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Rare Osteochondroma Associated with Natural Mortality of a Wild White-Tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus). J Wildl Dis 2018; 54:426-429. [PMID: 29369726 DOI: 10.7589/2017-08-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Within a 6-mo period, a radio-collared, white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) doe from Delaware, US, developed a fatal head mass consistent with osteochondroma. We suspected a retroviral etiology, but test results were negative. Population implications were not suspected, but this case is concerning as these tumors are not thought to cause mortality.
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Grovenburg TW, Monteith KL, Jacques CN, Klaver RW, DePerno CS, Brinkman TJ, Monteith KB, Gilbert SL, Smith JB, Bleich VC, Swanson CC, Jenks JA. Re-evaluating neonatal-age models for ungulates: does model choice affect survival estimates? PLoS One 2014; 9:e108797. [PMID: 25264612 PMCID: PMC4181310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
New-hoof growth is regarded as the most reliable metric for predicting age of newborn ungulates, but variation in estimated age among hoof-growth equations that have been developed may affect estimates of survival in staggered-entry models. We used known-age newborns to evaluate variation in age estimates among existing hoof-growth equations and to determine the consequences of that variation on survival estimates. During 2001-2009, we captured and radiocollared 174 newborn (≤24-hrs old) ungulates: 76 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Minnesota and South Dakota, 61 mule deer (O. hemionus) in California, and 37 pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in South Dakota. Estimated age of known-age newborns differed among hoof-growth models and varied by >15 days for white-tailed deer, >20 days for mule deer, and >10 days for pronghorn. Accuracy (i.e., the proportion of neonates assigned to the correct age) in aging newborns using published equations ranged from 0.0% to 39.4% in white-tailed deer, 0.0% to 3.3% in mule deer, and was 0.0% for pronghorns. Results of survival modeling indicated that variability in estimates of age-at-capture affected short-term estimates of survival (i.e., 30 days) for white-tailed deer and mule deer, and survival estimates over a longer time frame (i.e., 120 days) for mule deer. Conversely, survival estimates for pronghorn were not affected by estimates of age. Our analyses indicate that modeling survival in daily intervals is too fine a temporal scale when age-at-capture is unknown given the potential inaccuracies among equations used to estimate age of neonates. Instead, weekly survival intervals are more appropriate because most models accurately predicted ages within 1 week of the known age. Variation among results of neonatal-age models on short- and long-term estimates of survival for known-age young emphasizes the importance of selecting an appropriate hoof-growth equation and appropriately defining intervals (i.e., weekly versus daily) for estimating survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy W. Grovenburg
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Kevin L. Monteith
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Christopher N. Jacques
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Klaver
- U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. DePerno
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Todd J. Brinkman
- Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Kyle B. Monteith
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Sophie L. Gilbert
- Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Joshua B. Smith
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Vernon C. Bleich
- Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep Recovery Program, California Department of Fish and Game, Bishop, California, United States of America
| | | | - Jonathan A. Jenks
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
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Gassett JW, Wiesler DP, Baker AG, Osborn DA, Miller KV, Marchinton RL, Novotny M. Volatile compounds from interdigital gland of male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J Chem Ecol 2013; 22:1689-96. [PMID: 24226480 DOI: 10.1007/bf02272407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/1995] [Accepted: 05/01/1996] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Interdigital secretions were collected from eight male white-tailed deer of various ages. Analysis of volatiles was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with a modified headspace technique. Forty-six volatile compounds were found including alkanes, arenes, aldehydes, ketones, aliphatic acids, esters, pyrroles, furans, and sulfur compounds. Eleven occurred in higher concentrations (P≤0.10) in dominant (≥3.5-year-old) than in subordinate (≥1.5-year-old) animals. Dominant males typically have higher serum testosterone levels, and fatty acids and esters fluctuate with sebum production, which is under hormonal control. Therefore, these compounds may reflect testosterone levels and act as chemical signals indicating the presence of a dominant male. Interdigital volatiles also may act as generalized scent trail markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Gassett
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia, 30602, Athens, Georgia
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RHOADS CRAIGL, BOWMAN JACOBL, EYLER BRIAN. Movements of female exurban white-tailed deer in response to controlled hunts. WILDLIFE SOC B 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CRAIG L. RHOADS
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology; University of Delaware; 245 Townsend Hall; Newark; DE; 19716; USA
| | - JACOB L. BOWMAN
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology; University of Delaware; 245 Townsend Hall; Newark; DE; 19716; USA
| | - BRIAN EYLER
- Maryland DNR-Wildlife & Heritage Service; Indian Springs Wildlife Management Area; 14038 Blairs Valley Road; Clear Spring; MD; 21722; USA
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Duquette JF, Belant JL, Beyer DE, Svoboda NJ. Body condition and dosage effects on ketamine-xylazine immobilization of female white-tailed deer. WILDLIFE SOC B 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Monteith KL, Monteith KB, Delger JA, Schmitz LE, Brinkman TJ, Deperno CS, Jenks JA. Immobilization of white-tailed deer with telazol, ketamine, and xylazine, and evaluation of antagonists. J Wildl Manage 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
