression of chemokine receptors, a class of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Chemokine receptors coordinate the recruitment of phagocytes and other immune cells to sites of infection and damage, modulate inflammatory and wound healing responses, and direct cell differentiation, proliferation, and polarization. Besides, a structurally diverse group of atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) are unable to signal in G-protein-dependent fashion themselves but can shape chemokine gradients by fine-tuning the activity of conventional chemokine receptors. The optically transparent zebrafish embryos and larvae provide a powerful in vivo system to visualize phagocytes during development and study them as key elements of the immune response in real-time. In this review, we discuss how the zebrafish model has furthered our understanding of the role of two main classes of chemokine receptors, the CC and CXC subtypes, in phagocyte biology. We address the roles of the receptors in the migratory properties of phagocytes in zebrafish models for cancer, infectious disease, and inflammation. We illustrate how studies in zebrafish enable visualizing the contribution of chemokine receptors and ACKRs in shaping self-generated chemokine gradients of migrating cells. Taking the functional antagonism between two paralogs of the CXCR3 family as an example, we discuss how the duplication of chemokine receptor genes in zebrafish poses challenges, but also provides opportunities to study sub-functionalization or loss-of-function events. We emphasize how the zebrafish model has been instrumental to prove that the major determinant for the functional outcome of a chemokine receptor-ligand interaction is the cell-type expressing the receptor. Finally, we highlight relevant homologies and analogies between mammalian and zebrafish phagocyte function and discuss the potential of zebrafish models to further advance our understanding of chemokine receptors in innate immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Sommer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Torraca
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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18
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Grimaldi C, Raz E. Germ cell migration-Evolutionary issues and current understanding. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:152-159. [PMID: 31864795 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In many organisms, primordial germ cells (PGCs) are specified at a different location than where the gonad forms, meaning that PGCs must migrate toward the gonad within the early developing embryo. Following species-specific paths, PGCs can be passively carried by surrounding tissues and also perform active migration. When PGCs actively migrate through and along a variety of embryonic structures in different organisms, they adopt an ancestral robust migration mode termed "amoeboid motility", which allows cells to migrate within diverse environments. In this review, we discuss the possible significance of the PGC migration process in facilitating the evolution of animal body shape. In addition, we summarize the latest findings relevant for the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling the movement and the directed migration of PGCs in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Grimaldi
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany.
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19
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Krndija D, Fairhead M. IGF1R undergoes active and directed centripetal transport on filopodia upon receptor activation. Biochem J 2019; 476:3583-3593. [PMID: 31738383 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Filopodia are thin, actin-based membrane protrusions with roles in sensing external mechanical and chemical cues, such as growth factor gradients in tissues. It was proposed that the chemical sensing role of filopodia is achieved through clearance of activated signaling receptors from filopodia. Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is a key regulator of normal development and growth, as well as tumor development and progression. Its biological roles depend on its activation upon IGF1 binding at the cell membrane. IGF1R behavior at the cell membrane and in particular in filopodia, has not been established. We found that IGF1 activation led to a gradual reduction in IGF1R puncta in filopodia, and that this clearance depended on actin, non-muscle myosin II, and IGF1R kinase activity. Using single particle tracking of filopodial IGF1R, we established that ligand-free IGF1R undergoes non-directional unidimensional diffusion along the filopodium. Moreover, after initial diffusion, the ligand-bound IGF1R is actively transported along the filopodium towards the filopodium base, and consequently cleared from the filopodium. Our results show that IGF1R can move directionally on the plasma membrane protrusions, supporting a sensory role for filopodia in interpreting local IGF1 gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Krndija
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
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20
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Mishra AK, Campanale JP, Mondo JA, Montell DJ. Cell interactions in collective cell migration. Development 2019; 146:146/23/dev172056. [PMID: 31806626 DOI: 10.1242/dev.172056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is the coordinated movement of a physically connected group of cells and is a prominent driver of development and metastasis. Interactions between cells within migrating collectives, and between migrating cells and other cells in the environment, play key roles in stimulating motility, steering and sometimes promoting cell survival. Similarly, diverse heterotypic interactions and collective behaviors likely contribute to tumor metastasis. Here, we describe a sampling of cells that migrate collectively in vivo, including well-established and newer examples. We focus on the under-appreciated property that many - perhaps most - collectively migrating cells move as cooperating groups of distinct cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinava K Mishra
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Joseph P Campanale
