Genetic variation in ALDH4A1 is associated with muscle health over the lifespan and across species

Genetic Patterns Related with the Development and Progression of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity: A Systematic Review

Background and Objectives: Despite their high prevalence, sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity remain underdiagnosed worldwide, significantly impacting the health and quality of life of aging individuals. Due to their multifactorial nature, the current management strategies do not address their underlying pathogenesis. This systematic review aims to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with sarcopenia and/or sarcopenic obesity in humans. Materials and Methods. This systematic literature review followed the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)" guidelines and the protocol registered in PROSPERO. Extensive research was performed in six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink) using keywords such as "sarcopenia", "sarcopenic obesity", "single nucleotide polymorphisms", "SNPs", and "genetic variants". The Q-Genie and ROBINS-E tools were utilized to assess the quality of the included studies. Results: The final analysis included 12 studies, which were classified as good-quality according to the Q-Genie assessment and indicated a low to moderate risk of bias according to the ROBINS-E evaluation, collectively identifying 43 SNPs significantly associated with sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity. Specifically, 24 SNPs were linked to sarcopenia, while 19 were associated with sarcopenic obesity. Conclusions: Understanding the implications of SNPs provides valuable insights into individual susceptibility and the variability observed across populations, potentially leading to more targeted and effective diagnostic and treatment strategies. Advancing clinical practice requires ongoing research into the genetic aspects of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity.

Hepatic WDR23 proteostasis mediates insulin homeostasis by regulating insulin-degrading enzyme capacity

Maintaining insulin homeostasis is critical for cellular and organismal metabolism. In the liver, insulin is degraded by the activity of the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). Here, we establish a hepatic regulatory axis for IDE through WDR23-proteostasis. Wdr23KO mice have increased IDE expression, reduced circulating insulin, and defective insulin responses. Genetically engineered human cell models lacking WDR23 also increase IDE expression and display dysregulated phosphorylation of insulin signaling cascade proteins, IRS-1, AKT2, MAPK, FoxO, and mTOR, similar to cells treated with insulin, which can be mitigated by chemical inhibition of IDE. Mechanistically, the cytoprotective transcription factor NRF2, a direct target of WDR23-Cul4 proteostasis, mediates the enhanced transcriptional expression of IDE when WDR23 is ablated. Moreover, an analysis of human genetic variation in WDR23 across a large naturally aging human cohort in the US Health and Retirement Study reveals a significant association of WDR23 with altered hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels in older adults, supporting the use of WDR23 as a new molecular determinant of metabolic health in humans.

Atherosclerotic Autoantigen ALDH4A1 as a Novel Immunological Indicator for Plaque Erosion in Patients with ST Segment Elevated Myocardial Infarction

OBJECTIVE

 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 4A1 (ALDH4A1) was recently reported to be a novel autoantigen of atherosclerosis. However, its role in different phenotypes of acute coronary syndrome remains unclear. Herein, we planned to explore the circulating and regional expression of ALDH4A1 in patients with plaque rupture (PR) and plaque erosion (PE) determined by optical coherence tomography (OCT).

METHODS AND RESULTS

 After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a prospective series of 312 patients with ST segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI), including 161 patients with PR and 151 patients with PE determined by OCT, were enrolled for plasma ALDH4A1 testing. In addition, ALDH4A1 was quantified using immunofluorescence in aspirated coronary thrombus samples obtained from 31 patients with PR and 25 patients with PE. In addition, we established an atherosclerosis mouse model and analyzed the distribution of ALDH4A1 expression in different mouse organs. Furthermore, we compared the level of ALDH4A1 in the spleen and carotid artery between Apoe-/- and C57 mice. The results showed that the plasma level of ALDH4A1 was significantly higher in STEMI patients with PE than in those with PR (4.6 ng/mL [2.2-8.7] vs. 3.5 ng/mL [1.6-5.6] p = 0.005). The expression of ALDH4A1 in aspirated coronary thrombi was also significantly higher in patients with PE than in those with PR (mean gray value: 32.0 [23.6-40.6] vs. 16.8 [14.0-24.5], p < 0.001). In animal models, the expression of ALDH4A1 is much higher in the spleen than in other organs, and the level of ALDH4A1 is significantly elevated in the spleen and carotid artery of Apoe-/- mice compared with C57 mice.

