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Villarroel-Campos D, Sleigh JN. Targeting muscle to treat Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1653-1654. [PMID: 38103226 PMCID: PMC10960289 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Villarroel-Campos
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - James N. Sleigh
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases and UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
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2
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Van Lent J, Prior R, Pérez Siles G, Cutrupi AN, Kennerson ML, Vangansewinkel T, Wolfs E, Mukherjee-Clavin B, Nevin Z, Judge L, Conklin B, Tyynismaa H, Clark AJ, Bennett DL, Van Den Bosch L, Saporta M, Timmerman V. Advances and challenges in modeling inherited peripheral neuropathies using iPSCs. Exp Mol Med 2024:10.1038/s12276-024-01250-x. [PMID: 38825644 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01250-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs) are a group of diseases associated with mutations in various genes with fundamental roles in the development and function of peripheral nerves. Over the past 10 years, significant advances in identifying molecular disease mechanisms underlying axonal and myelin degeneration, acquired from cellular biology studies and transgenic fly and rodent models, have facilitated the development of promising treatment strategies. However, no clinical treatment has emerged to date. This lack of treatment highlights the urgent need for more biologically and clinically relevant models recapitulating IPNs. For both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a particularly powerful platform for disease modeling and preclinical studies. In this review, we provide an update on different in vitro human cellular IPN models, including traditional two-dimensional monoculture iPSC derivatives, and recent advances in more complex human iPSC-based systems using microfluidic chips, organoids, and assembloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Van Lent
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born Bunge, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), BIOS+, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Robert Prior
- Universitätsklinikum Bonn (UKB), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Pérez Siles
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute Sydney Local Health District and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony N Cutrupi
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute Sydney Local Health District and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina L Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute Sydney Local Health District and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Vangansewinkel
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, BIOMED, Laboratory for Functional Imaging and Research on Stem Cells (FIERCE Lab), Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Esther Wolfs
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, BIOMED, Laboratory for Functional Imaging and Research on Stem Cells (FIERCE Lab), Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | | | - Luke Judge
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce Conklin
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henna Tyynismaa
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alex J Clark
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David L Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mario Saporta
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born Bunge, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
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3
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Andrea ZA, Matteo FY, Alessandra B, Carlo PS. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for neuromuscular diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:198. [PMID: 38678519 PMCID: PMC11056344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Neuromuscular diseases encompass a heterogeneous array of disorders characterized by varying onset ages, clinical presentations, severity, and progression. While these conditions can stem from acquired or inherited causes, this review specifically focuses on disorders arising from genetic abnormalities, excluding metabolic conditions. The pathogenic defect may primarily affect the anterior horn cells, the axonal or myelin component of peripheral nerves, the neuromuscular junction, or skeletal and/or cardiac muscles. While inherited neuromuscular disorders have been historically deemed not treatable, the advent of gene-based and molecular therapies is reshaping the treatment landscape for this group of condition. With the caveat that many products still fail to translate the positive results obtained in pre-clinical models to humans, both the technological development (e.g., implementation of tissue-specific vectors) as well as advances on the knowledge of pathogenetic mechanisms form a collective foundation for potentially curative approaches to these debilitating conditions. This review delineates the current panorama of therapies targeting the most prevalent forms of inherited neuromuscular diseases, emphasizing approved treatments and those already undergoing human testing, offering insights into the state-of-the-art interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zambon Alberto Andrea
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Institute for Experimental Neurology, Inspe, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Falzone Yuri Matteo
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Institute for Experimental Neurology, Inspe, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Bolino Alessandra
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Institute for Experimental Neurology, Inspe, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Previtali Stefano Carlo
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Institute for Experimental Neurology, Inspe, Milan, Italy.
- Neurology Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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4
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Garza S, Sottas C, Gukasyan HJ, Papadopoulos V. In vitro and in vivo studies on the effect of a mitochondrial fusion promoter on Leydig cell integrity and function. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1357857. [PMID: 38511146 PMCID: PMC10950900 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1357857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The interstitial testicular Leydig cells are responsible for the production of testosterone, which functionally deteriorate with normal aging. Decreased expression of mitochondrial steroidogenic interactome proteins and diminished mitochondrial function in aging Leydig cells suggest that mitochondrial dynamics play a role in maintaining adequate levels of testosterone. Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) protein regulates mitochondrial dynamics and cristae formation in many cell types. Previous studies showed that increasing OPA1 expression in dysfunctional Leydig cells restored mitochondrial function and recovered androgen production to levels found in healthy Leydig cells. These findings suggested that mitochondrial dynamics may be a promising target to ameliorate diminished testosterone levels in aging males. Methods: We used twelve-month-old rats to explore the relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and Leydig cell function. Isolated Leydig cells from aged rats were treated ex vivo with the cell-permeable mitochondrial fusion promoter 4-Chloro-2-(1-(2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)hydrazono)ethyl) phenol (mitochondrial fusion promoter M1), which enhances mitochondrial tubular network formation. In parallel, rats were treated with 2 mg/kg/day M1 for 6 weeks before Leydig cells were isolated. Results: Ex vivo M1-treated cells showed enhanced mitochondrial tubular network formation by transmission electron microscopy, enhanced Leydig cell mitochondrial integrity, improved mitochondrial function, and higher testosterone biosynthesis compared to controls. However, in vivo treatment of aged rats with M1 not only failed to re-establish testosterone levels to that of young rats, it also led to further reduction of testosterone levels and increased apoptosis, suggesting M1 toxicity in the testis. The in vivo M1 toxicity seemed to be tissue-specific, however. Conclusion: Promoting mitochondrial fusion may be one approach to enhancing cell health and wellbeing with aging, but more investigations are warranted. Our findings suggest that fusion promoters could potentially enhance the productivity of aged Leydig cells when carefully regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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5
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Yegambaram M, Sun X, Flores AG, Lu Q, Soto J, Richards J, Aggarwal S, Wang T, Gu H, Fineman JR, Black SM. Novel Relationship between Mitofusin 2-Mediated Mitochondrial Hyperfusion, Metabolic Remodeling, and Glycolysis in Pulmonary Arterial Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17533. [PMID: 38139362 PMCID: PMC10744129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The disruption of mitochondrial dynamics has been identified in cardiovascular diseases, including pulmonary hypertension (PH), ischemia-reperfusion injury, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) is abundantly expressed in heart and pulmonary vasculature cells at the outer mitochondrial membrane to modulate fusion. Previously, we have reported reduced levels of Mfn2 and fragmented mitochondria in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs) isolated from a sheep model of PH induced by pulmonary over-circulation and restoring Mfn2 normalized mitochondrial function. In this study, we assessed the effect of increased expression of Mfn2 on mitochondrial metabolism, bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species production, and mitochondrial membrane potential in control PAECs. Using an adenoviral expression system to overexpress Mfn2 in PAECs and utilizing 13C labeled substrates, we assessed the levels of TCA cycle metabolites. We identified increased pyruvate and lactate production in cells, revealing a glycolytic phenotype (Warburg phenotype). Mfn2 overexpression decreased the mitochondrial ATP production rate, increased the rate of glycolytic ATP production, and disrupted mitochondrial bioenergetics. The increase in glycolysis was linked to increased hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) protein levels, elevated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mt-ROS), and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Our data suggest that disrupting the mitochondrial fusion/fission balance to favor hyperfusion leads to a metabolic shift that promotes aerobic glycolysis. Thus, therapies designed to increase mitochondrial fusion should be approached with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manivannan Yegambaram
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987-2352, USA; (M.Y.); (X.S.); (A.G.F.); (Q.L.); (J.S.); (J.R.); (T.W.); (H.G.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Xutong Sun
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987-2352, USA; (M.Y.); (X.S.); (A.G.F.); (Q.L.); (J.S.); (J.R.); (T.W.); (H.G.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Alejandro Garcia Flores
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987-2352, USA; (M.Y.); (X.S.); (A.G.F.); (Q.L.); (J.S.); (J.R.); (T.W.); (H.G.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Qing Lu
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987-2352, USA; (M.Y.); (X.S.); (A.G.F.); (Q.L.); (J.S.); (J.R.); (T.W.); (H.G.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jamie Soto
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987-2352, USA; (M.Y.); (X.S.); (A.G.F.); (Q.L.); (J.S.); (J.R.); (T.W.); (H.G.)