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - James A Mondo
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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21
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Rutherford NE, Wong AH, Bruce AEE. Spatiotemporal characterization of dynamic epithelial filopodia during zebrafish epiboly. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:997-1008. [PMID: 31390119 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During zebrafish epiboly, the embryonic cell mass, or blastoderm, spreads to enclose the yolk cell. The blastoderm consists of an outer epithelial sheet, the enveloping layer (EVL), and the underlying deep cell layer (DEL). Studies have provided insights into the mechanisms of EVL and deep cell epiboly, but little is known about the interactions between the two cell layers and what role they may play during epiboly. RESULTS We used live imaging to examine EVL basal protrusions. We identified them as filopodia based on f-actin content and localization of fluorescently tagged filopodial markers. A spatiotemporal analysis revealed that the largest number of EVL filopodia were present during early epiboly at the animal pole. In functional studies, expression of a constitutively active actin-bundling protein resulted in increased filopodial length and delayed gastrulation. CONCLUSIONS We identified protrusions on the basal surface of EVL cells as filopodia and showed that they are present throughout the EVL during epiboly. The largest number of filopodia was at the animal pole during early epiboly, which is when and where deep cell radial intercalations occur to the greatest extent. These findings suggest that EVL filopodia may function during epiboly to promote deep cell rearrangements during epiboly initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Rutherford
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Alexander H Wong
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Ashley E E Bruce
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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22
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Tobia C, Chiodelli P, Barbieri A, Buraschi S, Ferrari E, Mitola S, Borsani G, Guerra J, Presta M. Atypical Chemokine Receptor 3 Generates Guidance Cues for CXCL12-Mediated Endothelial Cell Migration. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1092. [PMID: 31156639 PMCID: PMC6529557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CXCR4, its ligand stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12) and the decoy receptor atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3, also named CXCR7), are involved in the guidance of migrating cells in different anatomical districts. Here, we investigated the role of the ACKR3 zebrafish ortholog ackr3b in the vascularization process during embryonic development. Bioinformatics and functional analyses confirmed that ackr3b is a CXCL12-binding ortholog of human ACKR3. ackr3b is transcribed in the endoderm of zebrafish embryos during epiboly and is expressed in a wide range of tissues during somitogenesis, including central nervous system and somites. Between 18 somite and 26 h-post fertilization stages, the broad somitic expression of ackr3b becomes restricted to the basal part of the somites. After ackr3b knockdown, intersomitic vessels (ISVs) lose the correct direction of migration and are characterized by the presence of aberrant sprouts and ectopic filopodia protrusions, showing downregulation of the tip/stalk cell marker hlx1. In addition, ackr3b morphants show significant alterations of lateral dorsal aortae formation. In keeping with a role for ackr3b in endothelial cell guidance, CXCL12 gradient generated by ACKR3 expression in CHO cell transfectants guides human endothelial cell migration in an in vitro cell co-culture chemotaxis assay. Our results demonstrate that ackr3b plays a non-redundant role in the guidance of sprouting endothelial cells during vascular development in zebrafish. Moreover, ACKR3 scavenging activity generates guidance cues for the directional migration of CXCR4-expressing human endothelial cells in response to CXCL12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tobia
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Chiodelli
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbieri
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Ferrari
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Mitola
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borsani
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jessica Guerra
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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23
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Kast DJ, Dominguez R. IRSp53 coordinates AMPK and 14-3-3 signaling to regulate filopodia dynamics and directed cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1285-1297. [PMID: 30893014 PMCID: PMC6724608 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-09-0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are actin-filled membrane protrusions that play essential roles in cell motility and cell–cell communication and act as precursors of dendritic spines. IRSp53 is an essential regulator of filopodia formation, which couples Rho-GTPase signaling to actin cytoskeleton and membrane remodeling. IRSp53 has three major domains: an N-terminal inverse-BAR (I-BAR) domain, a Cdc42- and SH3-binding CRIB-PR domain, and an SH3 domain that binds downstream cytoskeletal effectors. Phosphorylation sites in the region between the CRIB-PR and SH3 domains mediate the binding of 14-3-3. Yet the mechanism by which 14-3-3 regulates filopodia formation and dynamics and its role in cell migration are poorly understood. Here, we show that phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of IRSp53 by 14-3-3 counters activation by Cdc42 and cytoskeletal effectors, resulting in down-regulation of filopodia dynamics and cancer cell migration. In serum-starved cells, increased IRSp53 phosphorylation triggers 14-3-3 binding, which inhibits filopodia formation and dynamics, irrespective of whether IRSp53 is activated by Cdc42 or downstream effectors (Eps8, Ena/VASP). Pharmacological activation or inhibition of AMPK, respectively, increases or decreases the phosphorylation of two of three sites in IRSp53 implicated in 14-3-3 binding. Mutating these phosphorylation sites reverses 14-3-3-dependent inhibition of filopodia dynamics and cancer cell chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kast