CONCLUSION

 The high levels of ALDH4A1 in the plasma and aspirated coronary thrombi independently correlated with PE in patients with STEMI. These results suggested that ALDH4A1 is involved in the mechanism of PE and serves as a promising biomarker and treatment target for patients with PE.

A dicer-related helicase opposes the age-related pathology from SKN-1 activation in ASI neurons

Coordination of cellular responses to stress is essential for health across the lifespan. The transcription factor SKN-1 is an essential homeostat that mediates survival in stress-inducing environments and cellular dysfunction, but constitutive activation of SKN-1 drives premature aging thus revealing the importance of turning off cytoprotective pathways. Here, we identify how SKN-1 activation in two ciliated ASI neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans results in an increase in organismal transcriptional capacity that drives pleiotropic outcomes in peripheral tissues. An increase in the expression of established SKN-1 stress response and lipid metabolism gene classes of RNA in the ASI neurons, in addition to the increased expression of several classes of noncoding RNA, define a molecular signature of animals with constitutive SKN-1 activation and diminished healthspan. We reveal neddylation as a unique regulator of the SKN-1 homeostat that mediates SKN-1 abundance within intestinal cells. Moreover, RNAi-independent activity of the dicer-related DExD/H-box helicase, drh-1, in the intestine, can oppose the effects of aberrant SKN-1 transcriptional activation and delays age-dependent decline in health. Taken together, our results uncover a cell nonautonomous circuit to maintain organism-level homeostasis in response to excessive SKN-1 transcriptional activity in the sensory nervous system.

Comparative analysis of the molecular and physiological consequences of constitutive SKN-1 activation

Molecular homeostats play essential roles across all levels of biological organization to ensure a return to normal function after responding to abnormal internal and environmental events. SKN-1 is an evolutionarily conserved cytoprotective transcription factor that is integral for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis upon exposure to a variety of stress conditions. Despite the essentiality of turning on SKN-1/NRF2 in response to exogenous and endogenous stress, animals with chronic activation of SKN-1 display premature loss of health with age, and ultimately, diminished lifespan. Previous genetic models of constitutive SKN-1 activation include gain-of-function alleles of skn-1 and loss-of-function alleles of wdr-23 that impede the turnover of SKN-1 by the ubiquitin proteasome. Here, we define a novel gain-of-function mutation in the xrep-4 locus that results in constitutive activation of SKN-1 in the absence of stress. Although each of these genetic mutations results in continuously unregulated transcriptional output from SKN-1, the physiological consequences of each model on development, stress resistance, reproduction, lipid homeostasis, and lifespan are distinct. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the differential healthspan impacts across multiple models of constitutive SKN-1 activation. Although our results reveal the universal need to reign in the uncontrolled activity of cytoprotective transcription factors, we also define the unique signatures of each model of constitutive SKN-1 activation, which provides innovative solutions for the design of molecular "off-switches" of unregulated transcriptional homeostats.

A dicer-related helicase opposes the age-related pathology from SKN-1 activation in ASI neurons

Coordination of cellular responses to stress are essential for health across the lifespan. The transcription factor SKN-1 is an essential homeostat that mediates survival in stress-inducing environments and cellular dysfunction, but constitutive activation of SKN-1 drives premature aging thus revealing the importance of turning off cytoprotective pathways. Here we identify how SKN-1 activation in two ciliated ASI neurons in C. elegans results in an increase in organismal transcriptional capacity that drives pleiotropic outcomes in peripheral tissues. An increase in the expression of established SKN-1 stress response and lipid metabolism gene classes of RNA in the ASI neurons, in addition to the increased expression of several classes of non-coding RNA, define a molecular signature of animals with constitutive SKN-1 activation and diminished healthspan. We reveal neddylation as a novel regulator of the SKN-1 homeostat that mediates SKN-1 abundance within intestinal cells. Moreover, RNAi-independent activity of the dicer-related DExD/H-box helicase, drh-1 , in the intestine, can oppose the e2ffects of aberrant SKN-1 transcriptional activation and delays age-dependent decline in health. Taken together, our results uncover a cell non-autonomous circuit to maintain organism-level homeostasis in response to excessive SKN-1 transcriptional activity in the sensory nervous system.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT

Unlike activation, an understudied fundamental question across biological systems is how to deactivate a pathway, process, or enzyme after it has been turned on. The irony that the activation of a transcription factor that is meant to be protective can diminish health was first documented by us at the organismal level over a decade ago, but it has long been appreciated that chronic activation of the human ortholog of SKN-1, NRF2, could lead to chemo- and radiation resistance in cancer cells. A colloquial analogy to this biological idea is a sink faucet that has an on valve without a mechanism to shut the water off, which will cause the sink to overflow. Here, we define this off valve.

Sequences, phylogeny and evolution of mitochondrial delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenases (ALDH4A1). Evidence for a second locus (ALDH4A2) in Drosophila

ALDH4A1 genes encode mitochondrial enzymes of delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate metabolism, generating glutamate from either proline or ornithine. Analyses were undertaken of several vertebrate and invertebrate genomes using reported human and mouse ALDH4A1 amino acid sequences. ALDH4A1 sequences and structures were highly conserved, including residues involved in catalysis, coenzyme binding and enzyme structure, previously reported for mouse and human ALDH4A1. The human ALDH4A1 gene contained 15 coding exons and was more highly expressed in human liver and kidney cortex. Vertebrate ALDH4A1 mitochondrial leader sequences exhibited diverse sequences. Phylogeny studies supported the appearance of the ALDH4A1 gene in invertebrate evolution which has been conserved and retained throughout subsequent vertebrate evolution as a single ALDH4A1 gene. Exceptions included polyploidy observed for the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and African toad (Xenopus laevis) genes. An examination of ALDH4A1 sequences from related Drosophila species supported the appearance of a second ALDH4A gene (ALDH4A2) and time dependent evolutionary changes over the past 50 million years for both genes.

Different methods of killing bacteria diets differentially influence Caenorhabditis elegans physiology

Across species, diet plays a critical role in most, if not all life history traits. Caenorhabditis elegans is an important and facile organism for research across modalities, but the use of live bacteria as sources of nutrition can exert pleiotropic outcomes that stem from the action of host-pathogen defenses. Recently, a powerful new approach to readily generate dead and metabolically inactive Escherichia coli was developed that enabled reproducible measures of health across the lifespan. Here we further characterize additional comparisons of developmental and physiological parameters of animals fed either bacteria killed by treatment with ultraviolet (UV) light and bactericidal antibiotics or low-dose paraformaldehyde (PFA). Unlike bacteria killed by UV/Antibiotic treatment, PFA-killed diets resulted in a 25% reduction in body size just prior to adulthood and an overall reduction in stored intracellular lipids. Moreover, a small but reproducible number of animals fed PFA-killed bacteria display age-dependent depletion of somatic lipids, which does not normally occur on live bacteria or bacteria killed by UV/antibiotics. Lastly, animals fed PFA-treated, but not UV-antibiotic treated bacteria display a 10% increase in crawling speed. Taken together, these new data more thoroughly define the physiological impact two methodologies to prepare C. elegans diets that should be considered during experimental design.

Proline promotes proliferation and drug resistance of multiple myeloma by downregulation of proline dehydrogenase

Amino acids in the bone marrow microenvironment (BMME) are a critical factor for multiple myeloma (MM) progression. Here, we have determined that proline is elevated in BMME of MM patients and links to poor prognosis in MM. Moreover, exogenous proline regulates MM cell proliferation and drug resistance. Elevated proline in BMME is due to bone collagen degradation and abnormal expression of the key enzyme of proline catabolism, proline dehydrogenase (PRODH). PRODH is downregulated in MM patients, mainly as a result of promoter hypermethylation with high expression of DNMT3b. Thus, overexpression of PRODH suppresses cell proliferation and drug resistance of MM and exhibits therapeutic potential for treatment of MM. Altogether, we identify proline as a key metabolic regulator of MM, unveil PRODH governing MM progression and provide a promising therapeutic strategy for MM treatment.