| | - Jaime Richards
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987-2352, USA; (M.Y.); (X.S.); (A.G.F.); (Q.L.); (J.S.); (J.R.); (T.W.); (H.G.)
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Howard Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987-2352, USA; (M.Y.); (X.S.); (A.G.F.); (Q.L.); (J.S.); (J.R.); (T.W.); (H.G.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987-2352, USA; (M.Y.); (X.S.); (A.G.F.); (Q.L.); (J.S.); (J.R.); (T.W.); (H.G.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Stephen M. Black
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987-2352, USA; (M.Y.); (X.S.); (A.G.F.); (Q.L.); (J.S.); (J.R.); (T.W.); (H.G.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Howard Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
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6
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Franco A, Li J, Kelly DP, Hershberger RE, Marian AJ, Lewis RM, Song M, Dang X, Schmidt AD, Mathyer ME, Edwards JR, Strong CDG, Dorn GW. A human mitofusin 2 mutation can cause mitophagic cardiomyopathy. eLife 2023; 12:e84235. [PMID: 37910431 PMCID: PMC10619978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac muscle has the highest mitochondrial density of any human tissue, but mitochondrial dysfunction is not a recognized cause of isolated cardiomyopathy. Here, we determined that the rare mitofusin (MFN) 2 R400Q mutation is 15-20× over-represented in clinical cardiomyopathy, whereas this specific mutation is not reported as a cause of MFN2 mutant-induced peripheral neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A (CMT2A). Accordingly, we interrogated the enzymatic, biophysical, and functional characteristics of MFN2 Q400 versus wild-type and CMT2A-causing MFN2 mutants. All MFN2 mutants had impaired mitochondrial fusion, the canonical MFN2 function. Compared to MFN2 T105M that lacked catalytic GTPase activity and exhibited normal activation-induced changes in conformation, MFN2 R400Q and M376A had normal GTPase activity with impaired conformational shifting. MFN2 R400Q did not suppress mitochondrial motility, provoke mitochondrial depolarization, or dominantly suppress mitochondrial respiration like MFN2 T105M. By contrast to MFN2 T105M and M376A, MFN2 R400Q was uniquely defective in recruiting Parkin to mitochondria. CRISPR editing of the R400Q mutation into the mouse Mfn2 gene induced perinatal cardiomyopathy with no other organ involvement; knock-in of Mfn2 T105M or M376V did not affect the heart. RNA sequencing and metabolomics of cardiomyopathic Mfn2 Q/Q400 hearts revealed signature abnormalities recapitulating experimental mitophagic cardiomyopathy. Indeed, cultured cardiomyoblasts and in vivo cardiomyocytes expressing MFN2 Q400 had mitophagy defects with increased sensitivity to doxorubicin. MFN2 R400Q is the first known natural mitophagy-defective MFN2 mutant. Its unique profile of dysfunction evokes mitophagic cardiomyopathy, suggesting a mechanism for enrichment in clinical cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Franco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacogenomics, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacogenomics, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Daniel P Kelly
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Ray E Hershberger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Human Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | - Ali J Marian
- Center for Cardiovascular Genetic Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonUnited States
| | - Renate M Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Moshi Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacogenomics, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Xiawei Dang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacogenomics, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Alina D Schmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine (Dermatology), Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Mary E Mathyer
- Department of Internal Medicine (Dermatology), Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - John R Edwards
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacogenomics, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Cristina de Guzman Strong
- Department of Internal Medicine (Dermatology), Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Gerald W Dorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacogenomics, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
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7
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Hinton A, Katti P, Christensen TA, Mungai M, Shao J, Zhang L, Trushin S, Alghanem A, Jaspersen A, Geroux RE, Neikirk K, Biete M, Lopez EG, Shao B, Vue Z, Vang L, Beasley HK, Marshall AG, Stephens D, Damo S, Ponce J, Bleck CKE, Hicsasmaz I, Murray SA, Edmonds RAC, Dajles A, Koo YD, Bacevac S, Salisbury JL, Pereira RO, Glancy B, Trushina E, Abel ED. A Comprehensive Approach to Sample Preparation for Electron Microscopy and the Assessment of Mitochondrial Morphology in Tissue and Cultured Cells. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200202. [PMID: 37140138 PMCID: PMC10615857 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria respond to metabolic demands of the cell and to incremental damage, in part, through dynamic structural changes that include fission (fragmentation), fusion (merging of distinct mitochondria), autophagic degradation (mitophagy), and biogenic interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). High resolution study of mitochondrial structural and functional relationships requires rapid preservation of specimens to reduce technical artifacts coupled with quantitative assessment of mitochondrial architecture. A practical approach for assessing mitochondrial fine structure using two dimensional and three dimensional high-resolution electron microscopy is presented, and a systematic approach to measure mitochondrial architecture, including volume, length, hyperbranching, cristae morphology, and the number and extent of interaction with the ER is described. These methods are used to assess mitochondrial architecture in cells and tissue with high energy demand, including skeletal muscle cells, mouse brain tissue, and Drosophila muscles. The accuracy of assessment is validated in cells and tissue with deletion of genes involved in mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antentor Hinton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa - Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Microscopy and Cell Analysis Core Facility, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Prasanna Katti
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Trace A Christensen
- Microscopy and Cell Analysis Core Facility, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Margaret Mungai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa - Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jianqiang Shao
- Central Microscopy Research Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Sergey Trushin
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ahmad Alghanem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Eastern Region, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Al Hasa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Jaspersen
- Microscopy and Cell Analysis Core Facility, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Rachel E Geroux
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kit Neikirk
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili St, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Michelle Biete
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili St, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Edgar Garza Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa - Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Bryanna Shao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Larry Vang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Heather K Beasley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Andrea G Marshall
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Dominique Stephens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Steven Damo