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Roberto Dominguez
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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24
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Chikina AS, Svitkina TM, Alexandrova AY. Time-resolved ultrastructure of the cortical actin cytoskeleton in dynamic membrane blebs. J Cell Biol 2018; 218:445-454. [PMID: 30541746 PMCID: PMC6363452 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201806075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane blebbing accompanies various cellular processes, including cytokinesis, apoptosis, and cell migration, especially invasive migration of cancer cells. Blebs are extruded by intracellular pressure and are initially cytoskeleton-free, but they subsequently assemble the cytoskeleton, which can drive bleb retraction. Despite increasing appreciation of physiological significance of blebbing, the molecular and, especially, structural mechanisms controlling bleb dynamics are incompletely understood. We induced membrane blebbing in human HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells by inhibiting the Arp2/3 complex. Using correlative platinum replica electron microscopy, we characterize cytoskeletal architecture of the actin cortex in cells during initiation of blebbing and in blebs at different stages of their expansion-retraction cycle. The transition to blebbing in these conditions occurred through an intermediate filopodial stage, whereas bleb initiation was biased toward filopodial bases, where the cytoskeleton exhibited local weaknesses. Different stages of the bleb life cycle (expansion, pausing, and retraction) are characterized by specific features of cytoskeleton organization that provide implications about mechanisms of cytoskeleton assembly and bleb retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra S Chikina
- Laboratory of Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Antonina Y Alexandrova
- Laboratory of Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Liao H, Chen Y, Li Y, Xue S, Liu M, Lin Z, Liu Y, Chan HC, Zhang X, Sun H. CFTR is required for the migration of primordial germ cells during zebrafish early embryogenesis. Reproduction 2018; 156:261-268. [PMID: 29930176 PMCID: PMC6106808 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene affect fertility in both sexes. However, the involvement of CFTR in regulating germ cell development remains largely unknown. Here, we used zebrafish model to investigate the role of CFTR in primordial germ cells (PGCs) development. We generated a cftr frameshift mutant zebrafish line using CRISPR/Cas9 technique and investigated the migration of PGCs during early embryo development. Our results showed that loss of Cftr impairs the migration of PGCs from dome stages onward. The migration of PGCs was also perturbed by treatment of CFTRinh-172, a gating-specific CFTR channel inhibitor. Moreover, defected PGCs migration in cftr mutant embryos can be partially rescued by injection of WT but not other channel-defective mutant cftr mRNAs. Finally, we observed the elevation of cxcr4b, cxcl12a, rgs14a and ca15b, key factors involved in zebrafish PGCs migration, in cftr-mutant zebrafish embryos. Taken together, the present study revealed an important role of CFTR acting as an ion channel in regulating PGCs migration during early embryogenesis. Defect of which may impair germ cell development through elevation of key factors involved in cell motility and response to chemotactic gradient in PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Liao
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulong Li
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- The School of Life ScienceShandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaolong Xue
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research CenterSchool of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingfeng Liu
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyuan Lin
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Prenatal Diagnosis CenterDepartment of Obstetrics & Gynecologic, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hsiao Chang Chan
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research CenterSchool of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaqin Sun
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Actin-Based Cell Protrusion in a 3D Matrix. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:823-834. [PMID: 29970282 PMCID: PMC6158345 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration controls developmental processes (gastrulation and tissue patterning), tissue homeostasis (wound repair and inflammatory responses), and the pathobiology of diseases (cancer metastasis and inflammation). Understanding how cells move in physiologically relevant environments is of major importance, and the molecular machinery behind cell movement has been well studied on 2D substrates, beginning over half a century ago. Studies over the past decade have begun to reveal the mechanisms that control cell motility within 3D microenvironments – some similar to, and some highly divergent from those found in 2D. In this review we focus on migration and invasion of cells powered by actin, including formation of actin-rich protrusions at the leading edge, and the mechanisms that control nuclear movement in cells moving in a 3D matrix. Cell migration has been well studied in 2D, but how this relates to movement in physiological 3D tissues and matrix is not clear, particularly in vertebrate interstitial matrix. In 3D matrix cells actin polymerisation directly contributes to the formation of lamellipodia to facilitate migration and invasion (mesenchymal movement), analogous to 2D migration; actomyosin contractility promotes bleb formation to indirectly promote protrusion (amoeboid movement). Mesenchymal migration can be characterised by polymerisation of actin to form filopodial protrusions, in the absence of lamellipodia. Translocation of the nucleus is emerging as a critical step due to the constrictive environment of 3D matrices, and the mechanisms that transmit force to the nucleus and allow movement are beginning to be uncovered.