This review examines the properties of chemical immobilising agents of use or potential use in deer for velvet antler removal. The alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, xylazine, is the most commonly used agent for chemical restraint of stags for this purpose in New Zealand. This compound is often combined with an opioid or ketamine to enhance its effectiveness. Concerns about the carcinogenic potential of a xylazine metabolite have led to a call by the deer industry to limit the use of this drug and stimulated enquiry into alternatives. The potent pure opioid agonists, fentanyl, carfentanil and etorphine, are less effective than xylazine when used alone, and their use presents greater risk to operators and animals and is subject to more stringent legal restrictions. Newer alpha-2-adrenergic agonists, detomidine and medetomidine, are more potent than xylazine and unlikely to result in carcinogenic metabolites. Availability of specific alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists further enhances the usefulness of these drugs. The dissociative agent, ketamine, has proven useful for immobilisation of various domestic and wildlife species and captive species of deer but undesirable side effects and the low concentration, relative to the effective dose, of currently available formulations limit its usefulness. Combination of a dissociative agent with an alpha-2-adrenergic agent reduces the required dose of both and enhances their efficacy. A commercially available combination of the dissociative anaesthetic agent, tiletamine, and the benzodiazepine, zolazepam, is more potent than ketamine and induction times are faster. This combination can be manipulated to varying concentrations by dissolution with alpha-2-adrenergic agents. A long-acting neuroleptic agent, zuclopenthixol, has recently been investigated for calming deer and may be an alternative to classical sedative-immobilising agents. Most chemical immobilisation agents used alone or in combination produce respiratory depression and supplemental oxygen has been recommended. All would likely result in some form of chemical residues in velvet antler.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Walsh
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Haramis GM, White TS. A beaded collar for dual micro GPS/VHF transmitter attachment to nutria. MAMMALIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1515/mamm.2010.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sontakke SD, Umapathy G, Patil MS, Shivaji S. Tolazoline antagonises ketamine–xylazine anaesthesia in an endangered Black buck (Antilope cervicapra). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-009-0251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fieberg J, Kuehn DW, DelGiudice GD. Understanding Variation in Autumn Migration of Northern White-Tailed Deer by Long-Term Study. J Mammal 2008. [DOI: 10.1644/07-mamm-a-277.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Dematteis A, Rossi L, Canavese G, Menzano A, Meneguz PG. Immobilising free-ranging Alpine chamois with xylazine, reversed with atipamezole. Vet Rec 2008; 163:184-9. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.6.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Dematteis
- Research Centre on Wildlife Management; Università degli Studi di Torino; Frazione Rore, 17-Sampeyre (CN) Italy
| | - L. Rossi
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria; Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Epidemiologia ed Ecologia; Università degli Studi di Torino; V. L. da Vinci, 44-Grugliasco (TO) Italy
| | - G. Canavese
- Martime Alps Natural Park; Piazza Regina Elena, 30-Valdieri (CN) Italy
| | - A. Menzano
- Research Centre on Wildlife Management; Università degli Studi di Torino; Frazione Rore, 17-Sampeyre (CN) Italy
| | - P. G. Meneguz
- Research Centre on Wildlife Management; Università degli Studi di Torino; Frazione Rore, 17-Sampeyre (CN) Italy
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DelGiudice GD, Lenarz MS, Powell MC. Age-Specific Fertility and Fecundity in Northern Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer: Evidence for Reproductive Senescence? J Mammal 2007. [DOI: 10.1644/06-mamm-a-164r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Sontakke SD, Reddy AP, Umapathy G, Shivaji S. Anesthesia induced by administration of xylazine hydrochloride alone or in combination with ketamine hydrochloride and reversal by administration of yohimbine hydrochloride in captive Axis deer (Axis axis). Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:20-4. [PMID: 17199414 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the anesthetic dose and cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine hydrochloride when used alone or in combination with ketamine hydrochloride and evaluate the efficacy of yohimbine hydrochloride to reverse anesthetic effects in captive Axis deer. ANIMALS 35 adult (10 males and 25 females) Axis deer (Axis axis). PROCEDURES All deer were anesthetized by IM administration of xylazine (3.5 mg/kg; experiment 1), a combination of ketamine and xylazine (1.25 and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 2), or another combination of ketamine and xylazine (2.5 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 3). In addition, female deer were also anesthetized by IM administration of a third combination of ketamine and xylazine (1.5 and 1 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 4). Ten to 40 minutes after induction, anesthesia was reversed by IV administration of yohimbine (5, 8, or 10 mg). RESULTS In male deer, experiment 3 yielded the most rapid induction of anesthesia. In females, experiment 4 yielded the best induction of anesthesia without adverse effects. All doses of yohimbine reversed anesthesia. Duration of anesthesia before administration of yohimbine had no effect on recovery time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A combination of ketamine and xylazine can be used to induce anesthesia in Axis deer. Furthermore, anesthetic effects can be reversed by administration of yohimbine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadanand D Sontakke