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Jessica Ponce
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, 30 N 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Christopher K E Bleck
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Innes Hicsasmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa - Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Sandra A Murray
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15206, USA
| | - Ranthony A C Edmonds
- Department of Mathematics, Ohio State University, 281 W Lane Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andres Dajles
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa - Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Young Do Koo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa - Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Serif Bacevac
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa - Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Salisbury
- Microscopy and Cell Analysis Core Facility, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Renata O Pereira
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa - Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Brian Glancy
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eugenia Trushina
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - E Dale Abel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa - Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, 757 Westwood Plaza, Suite 7236, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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8
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Stavropoulos F, Georgiou E, Schiza N, Bell S, Baloh RH, Kleopa KA, Sargiannidou I. Mitofusin 1 overexpression rescues the abnormal mitochondrial dynamics caused by the Mitofusin 2 K357T mutation in vitro. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2023; 28:329-340. [PMID: 37220142 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mitofusin 1 (MFN1) and MFN2 are outer mitochondrial membrane fusogenic proteins regulating mitochondrial network morphology. MFN2 mutations cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A (CMT2A), an axonal neuropathy characterized by mitochondrial fusion defects, which in the case of a GTPase domain mutant, were rescued following wild-type MFN1/2 (MFN1/2WT ) overexpression. In this study, we compared the therapeutic efficiency between MFN1WT and MFN2WT overexpression in correcting mitochondrial defects induced by the novel MFN2K357T mutation located in the highly conserved R3 region. METHODS Constructs expressing either MFN2K357T , MFN2WT , or MFN1WT under the ubiquitous chicken β-actin hybrid (CBh) promoter were generated. Flag or myc tag was used for their detection. Differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were single transfected with MFN1WT , MFN2WT , or MFN2K357T , as well as double transfected with MFN2K357T /MFN2WT or MFN2K357T /MFN1WT . RESULTS SH-SY5Y cells transfected with MFN2K357T exhibited severe perinuclear mitochondrial clustering with axon-like processes devoid of mitochondria. Single transfection with MFN1WT resulted in a more interconnected mitochondrial network than transfection with MFN2WT , accompanied by mitochondrial clusters. Double transfection of MFN2K357T with either MFN1WT or MFN2WT resolved the mutant-induced mitochondrial clusters and led to detectable mitochondria throughout the axon-like processes. MFN1WT showed higher efficacy than MFN2WT in rescuing these defects. INTERPRETATION These results further demonstrate the higher potential of MFN1WT over MFN2WT overexpression to rescue CMT2A-induced mitochondrial network abnormalities due to mutations outside the GTPase domain. This higher phenotypic rescue conferred by MFN1WT , possibly due to its higher mitochondrial fusogenic ability, may be applied to different CMT2A cases regardless of the MFN2 mutation type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Stavropoulos
- Department of Neuroscience, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Elena Georgiou
- Department of Neuroscience, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Natasa Schiza
- Department of Neuroscience, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Shaughn Bell
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert H Baloh
- Global Head of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kleopas A Kleopa
- Department of Neuroscience, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Center for Neuromuscular Disorders and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Irene Sargiannidou
- Department of Neuroscience, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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9
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Muñoz JP, Basei FL, Rojas ML, Galvis D, Zorzano A. Mechanisms of Modulation of Mitochondrial Architecture. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1225. [PMID: 37627290 PMCID: PMC10452872 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial network architecture plays a critical role in cellular physiology. Indeed, alterations in the shape of mitochondria upon exposure to cellular stress can cause the dysfunction of these organelles. In this scenario, mitochondrial dynamics proteins and the phospholipid composition of the mitochondrial membrane are key for fine-tuning the modulation of mitochondrial architecture. In addition, several factors including post-translational modifications such as the phosphorylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, and o-GlcNAcylation of mitochondrial dynamics proteins contribute to shaping the plasticity of this architecture. In this regard, several studies have evidenced that, upon metabolic stress, mitochondrial dynamics proteins are post-translationally modified, leading to the alteration of mitochondrial architecture. Interestingly, several proteins that sustain the mitochondrial lipid composition also modulate mitochondrial morphology and organelle communication. In this context, pharmacological studies have revealed that the modulation of mitochondrial shape and function emerges as a potential therapeutic strategy for metabolic diseases. Here, we review the factors that modulate mitochondrial architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Muñoz
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernanda Luisa Basei
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-871 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - María Laura Rojas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - David Galvis
- Programa de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad CES, Medellín 050031, Colombia
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Naón D, Hernández-Alvarez MI, Shinjo S, Wieczor M, Ivanova S, Martins de Brito O, Quintana A, Hidalgo J, Palacín M, Aparicio P, Castellanos J, Lores L, Sebastián D, Fernández-Veledo S, Vendrell J, Joven J, Orozco M, Zorzano A, Scorrano L. Splice variants of mitofusin 2 shape the endoplasmic reticulum and tether it to mitochondria. Science 2023; 380:eadh9351. [PMID: 37347868 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh9351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, different organelles interact at membrane contact sites stabilized by tethers. Mitochondrial mitofusin 2 (MFN2) acts as a membrane tether that interacts with an unknown partner on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this work, we identified the MFN2 splice variant ERMIT2 as the ER tethering partner of MFN2. Splicing of MFN2 produced ERMIT2 and ERMIN2, two ER-specific variants. ERMIN2 regulated ER morphology, whereas ERMIT2 localized at the ER-mitochondria interface and interacted with mitochondrial mitofusins to tether ER and mitochondria. This tethering allowed efficient mitochondrial calcium ion uptake and phospholipid transfer. Expression of ERMIT2 ameliorated the ER stress, inflammation, and fibrosis typical of liver-specific Mfn2 knockout mice. Thus, ER-specific MFN2 variants display entirely extramitochondrial MFN2 functions involved in interorganellar tethering and liver metabolic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Naón