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27
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Stuelten CH, Parent CA, Montell DJ. Cell motility in cancer invasion and metastasis: insights from simple model organisms. Nat Rev Cancer 2018; 18:296-312. [PMID: 29546880 PMCID: PMC6790333 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2018.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis remains the greatest challenge in the clinical management of cancer. Cell motility is a fundamental and ancient cellular behaviour that contributes to metastasis and is conserved in simple organisms. In this Review, we evaluate insights relevant to human cancer that are derived from the study of cell motility in non-mammalian model organisms. Dictyostelium discoideum, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and Danio rerio permit direct observation of cells moving in complex native environments and lend themselves to large-scale genetic and pharmacological screening. We highlight insights derived from each of these organisms, including the detailed signalling network that governs chemotaxis towards chemokines; a novel mechanism of basement membrane invasion; the positive role of E-cadherin in collective direction-sensing; the identification and optimization of kinase inhibitors for metastatic thyroid cancer on the basis of work in flies; and the value of zebrafish for live imaging, especially of vascular remodelling and interactions between tumour cells and host tissues. While the motility of tumour cells and certain host cells promotes metastatic spread, the motility of tumour-reactive T cells likely increases their antitumour effects. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the mechanisms underlying all types of cell motility, with the ultimate goal of identifying combination therapies that will increase the motility of beneficial cells and block the spread of harmful cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina H. Stuelten
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carole A. Parent
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Michigan Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- ;
| | - Denise J. Montell
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- ;
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28
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Petkau G, Kawano Y, Wolf I, Knoll M, Melchers F. MiR221 promotes precursor B-cell retention in the bone marrow by amplifying the PI3K-signaling pathway in mice. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:975-989. [PMID: 29505092 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells and lineage-uncommitted progenitors are able to home to the bone marrow upon transplantation and reconstitute the host with hematopoietic progeny. Expression of miR221 in B-lineage committed preBI-cells induces their capacity to home to the bone marrow. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying miR221-controlled bone marrow homing and retention remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate, that miR221 regulates bone marrow retention of such B-cell precursors by targeting PTEN, thus enhancing PI3K signaling in response to the chemokine CXCL12. MiR221-enhanced PI3K signaling leads to increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 and VLA4 integrin-mediated adhesion to VCAM1 in response to CXCL12 in vitro. Ablation of elevated PI3K activity abolishes the retention of miR221 expressing preBI-cells in the bone marrow. These results suggest that amplification of PI3K signaling by miR221 could be a general mechanism for bone marrow residence, shared by miR221-expressing hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Petkau
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology & Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum, Lymphocyte Development, Berlin
| | - Yohei Kawano
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology & Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum, Lymphocyte Development, Berlin
| | - Ingrid Wolf
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology & Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum, Lymphocyte Development, Berlin
| | - Marko Knoll
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology & Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum, Lymphocyte Development, Berlin
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29
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Pfeiffer J, Tarbashevich K, Bandemer J, Palm T, Raz E. Rapid progression through the cell cycle ensures efficient migration of primordial germ cells - The role of Hsp90. Dev Biol 2018; 436:84-93. [PMID: 29477339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish primordial germ cells (PGCs) constitute a useful in vivo model to study cell migration and to elucidate the role of specific proteins in this process. Here we report on the role of the heat shock protein Hsp90aa1.2, a protein whose RNA level is elevated in the PGCs during their migration. Reducing Hsp90aa1.2 activity slows down the progression through the cell cycle and leads to defects in the control over the MTOC number in the migrating cells. These defects result in a slower migration rate and compromise the arrival of PGCs at their target, the region where the gonad develops. Our results emphasize the importance of ensuring rapid progression through the cell cycle during single-cell migration and highlight the role of heat shock proteins in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pfeiffer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Katsiaryna Tarbashevich
