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Zadravec M, Račnik J, Slavec B, Ballmann MZ, Kaján GL, Doszpoly A, Zorman-Rojs O, Marhold C, Harrach B. Novel adenoviruses from captive psittacine birds in Slovenia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 90-91:101902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Raghav R, Samour J. Inclusion Body Herpesvirus Hepatitis in Captive Falcons in the Middle East: A Review of Clinical and Pathologic Findings. J Avian Med Surg 2019; 33:1-6. [PMID: 31124605 DOI: 10.1647/2018-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion body hepatitis in falcons is caused by a herpesvirus designated Falconid HV-1. This herpesvirus and other herpesviruses affecting birds of prey have not been assigned to a genus and include inclusion body herpesvirus hepatitis in eagles (Accipitrid HV-1) and inclusion body herpesvirus hepatitis in owls (Strigid HV-1). Herpesvirus infections have been diagnosed in both captive and free-living raptors across Europe, North America, and Asia in different species of the family Falconidae. Herpesviruses affecting owls and falcons have been found to be antigenically similar to pigeon herpesvirus (Columbid HV-1) and distinct from other avian herpesviruses. When the herpesvirus isolates from owls, falcons, and pigeons were compared by sequencing a fragment of the herpes viral DNA polymerase gene from those birds naturally infected with the virus, the sequences from these 3 sources were found to be nearly identical. The authors of this study concluded that the Falconid HV-1, Strigid HV-1, and Columbid HV-1 were the same virus. Furthermore, the authors also proposed that the virus therefore be referred to as Columbid HV-1 (CoHV-1), because pigeons may be responsible for the transmission of the virus to birds of prey. Pigeons are often carriers of the virus without showing any clinical signs. It has long been suspected that raptors may contract the infection by the ingestion of infected pigeons. Some studies have suggested that falcons may not contract the infection through the oral route by ingesting carrier pigeons, but through the ocular or nasal route. Inclusion body herpesvirus hepatitis is a frequently diagnosed disease in the captive falcon population used for falconry, racing, and breeding in the Middle East, and it seems to be associated with the extensive use of pigeons for training and as a food item. This paper reviews the clinical and pathological findings in falcons affected by inclusion body herpesvirus hepatitis in the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Raghav
- Al Wasl Veterinary Clinic, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jaime Samour
- Wrsan, Wildlife Division, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Sutherland M, Sarker S, Vaz PK, Legione AR, Devlin JM, Macwhirter PL, Whiteley PL, Raidal SR. Disease surveillance in wild Victorian cacatuids reveals co-infection with multiple agents and detection of novel avian viruses. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:257-264. [PMID: 31383310 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Wild birds are known reservoirs of bacterial and viral pathogens, some of which have zoonotic potential. This poses a risk to both avian and human health, since spillover into domestic bird populations may occur. In Victoria, wild-caught cockatoos trapped under licence routinely enter commercial trade. The circovirus Beak and Feather Disease Virus (BFDV), herpesviruses, adenoviruses and Chlamydia psittaci have been identified as significant pathogens of parrots globally, with impacts on both aviculture and the conservation efforts of endangered species. In this study, we describe the results of surveillance for psittacid herpesviruses (PsHVs), psittacine adenovirus (PsAdV), BFDV and C. psittaci in wild cacatuids in Victoria, Australia. Samples were collected from 55 birds of four species, and tested using genus or family-wide polymerase chain reaction methods coupled with sequencing and phylogenetic analyses for detection and identification of known and novel pathogens. There were no clinically observed signs of illness in most of the live birds in this study (96.3%; n = 53). Beak and Feather Disease Virus was detected with a prevalence of 69.6% (95% CI 55.2-80.9). Low prevalences of PsHV (1.81%; 95% CI 0.3-9.6), PsAdV (1.81%; 95% CI 0.3-9.6), and C. psittaci (1.81%; 95% CI 0.3-9.6) was detected. Importantly, a novel avian alphaherpesvirus and a novel avian adenovirus were detected in a little corella (Cacatua sanguinea) co-infected with BFDV and C. psittaci. The presence of multiple potential pathogens detected in a single bird presents an example of the ease with which such infectious agents may enter the pet trade and how novel viruses circulating in wild populations have the potential for transmission into captive birds. Genomic identification of previously undescribed avian viruses is important to further our understanding of their epidemiology, facilitating management of biosecurity aspects of the domestic and international bird trade, and conservation efforts of vulnerable species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Sutherland
- Burwood Bird and Animal Hospital, 128 Highbury Rd, Burwood, Vic 3125, Australia.