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Satoko Shinjo
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Milosz Wieczor
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Saska Ivanova
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Albert Quintana
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Manuel Palacín
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Aparicio
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Castellanos
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Lores
- Pneumology Department, Hospital General Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Sebastián
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Fernández-Veledo
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Medicine School, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona and Reus, Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Medicine School, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona and Reus, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Medicine School, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona and Reus, Spain
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Reus, Spain
| | - Modesto Orozco
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
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11
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O'Connor K, Spendiff S, Lochmüller H, Horvath R. Mitochondrial Mutations Can Alter Neuromuscular Transmission in Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome and Mitochondrial Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108505. [PMID: 37239850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a group of rare, neuromuscular disorders that usually present in childhood or infancy. While the phenotypic presentation of these disorders is diverse, the unifying feature is a pathomechanism that disrupts neuromuscular transmission. Recently, two mitochondrial genes-SLC25A1 and TEFM-have been reported in patients with suspected CMS, prompting a discussion about the role of mitochondria at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Mitochondrial disease and CMS can present with similar symptoms, and potentially one in four patients with mitochondrial myopathy exhibit NMJ defects. This review highlights research indicating the prominent roles of mitochondria at both the pre- and postsynapse, demonstrating the potential for mitochondrial involvement in neuromuscular transmission defects. We propose the establishment of a novel subcategorization for CMS-mitochondrial CMS, due to unifying clinical features and the potential for mitochondrial defects to impede transmission at the pre- and postsynapse. Finally, we highlight the potential of targeting the neuromuscular transmission in mitochondrial disease to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaela O'Connor
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sally Spendiff
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FD, UK
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12
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Dorn GW. Reversing Dysdynamism to Interrupt Mitochondrial Degeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2023; 12:1188. [PMID: 37190097 PMCID: PMC10136928 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is one of several chronic neurodegenerative conditions in which mitochondrial abnormalities are posited to contribute to disease progression. Therapeutic options targeting mitochondria include enhancing metabolism, suppressing reactive oxygen production and disrupting mitochondria-mediated programmed cell death pathways. Herein is reviewed mechanistic evidence supporting a meaningful pathophysiological role for the constellation of abnormal mitochondrial fusion, fission and transport, collectively designated mitochondrial dysdynamism, in ALS. Following this is a discussion on preclinical studies in ALS mice that seemingly validate the idea that normalizing mitochondrial dynamism can delay ALS by interrupting a vicious cycle of mitochondrial degeneration, leading to neuronal die-back and death. Finally, the relative benefits of suppressing mitochondrial fusion vs. enhancing mitochondrial fusion in ALS are speculated upon, and the paper concludes with the prediction that the two approaches could be additive or synergistic, although a side-by-side comparative trial may be challenging to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Dorn
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pharmacogenomics), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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13
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Dang X, Zhang L, Franco A, Dorn II GW. Activating mitofusins interrupts mitochondrial degeneration and delays disease progression in SOD1 mutant amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:1208-1222. [PMID: 36416308 PMCID: PMC10026224 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial involvement in neurodegenerative diseases is widespread and multifactorial. Targeting mitochondrial pathology is therefore of interest. The recent development of bioactive molecules that modulate mitochondrial dynamics (fusion, fission and motility) offers a new therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases with either indirect or direct mitochondrial involvement. Here, we asked: (1) Can enhanced mitochondrial fusion and motility improve secondary mitochondrial pathology in superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1) mutant amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)? And: (2) What is the impact of enhancing mitochondria fitness on in vivo manifestations of SOD1 mutant ALS? We observed that small molecule mitofusin activators corrected mitochondrial fragmentation, depolarization and dysmotility in genetically diverse ALS patient reprogrammed motor neurons and fibroblasts, and in motor neurons, sensory neurons and fibroblasts from SOD1 G93A mice. Continuous, but not intermittent, pharmacologic mitofusin activation delayed phenotype progression and lethality in SOD1 G93A mice, reducing neuron loss and improving neuromuscular connectivity. Mechanistically, mitofusin activation increased mitochondrial motility, fitness and residency within neuromuscular synapses; reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production; and diminished apoptosis in SOD1 mutant neurons. These benefits were accompanied by improved mitochondrial respiratory coupling, despite characteristic SOD1 mutant ALS-associated downregulation of mitochondrial respiratory complexes. Targeting mitochondrial dysdynamism is a promising approach to alleviate pathology caused by secondary mitochondrial dysfunction in some neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiawei Dang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO USA
| | - Antonietta Franco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO USA
| | - Gerald W Dorn II
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO USA
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14
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Rosencrans WM, Chan DC. Fusion activators enhance mitochondrial function. MITOCHONDRIAL COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 1:33-34. [PMID: 38515999 PMCID: PMC10956541 DOI: 10.1016/j.mitoco.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- William M. Rosencrans
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - David C. Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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15