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Bandemer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Palm
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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30
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Goudarzi M, Tarbashevich K, Mildner K, Begemann I, Garcia J, Paksa A, Reichman-Fried M, Mahabaleshwar H, Blaser H, Hartwig J, Zeuschner D, Galic M, Bagnat M, Betz T, Raz E. Bleb Expansion in Migrating Cells Depends on Supply of Membrane from Cell Surface Invaginations. Dev Cell 2017; 43:577-587.e5. [PMID: 29173819 PMCID: PMC5939956 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for morphogenesis, organ formation, and homeostasis, with relevance for clinical conditions. The migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is a useful model for studying this process in the context of the developing embryo. Zebrafish PGC migration depends on the formation of cellular protrusions in form of blebs, a type of protrusion found in various cell types. Here we report on the mechanisms allowing the inflation of the membrane during bleb formation. We show that the rapid expansion of the protrusion depends on membrane invaginations that are localized preferentially at the cell front. The formation of these invaginations requires the function of Cdc42, and their unfolding allows bleb inflation and dynamic cell-shape changes performed by migrating cells. Inhibiting the formation and release of the invaginations strongly interfered with bleb formation, cell motility, and the ability of the cells to reach their target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Goudarzi
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Karina Mildner
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Isabell Begemann
- Workgroup Nanoforces in Cells, Institute of Medical Physics und Biophysics, DFG Cluster of Excellence 'Cells in Motion' (EXC 1003), Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jamie Garcia
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, 333B Nanaline Duke Building, Box 3709, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Azadeh Paksa
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Harsha Mahabaleshwar
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heiko Blaser
- Germ Cell Development, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hartwig
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dagmar Zeuschner
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Milos Galic
- Workgroup Nanoforces in Cells, Institute of Medical Physics und Biophysics, DFG Cluster of Excellence 'Cells in Motion' (EXC 1003), Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, 333B Nanaline Duke Building, Box 3709, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Timo Betz
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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31
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Daigo K, Takano A, Thang PM, Yoshitake Y, Shinohara M, Tohnai I, Murakami Y, Maegawa J, Daigo Y. Characterization of KIF11 as a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for oral cancer. Int J Oncol 2017; 52:155-165. [PMID: 29115586 PMCID: PMC5743338 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer has a high mortality rate, and its incidence is increasing gradually worldwide. As the effectiveness of standard treatments is still limited, the development of new therapeutic strategies is eagerly awaited. Kinesin family member 11 (KIF11) is a motor protein required for establishing a bipolar spindle in cell division. The role of KIF11 in oral cancer is unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the role of KIF11 in oral cancer and evaluate its role as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for treating oral cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that KIF11 was expressed in 64 of 99 (64.6%) oral cancer tissues but not in healthy oral epithelia. Strong KIF11 expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis among oral cancer patients (P=0.034), and multivariate analysis confirmed its independent prognostic value. In addition, inhibition of KIF11 expression by transfection of siRNAs into oral cancer cells or treatment of cells with a KIF11 inhibitor significantly suppressed cell proliferation, probably through G2/M arrest and subsequent induction of apoptosis. These results suggest that KIF11 could be a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Daigo
- Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takano
- Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Phung Manh Thang
- Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoshitake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Shinohara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Iwau Tohnai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro Maegawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yataro Daigo
- Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Zhang Q, Deng S, Sun K, Lin S, Lin Y, Zhu B, Cai X. MMP-2 and Notch signal pathway regulate migration of adipose-derived stem cells and chondrocytes in co-culture systems. Cell Prolif 2017; 50. [PMID: 28925018 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The crosstalk between chondrocytes and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) could regulate the secretion of multiple growth factors. However, it is not clear how the paracrine action in co-culture systems affect cell migration. This study focused on the changes of cell migration of ADSCs and chondrocytes in co-culture conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary ADSCs and chondrocytes were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rat. Transwell co-culture systems, inoculated with ADSCs and chondrocytes, were established in vitro. The morphology of the cells was observed 7 days post-seeding by inverted phase-contrast microscope. Additionally, the cytoskeleton changes were investigated by immunofluorescence staining. To detect the abundance of Vinculin, we used immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Additionally, the expression level of MMP-2, Hey1 and Hes1 was examined to determine the mechanisms of co-culture-induced cell migration changes. RESULTS The migration of ADSCs and chondrocytes in co-culture conditions significantly decreased compared with that in mono-culture groups, accompanied by the decrease of filopodia and the expression level of MMP-2. CONCLUSIONS The overall study showed that the migration of ADSCs and chondrocytes differs significantly depending on culture conditions. Moreover, the Notch signalling pathway may be involved in this process. Accordingly, by studying changes in migration caused by co-culture, we obtained new insight into the crosstalk between ADSCs and chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuwen Deng
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bofeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shanxi, China.,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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33
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Kasper DM, Moro A, Ristori E, Narayanan A, Hill-Teran G, Fleming E, Moreno-Mateos M, Vejnar CE, Zhang J, Lee D, Gu M, Gerstein M, Giraldez A, Nicoli S. MicroRNAs Establish Uniform Traits during the Architecture of Vertebrate Embryos. Dev Cell 2017; 40:552-565.e5. [PMID: 28350988 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Proper functioning of an organism requires cells and tissues to behave in uniform, well-organized ways. How this optimum of phenotypes is achieved during the development of vertebrates is unclear. Here, we carried out a multi-faceted and single-cell resolution screen of zebrafish embryonic blood vessels upon mutagenesis of single and multi-gene microRNA (miRNA) families. We found that embryos lacking particular miRNA-dependent signaling pathways develop a vascular trait similar to wild-type, but with a profound increase in phenotypic heterogeneity. Aberrant trait variance in miRNA mutant embryos uniquely sensitizes their vascular system to environmental perturbations. We discovered a previously unrecognized role for specific vertebrate miRNAs to protect tissue development against phenotypic variability. This discovery marks an important advance in our comprehension of how miRNAs function in the development of higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionna M Kasper
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Albertomaria Moro
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Emma Ristori
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Anand Narayanan
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Guillermina Hill-Teran
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fleming
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Miguel Moreno-Mateos
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Charles E Vejnar
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Donghoon Lee
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mengting Gu
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mark Gerstein
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Antonio Giraldez
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Stefania Nicoli
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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34
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The Molecular Basis of Radial Intercalation during Tissue Spreading in Early Development. Dev Cell 2017; 37:213-25. [PMID: 27165554 PMCID: PMC4865533 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Radial intercalation is a fundamental process responsible for the thinning of multilayered tissues during large-scale morphogenesis; however, its molecular mechanism has remained elusive. Using amphibian epiboly, the thinning and spreading of the animal hemisphere during gastrulation, here we provide evidence that radial intercalation is driven by chemotaxis of cells toward the external layer of the tissue. This role of chemotaxis in tissue spreading and thinning is unlike its typical role associated with large-distance directional movement of cells. We identify the chemoattractant as the complement component C3a, a factor normally linked with the immune system. The mechanism is explored by computational modeling and tested in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro. This mechanism is robust against fluctuations of chemoattractant levels and expression patterns and explains expansion during epiboly. This study provides insight into the fundamental process of radial intercalation and could be applied to a wide range of morphogenetic events.