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Rd, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Understanding margins of safe capture, chemical immobilization, and handling of free-ranging white-tailed deer. WILDLIFE SOC B 2005. [DOI: 10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[677:umoscc]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Putative chemical signals from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Urinary and vaginal mucus volatiles excreted by females during breeding season. J Chem Ecol 1995; 21:869-79. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02033467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/1993] [Accepted: 03/01/1995] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jacobs GH, Deegan JF, Neitz J, Murphy BP, Miller KV, Marchinton RL. Electrophysiological measurements of spectral mechanisms in the retinas of two cervids: white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and fallow deer (Dama dama). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1994; 174:551-7. [PMID: 8006855 DOI: 10.1007/bf00217375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Electroretinogram (ERG) flicker photometry was used to study the spectral mechanisms in the retinas of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and fallow deer (Dama dama). In addition to having a rod pigment with maximum sensitivity (lambda max) of about 497 nm, both species appear to have two classes of photopic receptors. They share in common a short-wavelength-sensitive cone mechanism having lambda max in the region of 450-460 nm. Each also has a cone having peak sensitivity in the middle wavelengths, but these differ slightly for the two species. In white-tailed deer the lambda max of this cone is about 537 nm; for the fallow deer the average lambda max value for this mechanism was 542 nm. Deer resemble other ungulates and many other types of mammal in having two classes of cone pigment and, thus, the requisite retinal basis for dichromatic color vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Jacobs
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106
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Arnemo JM, Moe SR, Søli NE. Xylazine-induced sedation in axis deer (Axis axis) and its reversal by atipamezole. Vet Res Commun 1993; 17:123-8. [PMID: 8105603 DOI: 10.1007/bf01839240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Eight free-ranging axis deer (Axis axis) were captured in drive nets and injected with xylazine (3.4 +/- 0.1 mg/kg; mean +/- SEM) intramuscularly using a hand-held syringe. Xylazine induced complete immobilization and sedation in three animals, heavy sedation in three, and moderate sedation in two. The mean induction time was 10.4 +/- 1.0 min. The mean rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rates of immobilized animals were 39.2 +/- 0.4 degrees C, 75.5 +/- 6.5 beats/min and 62.1 +/- 4.2 breaths/min, respectively. All the animals were given atipamezole intravenously for reversal. The mean time from injection of xylazine to administration of atipamezole was 37.8 +/- 4.6 min. A dose ratio (w/w) for xylazine:atipamezole-HCl of 10:1 was used. The mean time from injection of atipamezole to mobility was 2.41 +/- 0.58 min. Atipamezole given intravenously effectively antagonized xylazine-induced sedation in axis deer. Only one animal showed signs of overalertness after reversal and no cases of resedation were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Arnemo
- Centre of Veterinary Medicine, Tromsø, Norway
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Waldhalm SJ, Jacobson HA, Dhungel SK, Bearden HJ. Embryo transfer in the White-tailed deer: A reproductive model for endangered deer species of the world. Theriogenology 1989; 31:437-50. [PMID: 16726563 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(89)90549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/1987] [Accepted: 11/18/1988] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A model for artificial propagation of wild, seasonal breeding deer was developed using the White-tailed deer, Odocoileus , virginianus . Preseason estrus induction following removal of vaginal pessaries containing medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) was successful in four of seven animals. Synchronization of estrus was achieved in seven of nine attempts when does were treated with prostaglandin F(2) alpha (PGF(2)alpha) 7 to 14 d following observed estrus. Superovulation was achieved in two of five does treated with 1000 IU of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) at the time of vaginal pessary MPA withdrawal. Superovulation was achieved in two of three does treated with 1000 IU of PMSG at the time of estrus induction with PGF(2)alpha. Surgical embryo recoveries attempted on six does resulted in a 68% embryo recovery rate based on numbers of corpora lutea observed. Surgical embryo transfers from two donors to three recipient does resulted in one pregnancy maintained to full term.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Waldhalm
- College of Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
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Bubenik GA, Brown RD. The effect of yohimbine on plasma levels of T3, T4 and cortisol in xylazine-immobilized white-tailed deer. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1989; 92:315-8. [PMID: 2565187 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(89)90060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. The effect of yohimbine (Y) on blood levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and cortisol was investigated in 5 mature male white-tailed deer immobilized with xylazine hydrochloride (X). 2. T4 levels were erratic in X-treated deer, but stabilized in the X- and Y-treated deer. 3. T3 remained unchanged in both groups. 4. Cortisol levels have increased in X-treated deer, but declined in X- and Y-treated deer. 5. Yohimbine is a potent and safe antidote of X not affecting T3 and T4. Caution should be used in using R or Y in cortisol studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Bubenik
- Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Hayama SI, Terazawa F, Suzuki M, Nigi H, Orima H, Tagawa M, Inagaki H. Immobilization with a single dose of ketamine hydrochloride and a combination of xylazine hydrochloride-ketamine hydrochloride and antagonism by yohimbine hydrochloride in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). Primates 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02381212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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