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Zacharioudakis E, Gavathiotis E. Mitochondrial dynamics proteins as emerging drug targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:112-127. [PMID: 36496299 PMCID: PMC9868082 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The importance of mitochondrial dynamics, the physiological process of mitochondrial fusion and fission, in regulating diverse cellular functions and cellular fitness has been well established. Several pathologies are associated with aberrant mitochondrial fusion or fission that is often a consequence of deregulated mitochondrial dynamics proteins; however, pharmacological targeting of these proteins has been lacking and is challenged by complex molecular mechanisms. Recent studies have advanced our understanding in this area and have enabled rational drug design and chemical screening strategies. We provide an updated overview of the regulatory mechanisms of fusion and fission proteins, their structure-function relationships, and the discovery of pharmacological modulators demonstrating their therapeutic potential. These advances provide exciting opportunities for the development of prototype therapeutics for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Zacharioudakis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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16
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Franco A, Walton CE, Dang X. Mitochondria Clumping vs. Mitochondria Fusion in CMT2A Diseases. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122110. [PMID: 36556475 PMCID: PMC9783122 DOI: 10.3390/life12122110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic variations in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A (CMT2A) result from the many mutations in the mitochondrial fusion protein, mitofusin 2 (MFN2). While the GTPase domain mutations of MFN2 lack the ability to hydrolyze GTP and complete mitochondrial fusion, the mechanism of dysfunction in HR1 domain mutations has yet to be explored. Using Mfn1/Mfn2 double null cells and Mfn2 knock out (KO) fibroblasts, we measured the ability of this variant protein to change conformations and hydrolyze GTP. We found that a mutation in the HR1 domain (M376A) of MFN2 results in conformational change dysfunction while maintaining GTPase ability. Prolonged exposure to mitofusin agonist MiM 111 reverses mitochondrial fusion dysfunction in the HR1 mutant through encouraging an open conformation, resulting in a potential therapeutic model in this variant. Herein, we describe a novel mechanism of dysfunction in MFN2 variants through exploring domain-specific mitochondrial characteristics leading to CMT2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Franco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-314-362-4892; Fax: +1-314-362-8844
| | - Caroline E. Walton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiawei Dang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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17
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Franco A, Dang X, Zhang L, Molinoff PB, Dorn GW. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Pharmacodynamics of Mitofusin Activation in Murine Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 2A. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 383:137-148. [PMID: 36507849 PMCID: PMC9553116 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitofusin (MFN) 1 and MFN2 are dynamin GTPase family mitochondrial proteins that mediate mitochondrial fusion requiring MFN conformational shifts, formation of macromolecular complexes on and between mitochondria, and GTP hydrolysis. Damaging MFN2 mutations cause an untreatable, largely pediatric progressive peripheral neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease type 2A. We used small molecule allosteric mitofusin activators that promote MFN conformations favoring fusion to interrogate the effects of MFN2 conformation and GTPase activity on MFN2-mediated mitochondrial fusion and motility in vitro. We translated these findings in vivo by defining dose-dependent pharmacodynamic and disease-modifying effects of mitofusin activators in murine CMT2A. MFN2 catalytic GTPase activity and MFN2 conformational switching are essential for mitochondrial fusion, but the two processes are separate and dissociable. We report the first concentration-response relationships for mitofusin activators to stimulate mitochondrial transport through CMT2A neuronal axons, which is similar to their stimulation of mitochondrial fusion. In CMT2A mice, intermittent (daily short acting) and sustained (twice daily long acting) mitofusin activation were equally effective in reversing neuromuscular degeneration. Moreover, acute dose-dependent pharmacodynamic effects of mitofusin activators on mitochondrial transport through CMT2A neuronal axons anticipated those for long-term reversal of neurodegenerative phenotypes. A crossover study showed that CMT2A neuronal deficits recurred after mitofusin activators are discontinued, and revealed that CMT2A can be ameliorated by mitofusin activation even in old (>74 week) mice. These data add to our understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction induced by a CMT2A MFN2 GTPase mutation and provide additional information supporting the approach of pharmacological mitofusin activation in CMT2A. SIGNIFICANCE: This study interrogated the roles of MFN2 catalytic activity and allosteric activation on impaired mitochondrial fusion and neuronal transport as they impact an untreatable peripheral neuropathy caused by MFN2 mutations, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A. The results mechanistically link mitochondrial fusion and motility to the relaxed MFN2 protein conformation and correction of mitochondrial abnormalities to in vivo reversal of neurodegeneration in murine CMT2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Franco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (A.F., X.D., L.Z., G.W.D.); Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (X.D.); Mitochondria in Motion Inc., St. Louis, Missouri (L.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.B.M.)
| | - Xiawei Dang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (A.F., X.D., L.Z., G.W.D.); Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (X.D.); Mitochondria in Motion Inc., St. Louis, Missouri (L.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.B.M.)
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (A.F., X.D., L.Z., G.W.D.); Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (X.D.); Mitochondria in Motion Inc., St. Louis, Missouri (L.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.B.M.)
| | - Perry B Molinoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (A.F., X.D., L.Z., G.W.D.); Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (X.D.); Mitochondria in Motion Inc., St. Louis, Missouri (L.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.B.M.)
| | - Gerald W Dorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (A.F., X.D., L.Z., G.W.D.); Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (X.D.); Mitochondria in Motion Inc., St. Louis, Missouri (L.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (P.B.M.)
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18
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Sloat SR, Hoppins S. A dominant negative mitofusin causes mitochondrial perinuclear clusters because of aberrant tethering. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 6:6/1/e202101305. [PMID: 36229071 PMCID: PMC9568670 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, mitochondrial outer membrane fusion is mediated by two mitofusin paralogs, Mfn1 and Mfn2, conserved dynamin superfamily proteins. Here, we characterize a variant of mitofusin reported in patients with CMT2A where a serine is replaced with a proline (Mfn2-S350P and the equivalent in Mfn1, S329P). This serine is in a hinge domain (Hinge 2) that connects the globular GTPase domain to the adjacent extended helical bundle. We find that expression of this variant results in prolific and stable mitochondrial tethering that also blocks mitochondrial fusion by endogenous wild-type mitofusin. The formation of mitochondrial perinuclear clusters by this CMT2A variant requires normal GTPase domain function and formation of a mitofusin complex across two membranes. We propose that conformational dynamics mediated by Hinge 2 and regulated by GTP hydrolysis are disrupted by the substitution of proline at S329/S350 and this prevents progression from tethering to membrane fusion. Thus, our data are consistent with a model for mitofusin-mediated membrane fusion where Hinge 2 supports a power stroke to progress from the tethering complex to membrane fusion.