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35
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Hegemann B, Peter M. Local sampling paints a global picture: Local concentration measurements sense direction in complex chemical gradients. Bioessays 2017; 39. [PMID: 28556309 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Detecting and interpreting extracellular spatial signals is essential for cellular orientation within complex environments, such as during directed cell migration or growth in multicellular development. Although the molecular understanding of how cells read spatial signals like chemical gradients is still lacking, recent work has revealed that stochastic processes at different temporal and spatial scales are at the core of this gradient sensing process in a wide range of eukaryotes. Fast biochemical reactions like those underlying GTPase activity dynamics form a functional module together with slower cell morphological changes driven by membrane remodelling. This biochemical-morphological module explores the environment by stochastic local concentration sampling to determine the source of the gradient signal, enabling efficient signal detection and interpretation before polarised growth or migration towards the gradient source is initiated. Here we review recent data describing local sampling and propose a model of local fast and slow feedback counteracted by gradient-dependent substrate limitation to be at the core of gradient sensing by local sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Hegemann
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Peter
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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36
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Chow RWY, Vermot J. The rise of photoresponsive protein technologies applications in vivo: a spotlight on zebrafish developmental and cell biology. F1000Res 2017; 6. [PMID: 28413613 PMCID: PMC5389412 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10617.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish ( Danio rerio) is a powerful vertebrate model to study cellular and developmental processes in vivo. The optical clarity and their amenability to genetic manipulation make zebrafish a model of choice when it comes to applying optical techniques involving genetically encoded photoresponsive protein technologies. In recent years, a number of fluorescent protein and optogenetic technologies have emerged that allow new ways to visualize, quantify, and perturb developmental dynamics. Here, we explain the principles of these new tools and describe some of their representative applications in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Wei-Yan Chow
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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37
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Roy I, Getschman AE, Volkman BF, Dwinell MB. Exploiting agonist biased signaling of chemokines to target cancer. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:804-813. [PMID: 27648825 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As knowledge of growth-independent functions of cancer cells is expanding, exploration into the role of chemokines in modulating cancer pathogenesis, particularly metastasis, continues to develop. However, more study into the mechanisms whereby chemokines direct the migration of cancer cells is needed before specific therapies can be generated to target metastasis. Herein, we draw attention to the longstanding conundrum in the field of chemokine biology that chemokines stimulate migration in a biphasic manner; and explore this phenomenon's impact on chemokine function in the context of cancer. Typically, low concentrations of chemokines lead to chemotactic migration and higher concentrations halt migration. The signaling mechanisms that govern this phenomenon remain unclear. Over the last decade, we have defined a novel signaling mechanism for regulation of chemokine migration through ligand oligomerization and biased agonist signaling. We provide insight into this new paradigm for chemokine signaling and discuss how it will impact future exploration into chemokine function and biology. In the pursuit of producing more novel cancer therapies, we suggest a framework for pharmaceutical application of the principles of chemokine oligomerization and biased agonist signaling in cancer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Anthony E Getschman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael B Dwinell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Barton LJ, LeBlanc MG, Lehmann R. Finding their way: themes in germ cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 42:128-137. [PMID: 27484857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic germ cell migration is a vital component of the germline lifecycle. The translocation of germ cells from the place of origin to the developing somatic gonad involves several processes including passive movements with underlying tissues, transepithelial migration, cell adhesion dynamics, the establishment of environmental guidance cues and the ability to sustain directed migration. How germ cells accomplish these feats in established model organisms will be discussed in this review, with a focus on recent discoveries and themes conserved across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacy J Barton
- HHMI and Skirball Institute at NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Michelle G LeBlanc
- HHMI and Skirball Institute at NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Ruth Lehmann
- HHMI and Skirball Institute at NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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Davey CF, Mathewson AW, Moens CB. PCP Signaling between Migrating Neurons and their Planar-Polarized Neuroepithelial Environment Controls Filopodial Dynamics and Directional Migration. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005934. [PMID: 26990447 PMCID: PMC4798406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway is a cell-contact mediated mechanism for transmitting polarity information between neighboring cells. PCP “core components” (Vangl, Fz, Pk, Dsh, and Celsr) are essential for a number of cell migratory events including the posterior migration of facial branchiomotor neurons (FBMNs) in the plane of the hindbrain neuroepithelium in zebrafish and mice. While the mechanism by which PCP signaling polarizes static epithelial cells is well understood, how PCP signaling controls highly dynamic processes like neuronal migration remains an important outstanding question given that PCP components have been implicated in a range of directed cell movements, particularly during vertebrate development. Here, by systematically disrupting PCP signaling in a rhombomere-restricted manner we show that PCP signaling is required both within FBMNs and the hindbrain rhombomere 4 environment at the time when they initiate their migration. Correspondingly, we demonstrate planar polarized localization of PCP core components Vangl2 and Fzd3a in the hindbrain neuroepithelium, and transient localization of Vangl2 at the tips of retracting FBMN filopodia. Using high-resolution timelapse imaging of FBMNs in genetic chimeras we uncover opposing cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous functions for Fzd3a and Vangl2 in regulating FBMN protrusive activity. Within FBMNs, Fzd3a is required to stabilize filopodia while Vangl2 has an antagonistic, destabilizing role. However, in the migratory environment Fzd3a acts to destabilize FBMN filopodia while Vangl2 has a stabilizing role. Together, our findings suggest a model in which PCP signaling between the planar polarized neuroepithelial environment and FBMNs directs migration by the selective stabilization of FBMN filopodia. Planar cell polarity (PCP) is a common feature of many animal tissues. This type of polarity is most obvious in cells that are organized into epithelial sheets, where PCP signaling components act to orient cells in the plane of the tissue. Although, PCP is best understood for its function in polarizing stable epithelia, PCP is also required for the dynamic process of cell migration in animal development and disease. The goal of this study was to determine how PCP functions to control cell migration. We used the migration of facial branchiomotor neurons in the zebrafish hindbrain, which requires almost the entire suite of PCP core components, to address this question. We present evidence that PCP signaling within migrating neurons, and between migrating neurons and cells of their migratory environment promote migration by regulating filopodial dynamics. Our results suggest that broadly conserved interactions between PCP components control the cytoskeleton in motile cells and non-motile epithelia alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal F. Davey
- Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and University of Washington Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew W. Mathewson
- Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and University of Washington Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cecilia B. Moens
- Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and University of Washington Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ridley AJ. Rho GTPase signalling in cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 36:103-12. [PMID: 26363959 PMCID: PMC4728192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cells migrate in multiple different ways depending on their environment, which includes the extracellular matrix composition, interactions with other cells, and chemical stimuli. For all types of cell migration, Rho GTPases play a central role, although the relative contribution of each Rho GTPase depends on the environment and cell type. Here, I review recent advances in our understanding of how Rho GTPases contribute to different types of migration, comparing lamellipodium-driven versus bleb-driven migration modes. I also describe how cells migrate across the endothelium. In addition to Rho, Rac and Cdc42, which are well known to regulate migration, I discuss the roles of other less-well characterized members of the Rho family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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41
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Abstract
Cells migrate in multiple different ways depending on their environment, which includes the extracellular matrix composition, interactions with other cells, and chemical stimuli. For all types of cell migration, Rho GTPases play a central role, although the relative contribution of each Rho GTPase depends on the environment and cell type. Here, I review recent advances in our understanding of how Rho GTPases contribute to different types of migration, comparing lamellipodium-driven versus bleb-driven migration modes. I also describe how cells migrate across the endothelium. In addition to Rho, Rac and Cdc42, which are well known to regulate migration, I discuss the roles of other less-well characterized members of the Rho family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Paksa A, Raz E. Zebrafish germ cells: motility and guided migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 36:80-5. [PMID: 26232877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the course of embryonic development, the process of cell migration is critical for establishment of the embryonic body plan, for morphogenesis and for organ function. Investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying cell migration is thus crucial for understanding developmental processes and clinical conditions resulting from abnormal cell migration such as cancer metastasis. The long-range migration of primordial germ cells toward the region at which the gonad develops occurs in embryos of various species and thus constitutes a useful in vivo model for single-cell migration. Recent studies employing zebrafish embryos have greatly contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms facilitating the migration of these cells en route to their target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Paksa
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Jacquemet G, Hamidi H, Ivaska J. Filopodia in cell adhesion, 3D migration and cancer cell invasion. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 36:23-31. [PMID: 26186729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the role filopodia and filopodia-like structures in cell adhesion and three dimensional (3D) cell migration both in vitro and in vivo. In particular, we focus on recent advances demonstrating that filopodia are involved in substrate tethering and environment sensing in vivo. We further discuss the emerging role of filopodia and filopodial proteins in tumor dissemination as mounting in vitro, in vivo and clinical evidence suggest that filopodia drive cancer cell invasion and highlight filopodia proteins as attractive therapeutic targets. Finally, we outline outstanding questions that remain to be addressed to elucidate the role of filopodia during 3D cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jacquemet
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Hellyeh Hamidi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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