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia; School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Paola K Vaz
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
| | - Alistair R Legione
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
| | - Patricia L Macwhirter
- Greencross Vets Springvale, 570 Springvale Rd, Springvale South, Vic 3172, Australia.
| | - Pamela L Whiteley
- Wildlife Health Victoria: Surveillance, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic 3030, Australia.
| | - Shane R Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
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Psittacid Adenovirus-2 infection in the critically endangered orange-bellied parrot (Neophema chrysogastor): A key threatening process or an example of a host-adapted virus? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208674. [PMID: 30811501 PMCID: PMC6392234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psittacid Adenovirus-2 (PsAdv-2) was identified in captive orange-bellied parrots (Neophema chrysogastor) during a multifactorial cluster of mortalities at the Adelaide Zoo, South Australia, and an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicaemia at the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment captive breeding facility, Taroona, Tasmania. This was the first time that an adenovirus had been identified in orange-bellied parrots and is the first report of PsAdv-2 in Australia. To investigate the status of PsAdv-2 in the captive population of orange-bellied parrots, 102 healthy birds from five breeding facilities were examined for the presence of PsAdv-2 DNA in droppings and/or cloacal swabs using a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Additionally, eight birds released to the wild for the 2016 breeding season were similarly tested when they were recaptured prior to migration to be held in captivity for the winter. PsAdv-2 was identified in all breeding facilities as well as the birds recaptured from the wild. Prevalence of shedding ranged from 29.7 to 76.5%, demonstrating that PsAdv-2 is endemic in the captive population of orange-bellied parrots and that wild parrots may have been exposed to the virus. PsAdv-2 DNA was detected in both cloacal swabs and faeces of the orange-bellied parrots, but testing both samples from the same birds suggested that testing faeces would be more sensitive than cloacal swabs. PsAdv-2 was not found in other psittacine species housed in nearby aviaries at the Adelaide Zoo. The source of the infection in the orange-bellied parrots remains undetermined. In this study, PsAdv-2 prevalence of shedding was higher in adult birds as compared to birds less than one year old. Preliminary data also suggested a correlation between adenovirus shedding prevalence within the breeding collection and chick survival.