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19
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Al Ojaimi M, Salah A, El-Hattab AW. Mitochondrial Fission and Fusion: Molecular Mechanisms, Biological Functions, and Related Disorders. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12090893. [PMID: 36135912 PMCID: PMC9502208 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo fusion and fission. These active processes occur continuously and simultaneously and are mediated by nuclear-DNA-encoded proteins that act on mitochondrial membranes. The balance between fusion and fission determines the mitochondrial morphology and adapts it to the metabolic needs of the cells. Therefore, these two processes are crucial to optimize mitochondrial function and its bioenergetics abilities. Defects in mitochondrial proteins involved in fission and fusion due to pathogenic variants in the genes encoding them result in disruption of the equilibrium between fission and fusion, leading to a group of mitochondrial diseases termed disorders of mitochondrial dynamics. In this review, the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of mitochondrial fusion and fission are first discussed. Then, mitochondrial disorders caused by defects in fission and fusion are summarized, including disorders related to MFN2, MSTO1, OPA1, YME1L1, FBXL4, DNM1L, and MFF genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mode Al Ojaimi
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Pediatrics Department, University Hospital Sharjah, Sharjah 72772, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azza Salah
- Pediatrics Department, University Hospital Sharjah, Sharjah 72772, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayman W. El-Hattab
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Pediatrics Department, University Hospital Sharjah, Sharjah 72772, United Arab Emirates
- Genetics and Metabolic Department, KidsHeart Medical Center, Abu Dhabi 505193, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-508875123
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20
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Gu Y, Guerra F, Hu M, Pope A, Sung K, Yang W, Jetha S, Shoff TA, Gunatilake T, Dahlkamp O, Shi LZ, Manganelli F, Nolano M, Zhou Y, Ding J, Bucci C, Wu C. Mitochondria dysfunction in Charcot Marie Tooth 2B Peripheral Sensory Neuropathy. Commun Biol 2022; 5:717. [PMID: 35851620 PMCID: PMC9293960 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab7 GTPase regulates mitochondrial morphology and function. Missense mutation(s) of Rab7 underlies the pathogenesis of Charcot Marie Tooth 2B (CMT2B) peripheral neuropathy. Herein, we investigate how mitochondrial morphology and function are impacted by the CMT2B associated Rab7V162M mutation. In contrast to recent studies of using heterologous overexpression systems, our results demonstrate significant mitochondrial fragmentation in both human CMT2B patient fibroblasts and CMT2B embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Primary cultured E18 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons also show mitochondrial fragmentation and altered axonal mitochondrial movement. In addition, we demonstrate that inhibitors to either the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 or to the nucleotide binding to Rab7 normalize the mitochondrial deficits in both MEFs and E18 cultured DRG neurons. Our study reveals, for the first time, that expression of CMT2B Rab7 mutation at the physiological level enhances Drp1 activity to promote mitochondrial fission, potentially underlying selective vulnerability of peripheral sensory neurons in CMT2B pathogenesis. The Rab7V162M mutation associated with Charcot Marie Tooth 2B peripheral neuropathy causes mitochondrial fragmentation in patient-derived fibroblasts and primary cultured dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons from E18 mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Gu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Flora Guerra
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni n. 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Mingzheng Hu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Pope
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Kijung Sung
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Wanlin Yang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong Sheng, China
| | - Simone Jetha
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Shoff
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Tessanya Gunatilake
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Owen Dahlkamp
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Linda Zhixia Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Nolano
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Yue Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jianqing Ding
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni n. 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Chengbiao Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA.
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21
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Dorn Ii GW. Neurohormonal Connections with Mitochondria in Cardiomyopathy and Other Diseases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C461-C477. [PMID: 35759434 PMCID: PMC9363002 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00167.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurohormonal signaling and mitochondrial dynamism are seemingly distinct processes that are almost ubiquitous among multicellular organisms. Both of these processes are regulated by GTPases, and disturbances in either can provoke disease. Here, inconspicuous pathophysiological connectivity between neurohormonal signaling and mitochondrial dynamism is reviewed in the context of cardiac and neurological syndromes. For both processes, greater understanding of basic mechanisms has evoked a reversal of conventional pathophysiological concepts. Thus, neurohormonal systems induced in, and previously thought to be critical for, cardiac functioning in heart failure are now pharmaceutically interrupted as modern standard of care. And, mitochondrial abnormalities in neuropathies that were originally attributed to an imbalance between mitochondrial fusion and fission are increasingly recognized as an interruption of axonal mitochondrial transport. The data are presented in a historical context to provided insight into how scientific thought has evolved and to foster an appreciation for how seemingly different areas of investigation can converge. Finally, some theoretical notions are presented to explain how different molecular and functional defects can evoke tissue-specific disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Dorn Ii
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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22
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Piperine Derivatives Enhance Fusion and Axonal Transport of Mitochondria by Activating Mitofusins. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine) is the major pungent component of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and exhibits a spectrum of pharmacological activities. The molecular bases for many of piperine’s biological effects are incompletely defined. We noted that the chemical structure of piperine generally conforms to a pharmacophore model for small bioactive molecules that activate mitofusin (MFN)-mediated mitochondrial fusion. Piperine, but not its isomer chavicine, stimulated mitochondrial fusion in MFN-deficient cells with EC50 of ~8 nM. We synthesized piperine analogs having structural features predicted to optimize mitofusin activation and defined structure-activity relationships (SAR) in live-cell mitochondrial elongation assays. When optimal spacing was maintained between amide and aromatic groups the derivatives were potent mitofusin activators. Compared to the prototype phenylhexanamide mitofusin activator, 2, novel molecules containing the piperidine structure of piperine exhibited markedly enhanced passive membrane permeability with no loss of fusogenic potency. Lead compounds 5 and 8 enhanced mitochondrial motility in cultured murine Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A (CMT2A) neurons, but only 8 improved mitochondrial transport in sciatic nerve axons of CMT2A mice. Piperine analogs represent a new chemical class of mitofusin activators with potential pharmaceutical advantages.
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23
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Li J, Dang X, Franco A, Dorn GW. Reciprocal Regulation of Mitofusin 2-Mediated Mitophagy and Mitochondrial Fusion by Different PINK1 Phosphorylation Events. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:868465. [PMID: 35646911 PMCID: PMC9133611 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.868465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial repair is essential to metabolic homeostasis. Outer mitochondrial membrane mitofusin (MFN) proteins orchestrate mitochondrial fusion that opposes mitochondrial degeneration caused by senescence. Depending upon physiological context, MFN2 can either mediate mitochondrial fusion or recruit cytosolic Parkin to initiate mitophagic elimination. Because it is not clear how these events are counter-regulated we engineered and expressed MFN2 mutants that mimic phosphorylated or non-phosphorylatable MFN2 at its PINK1 phosphorylation sites: T111, S378, and S442. By interrogating mitochondrial fusion, polarization status, and Parkin binding/mitophagy as a function of inferred MFN2 phosphorylation, we discovered that individual MFN2 phosphorylation events act as a biological “bar-code”, directing mitochondrial fate based on phosphorylation site state. Experiments in Pink1 deficient cells supported a central role for PINK1 kinase as the pivotal regulator of MFN2 functionality. Contrary to popular wisdom that Parkin-mediated ubiquitination regulates MFN-mediated mitochondrial fusion, results in Prkn null cells demonstrated the dispensability of Parkin for MFN2 inactivation. These data demonstrate that PINK1-mediated phosphorylation is necessary and sufficient, and that Parkin is expendable, to switch MFN2 from fusion protein to mitophagy effector.
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24
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Christoffersen BØ, Sanchez‐Delgado G, John LM, Ryan DH, Raun K, Ravussin E. Beyond appetite regulation: Targeting energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and lean mass preservation for sustainable weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:841-857. [PMID: 35333444 PMCID: PMC9310705 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
New appetite-regulating antiobesity treatments such as semaglutide and agents under investigation such as tirzepatide show promise in achieving weight loss of 15% or more. Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and lean mass preservation are important determinants of weight loss and weight-loss maintenance beyond appetite regulation. This review discusses prior failures in clinical development of weight-loss drugs targeting energy expenditure and explores novel strategies for targeting energy expenditure: mitochondrial proton leak, uncoupling, dynamics, and biogenesis; futile calcium and substrate cycling; leptin for weight maintenance; increased sympathetic nervous system activity; and browning of white fat. Relevant targets for preserving lean mass are also reviewed: growth hormone, activin type II receptor inhibition, and urocortin 2 and 3. We endorse moderate modulation of energy expenditure and preservation of lean mass in combination with efficient appetite reduction as a means of obtaining a significant, safe, and long-lasting weight loss. Furthermore, we suggest that the regulatory guidelines should be revisited to focus more on the quality of weight loss and its maintenance rather than the absolute weight loss. Commitment to this research focus both from a scientific and from a regulatory point of view could signal the beginning of the next era in obesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Linu Mary John
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease ResearchGlobal Drug DiscoveryNovo Nordisk A/SMåløvDenmark
| | - Donna H. Ryan
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Kirsten Raun
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease ResearchGlobal Drug DiscoveryNovo Nordisk A/SMåløvDenmark
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
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25
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Zaman M, Shutt TE. The Role of Impaired Mitochondrial Dynamics in MFN2-Mediated Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:858286. [PMID: 35399520 PMCID: PMC8989266 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.858286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mitofusin 2 protein (MFN2), encoded by the MFN2 gene, was first described for its role in mediating mitochondrial fusion. However, MFN2 is now recognized to play additional roles in mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), mitochondrial motility, lipid transfer, and as a tether to other organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lipid droplets. The tethering role of MFN2 is an important mediator of mitochondrial-ER contact sites (MERCs), which themselves have many important functions that regulate mitochondria, including calcium homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Exemplifying the importance of MFN2, pathogenic variants in MFN2 are established to cause the peripheral neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Subtype 2A (CMT2A). However, the mechanistic basis for disease is not clear. Moreover, additional pathogenic phenotypes such as lipomatosis, distal myopathy, optic atrophy, and hearing loss, can also sometimes be present in patients with CMT2A. Given these variable patient phenotypes, and the many cellular roles played by MFN2, the mechanistic underpinnings of the cellular impairments by which MFN2 dysfunction leads to disease are likely to be complex. Here, we will review what is known about the various functions of MFN2 that are impaired by pathogenic variants causing CMT2A, with a specific emphasis on the ties between MFN2 variants and MERCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashiat Zaman
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Timothy E. Shutt
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Timothy E. Shutt,
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26
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Dang X, Walton EK, Zablocka B, Baloh RH, Shy ME, Dorn GW. Mitochondrial Phenotypes in Genetically Diverse Neurodegenerative Diseases and Their Response to Mitofusin Activation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061053. [PMID: 35326504 PMCID: PMC8947610 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial fusion is essential to mitochondrial fitness and cellular health. Neurons of patients with genetic neurodegenerative diseases often exhibit mitochondrial fragmentation, reflecting an imbalance in mitochondrial fusion and fission (mitochondrial dysdynamism). Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease type 2A is the prototypical disorder of impaired mitochondrial fusion caused by mutations in the fusion protein mitofusin (MFN)2. Yet, cultured CMT2A patient fibroblast mitochondria are often reported as morphologically normal. Metabolic stress might evoke pathological mitochondrial phenotypes in cultured patient fibroblasts, providing a platform for the pre-clinical individualized evaluation of investigational therapeutics. Here, substitution of galactose for glucose in culture media was used to redirect CMT2A patient fibroblasts (MFN2 T105M, R274W, H361Y, R364W) from glycolytic metabolism to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which provoked characteristic mitochondrial fragmentation and depolarization and induced a distinct transcriptional signature. Pharmacological MFN activation of metabolically reprogrammed fibroblasts partially reversed the mitochondrial abnormalities in CMT2A and CMT1 and a subset of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease patients, implicating addressable mitochondrial dysdynamism in these illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiawei Dang
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (X.D.); (E.K.W.)
| | - Emily K. Walton
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (X.D.); (E.K.W.)
| | - Barbara Zablocka
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Robert H. Baloh
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Michael E. Shy
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Gerald W. Dorn
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (X.D.); (E.K.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-314-362-4892
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27
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Dorn GW, Dang X. Predicting Mitochondrial Dynamic Behavior in Genetically Defined Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061049. [PMID: 35326500 PMCID: PMC8947719 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics encompass mitochondrial fusion, fission, and movement. Mitochondrial fission and fusion are seemingly ubiquitous, whereas mitochondrial movement is especially important for organelle transport through neuronal axons. Here, we review the roles of different mitochondrial dynamic processes in mitochondrial quantity and quality control, emphasizing their impact on the neurological system in Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2A, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedrich’s ataxia, dominant optic atrophy, and Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. In addition to mechanisms and concepts, we explore in detail different technical approaches for measuring mitochondrial dynamic dysfunction in vitro, describe how results from tissue culture studies may be applied to a better understanding of mitochondrial dysdynamism in human neurodegenerative diseases, and suggest how this experimental platform can be used to evaluate candidate therapeutics in different diseases or in individual patients sharing the same clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W. Dorn
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +314-362-4892; Fax: +314-362-8844
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28
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Dorn GW. Mitofusin activation enhances mitochondrial motility and promotes neuroregeneration in CMT2A. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2201-2203. [PMID: 33818493 PMCID: PMC8354110 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W. Dorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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29
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Zou W, Ji D, Zhang Z, Yang L, Cao Y. Players in Mitochondrial Dynamics and Female Reproduction. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:717328. [PMID: 34708072 PMCID: PMC8542886 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.717328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics (fission and fusion) are essential physiological processes for mitochondrial metabolic function, mitochondrial redistribution, and mitochondrial quality control. Various proteins are involved in regulating mitochondrial dynamics. Aberrant expression of these proteins interferes with mitochondrial dynamics and induces a range of diseases. Multiple therapeutic approaches have been developed to treat the related diseases in recent years, but their curative effects are limited. Meanwhile, the role of mitochondrial dynamics in female reproductive function has attracted progressively more attention, including oocyte development and maturation, fertilization, and embryonic development. Here, we reviewed the significance of mitochondrial dynamics, proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics, and disorders resulting from primary mitochondrial dynamic dysfunction. We summarized the latest therapeutic approaches of hereditary mitochondrial fusion-fission abnormalities and reviewed the recent advances in female reproductive mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dongmei Ji