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Oliver-Ferrando S, Dolz R, Calderón C, Valle R, Rivas R, Pérez M, Biarnés M, Blanco A, Bertran K, Ramis A, Busquets N, Majó N. Epidemiological and pathological investigation of fowl aviadenovirus serotypes 8b and 11 isolated from chickens with inclusion body hepatitis in Spain (2011–2013). Avian Pathol 2016; 46:157-165. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1232477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Oliver-Ferrando
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Dolz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C. Calderón
- Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná - UENP/CLM, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Bandeirantes, Brazil
| | - R. Valle
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Rivas
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Pérez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Biarnés
- Centre de Sanitat Avícola de Catalunya (CESAC), Tarragona, Spain
| | - A. Blanco
- Centre de Sanitat Avícola de Catalunya (CESAC), Tarragona, Spain
| | - K. Bertran
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Ramis
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Busquets
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Majó
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Bellaterra, Spain
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Hulbert CL, Chamings A, Hewson KA, Steer PA, Gosbell M, Noormohammadi AH. Survey of captive parrot populations around Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia, for psittacine beak and feather disease virus, avian polyomavirus and psittacine adenovirus. Aust Vet J 2015. [PMID: 26220322 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the prevalence of psittacine beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), avian polyomavirus (APV) and psittacine adenovirus (PsAdV) in captive psittacine birds around Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. METHODS Samples of fresh droppings were collected from 118 psittacine birds (109 clinically normal and 9 with feather abnormalities) from 11 avaries in different locations and were used for detection of BFDV, APV and PsAdV using PCR. RESULTS BFDV, APV and PsAdV were detected in 31%, 13% and 4%, respectively, of the specimens tested. One budgerigar was found to be co-infected with BFDV and PsAdV. At least one sample tested positive for BFDV at each location. CONCLUSION This is the first report of the prevalence of BFDV, APV and PsAdV in Victoria and provides a foundation for future studies examining the influence of these viruses on the health of aviary birds in Victoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Hulbert
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia. .,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
| | - A Chamings
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - K A Hewson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - P A Steer
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - M Gosbell
- Greencross Springvale Animal Hospital, Springvale South, VIC, Australia
| | - A H Noormohammadi
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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A novel psittacine adenovirus identified during an outbreak of avian chlamydiosis and human psittacosis: zoonosis associated with virus-bacterium coinfection in birds. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3318. [PMID: 25474263 PMCID: PMC4256287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydophila psittaci is found worldwide, but is particularly common among psittacine birds in tropical and subtropical regions. While investigating a human psittacosis outbreak that was associated with avian chlamydiosis in Hong Kong, we identified a novel adenovirus in epidemiologically linked Mealy Parrots, which was not present in healthy birds unrelated to the outbreak or in other animals. The novel adenovirus (tentatively named Psittacine adenovirus HKU1) was most closely related to Duck adenovirus A in the Atadenovirus genus. Sequencing showed that the Psittacine adenovirus HKU1 genome consists of 31,735 nucleotides. Comparative genome analysis showed that the Psittacine adenovirus HKU1 genome contains 23 open reading frames (ORFs) with sequence similarity to known adenoviral genes, and six additional ORFs at the 3' end of the genome. Similar to Duck adenovirus A, the novel adenovirus lacks LH1, LH2 and LH3, which distinguishes it from other viruses in the Atadenovirus genus. Notably, fiber-2 protein, which is present in Aviadenovirus but not Atadenovirus, is also present in Psittacine adenovirus HKU1. Psittacine adenovirus HKU1 had pairwise amino acid sequence identities of 50.3-54.0% for the DNA polymerase, 64.6-70.7% for the penton protein, and 66.1-74.0% for the hexon protein with other Atadenovirus. The C. psittaci bacterial load was positively correlated with adenovirus viral load in the lung. Immunostaining for fiber protein expression was positive in lung and liver tissue cells of affected parrots, confirming active viral replication. No other viruses were found. This is the first documentation of an adenovirus-C. psittaci co-infection in an avian species that was associated with a human outbreak of psittacosis. Viral-bacterial co-infection often increases disease severity in both humans and animals. The role of viral-bacterial co-infection in animal-to-human transmission of infectious agents has not received sufficient attention and should be emphasized in the investigation of disease outbreaks in human and animals.
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Katoh H, Ogawa H, Ohya K, Fukushi H. A review of DNA viral infections in psittacine birds. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1099-106. [PMID: 20424393 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, several DNA viral infections have been reported in psittacine birds. Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is characterized by symmetric feather dystrophy and loss and development of beak deformities. PBFD is caused by beak and feather virus, which belongs to the Circoviridae, and is the most important infection in psittacine birds worldwide. Avian polyomavirus infection causes acute death, abdominal distention, and feather abnormalities. Pacheco's disease (PD), which is caused by psittacid herpesvirus type 1, is an acute lethal disease without a prodrome. Psittacine adenovirus infections are described as having a clinical progression similar to PD. The clinical changes in psittacine poxvirus-infected birds include serious ocular discharge, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis, followed by the appearance of ulcerations on the medial canthi of the eyes. Internal papillomatosis of parrots (IPP) is a tumor disease characterized by progressive development of papillomas in the oral and cloacal mucosa. IPP has been suggested to caused by papillomavirus or herpesvirus. However, information about these diseases is limited. Here we review the etiology, clinical features, pathology, epidemiology, and diagnosis of these DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Katoh
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Wellehan JFX, Greenacre CB, Fleming GJ, Stetter MD, Childress AL, Terrell SP. Siadenovirus infection in two psittacine bird species. Avian Pathol 2009; 38:413-7. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450903183660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Weissenböck H, Fuchs A. Histological and ultrastructural characterisation of hepatic intranuclear inclusion bodies in psittacine birds and pigeons. Avian Pathol 2007; 24:507-21. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459508419090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Capua I, Liberti L, Gough RE, Casaccia C, Asdrubali G. Isolation and characterization of an adenovirus associated with inclusion body hepatitis in psittacine birds. Avian Pathol 2007; 24:717-22. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459508419110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gómez‐Vtllamandos JC, De Las Muías JMM, Hervás J, De Lara FC, Pérez J, Mozos E. Spleno‐enteritis caused by adenovirus in psittacine birds: A pathological study. Avian Pathol 2007; 24:553-63. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459508419094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wellehan JFX, Johnson AJ, Latimer KS, Bischoff K, Lafortune M, Jacobson ER. Identification and Initial Characterization of an Adenovirus Associated With Fatal Hepatic and Lymphoid Necrosis in a Meyer's Parrot (Poicephalus meyeri). J Avian Med Surg 2005. [DOI: 10.1647/2004-003.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gómez-Villamandos JC, Bautista MJ, Carrasco L, Hervás J, Sierra MA. Electron microscopic evidence for infection of splenic dendritic cells by adenovirus in psittacine birds. RESEARCH IN VIROLOGY 1995; 146:389-395. [PMID: 8834755 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2516(96)80898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The spleens of four psittacine birds suffering from natural type II avian adenoviral infection were studied by histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques to determine the target cells of this virus in the spleen. Typical adenoviral replication sites were found in lymphocytes and dendritic cells.
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Droual R, Woolcock PR, Nordhausen RW, Fitzgerald SD. Inclusion body hepatitis and hemorrhagic enteritis in two African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) associated with adenovirus. J Vet Diagn Invest 1995; 7:150-4. [PMID: 7779952 DOI: 10.1177/104063879500700125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Droual
- California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Fresno Branch 93725, USA
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Ramis A, Latimer KS, Niagro FD, Campagnoli RP, Ritchie BW, Pesti D. Diagnosis of psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) viral infection, avian polyomavirus infection, adenovirus infection and herpesvirus infection in psittacine tissues using DNAin situhybridization. Avian Pathol 1994; 23:643-57. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459408419034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mozos E, Hervas J, Moyano T, Diaz J, Gomez-Villamandos JC. Inclusion body disease in a peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus): histological and ultrastructural study. Avian Pathol 1994; 23:175-81. [PMID: 18671083 DOI: 10.1080/03079459408418986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological and ultrastructural studies of inclusion body disease of falcons showed severe multifocal hepatic necrosis and haemorrhagic necrotic enteritis. Intranuclear eosinophilic and basophilic inclusion bodies were observed in numerous hepatocytes, intestinal and renal tubular epithelial cells and in mononuclear cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed herpes virus-like particles in intranuclear inclusion bodies in these cells. The replication of the virus in the liver and the epithelial cells of the intestine and kidney suggest that faeces and urine could transmit the virus, thus being responsible for the spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mozos
- Departamento de Anatomia Patologica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Cordoba, Spain
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