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei, China.,Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei, China.,Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
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30
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Mou Y, Dein J, Chen Z, Jagdale M, Li XJ. MFN2 Deficiency Impairs Mitochondrial Transport and Downregulates Motor Protein Expression in Human Spinal Motor Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:727552. [PMID: 34602978 PMCID: PMC8482798 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.727552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is one of the most common genetically inherited neurological disorders and CMT type 2A (CMT 2A) is caused by dominant mutations in the mitofusin-2 (MFN2) gene. MFN2 is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and is a mediator of mitochondrial fusion, with an essential role in maintaining normal neuronal functions. Although loss of MFN2 induces axonal neuropathy, the detailed mechanism by which MFN2 deficiency results in axonal degeneration of human spinal motor neurons remains largely unknown. In this study, we generated MFN2-knockdown human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines using lentivirus expressing MFN2 short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Using these hESC lines, we found that MFN2 loss did not affect spinal motor neuron differentiation from hESCs but resulted in mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction as determined by live-cell imaging. Notably, MFN2-knockodwn spinal motor neurons exhibited CMT2A disease-related phenotypes, including extensive perikaryal inclusions of phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (pNfH), frequent axonal swellings, and increased pNfH levels in long-term cultures. Importantly, MFN2 deficit impaired anterograde and retrograde mitochondrial transport within axons, and reduced the mRNA and protein levels of kinesin and dynein, indicating the interfered motor protein expression induced by MFN2 deficiency. Our results reveal that MFN2 knockdown induced axonal degeneration of spinal motor neurons and defects in mitochondrial morphology and function. The impaired mitochondrial transport in MFN2-knockdown spinal motor neurons is mediated, at least partially, by the altered motor proteins, providing potential therapeutic targets for rescuing axonal degeneration of spinal motor neurons in CMT2A disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Mou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joshua Dein
- MD Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, United States
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mrunali Jagdale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xue-Jun Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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31
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McCray BA, Scherer SS. Axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: from Common Pathogenic Mechanisms to Emerging Treatment Opportunities. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2269-2285. [PMID: 34606075 PMCID: PMC8804038 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited peripheral neuropathies are a genetically and phenotypically diverse group of disorders that lead to degeneration of peripheral neurons with resulting sensory and motor dysfunction. Genetic neuropathies that primarily cause axonal degeneration, as opposed to demyelination, are most often classified as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2) and are the focus of this review. Gene identification efforts over the past three decades have dramatically expanded the genetic landscape of CMT and revealed several common pathological mechanisms among various forms of the disease. In some cases, identification of the precise genetic defect and/or the downstream pathological consequences of disease mutations have yielded promising therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we discuss evidence for pathogenic overlap among multiple forms of inherited neuropathy, highlighting genetic defects in axonal transport, mitochondrial dynamics, organelle-organelle contacts, and local axonal protein translation as recurrent pathological processes in inherited axonal neuropathies. We also discuss how these insights have informed emerging treatment strategies, including specific approaches for single forms of neuropathy, as well as more general approaches that have the potential to treat multiple types of neuropathy. Such therapeutic opportunities, made possible by improved understanding of molecular and cellular pathogenesis and advances in gene therapy technologies, herald a new and exciting phase in inherited peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A. McCray
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Steven S. Scherer
- Department of Neurology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Dang X, Williams SB, Devanathan S, Franco A, Fu L, Bernstein PR, Walters D, Dorn GW. Pharmacophore-Based Design of Phenyl-[hydroxycyclohexyl] Cycloalkyl-Carboxamide Mitofusin Activators with Improved Neuronal Activity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12506-12524. [PMID: 34415150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fragmentation from defective fusion or unopposed fission contributes to many neurodegenerative diseases. Small molecule mitofusin activators reverse mitochondrial fragmentation in vitro, promising a novel therapeutic approach. The first-in-class mitofusin activator, 2, has a short plasma t1/2 and limited neurological system bioavailability, conferring "burst activation". Here, pharmacophore-based rational redesign generated analogues of 2 incorporating cycloalkyl linker groups. A cyclopropyl-containing linker, 5, improved plasma and brain t1/2, increased nervous system bioavailability, and prolonged neuron pharmacodynamic effects. Functional and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of stereoisomeric analogues of 5 containing sulfur as a "heavy atom", 14A and 14B, showed that 5 biological activity resides in the trans-R/R configuration, 5B. Structural analysis revealed stereoselective interactions of 5 associated with its mimicry of MFN2 Val372, Met376, and His380 side chains. Modification of murine ALS phenotypes in vitro and in vivo supports advancement of 5B for neurological conditions that may benefit from sustained mitofusin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiawei Dang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Sidney B Williams
- Mitochondria in Motion, Inc., 4340 Duncan Avenue, Suite 216, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Sriram Devanathan
- Mitochondria in Motion, Inc., 4340 Duncan Avenue, Suite 216, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Antonietta Franco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Lijun Fu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 666 Gaoxin Road, East Lake High-tech Development Zone, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Peter R Bernstein
- PharmaB LLC, 50 S. 16th Street, Unit 5201, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Daniel Walters
- Crystal Pharmatech Inc., 3000 Eastpark Blvd., Ste 500B, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512, United States
| | - Gerald W Dorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Mitochondria in Motion, Inc., 4340 Duncan Avenue, Suite 216, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Sharma G, Pfeffer G, Shutt TE. Genetic Neuropathy Due to Impairments in Mitochondrial Dynamics. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:268. [PMID: 33810506 PMCID: PMC8066130 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles capable of fusing, dividing, and moving about the cell. These properties are especially important in neurons, which in addition to high energy demand, have unique morphological properties with long axons. Notably, mitochondrial dysfunction causes a variety of neurological disorders including peripheral neuropathy, which is linked to impaired mitochondrial dynamics. Nonetheless, exactly why peripheral neurons are especially sensitive to impaired mitochondrial dynamics remains somewhat enigmatic. Although the prevailing view is that longer peripheral nerves are more sensitive to the loss of mitochondrial motility, this explanation is insufficient. Here, we review pathogenic variants in proteins mediating mitochondrial fusion, fission and transport that cause peripheral neuropathy. In addition to highlighting other dynamic processes that are impacted in peripheral neuropathies, we focus on impaired mitochondrial quality control as a potential unifying theme for why mitochondrial dysfunction and impairments in mitochondrial dynamics in particular cause peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Sharma
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
| | - Gerald Pfeffer
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Child Health Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
| | - Timothy E. Shutt
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
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