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Matos AC, Figueira L, Martins MH, Cardoso L, Matos M, Pinto MDL, Coelho AC. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Wild Boar ( Sus scrofa) in Portugal. Pathogens 2024; 13:389. [PMID: 38787242 PMCID: PMC11123966 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, or Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic granulomatous enteritis affecting both domestic and wild ruminants. The agent was also found in wild mammals such as wild boar (Sus scrofa); however, the role of wild mammals in the epidemiology of MAP is unclear. During the research period, 941 free-ranging wild boar (S. scrofa) legally hunted in two locations in the central-eastern region of Portugal were examined. Ninety-seven wild boars exhibited one or more gross lesions and were tested for the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using acid-fast staining, mycobacterial culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and histopathological examination. Forty-five animals (46.4%, 95% CI: 36.5-56.3%) were identified as infected, as indicated by positive results in culture and/or PCR. The findings revealed that the most significant risk factor was being a juvenile compared to yearlings and adults (OR = 10.2, 95% CI: 2.2-48.0). Based on our results, 37.9% (n = 11) of the infected animals were considered suitable for human consumption. Our findings offer novel insights into mycobacterial infections in wild boar populations in Portugal and suggest that wild boar could be a source of human infection if zoonotic potential is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Matos
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (A.C.M.); (L.F.); (M.H.M.)
- Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Quality of Life in the Rural World (Q-RURAL), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Luis Figueira
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (A.C.M.); (L.F.); (M.H.M.)
- Quality of Life in the Rural World (Q-RURAL), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.d.L.P.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Maria Helena Martins
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (A.C.M.); (L.F.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.d.L.P.); (A.C.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Manuela Matos
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Maria de Lurdes Pinto
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.d.L.P.); (A.C.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.d.L.P.); (A.C.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Lu N, Niu YL, Song Y, Zhang DD, Jiang J, Wei J, Geng HL, Cao H. Prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2023; 220:106043. [PMID: 37890218 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Here, a systematic literature review was conducted to investigate the bovine paratuberculosis distribution and associated risk factors in China before 2022. The databases CNKI, VIP, WanFang, PubMed, and ScienceDirect were used to search for articles. The random effect model of the "Meta" package of "R" software was used, and the Arcsine transformation was chosen for the rate conversion analysis. To reveal the factors that led to research heterogeneity, the research data were used for subgroup analysis and univariate meta-regression analysis. Among the 1238 identified articles, 54 met the eligibility criteria. Based on data obtained from the selected articles, the combined positive rate of bovine paratuberculosis was 6.95% in China. In the sampling year subgroup, the positive rate of bovine paratuberculosis before 2013 was 4.94%, which was lower than in other time periods. In the sampling season subgroup, the highest positive rate of bovine paratuberculosis in cattle was 14.60% in the autumn. Furthermore, in the detection method subgroup, the highest positive rate of bovine paratuberculosis was 7.21%, which was detected by using ELISA. In the age subgroup, the positive rate of bovine paratuberculosis was 17.47% in cattle > 12 months old, significantly higher than other age subgroups. The highest positive rate of bovine paratuberculosis was 11.35% for female cattle in the gender subgroup, while in the geographic region subgroup, the highest positive rate was 8.12% for East China, which was significantly higher than in other regions. The highest positive rate of bovine paratuberculosis was for dairy cattle (8.00%), and the highest positive rate by rearing method was 11.03% for non-scale farming. The effects of different geographical and climatic factors on the positive rate of bovine paratuberculosis were evaluated. In summary, we recommend focusing on screening cattle infected with MAP in warm and humid areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, Jilin Province 137000, PR China
| | - Ya-Ling Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, Jilin Province 137000, PR China
| | - Yang Song
- School of Life Sciences, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, Jilin Province 137000, PR China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, Jilin Province 137000, PR China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin Province 130600, PR China.
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province 224002, PR China
| | - Hong-Li Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, PR China.
| | - Hongwei Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province 224002, PR China.
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Park HE, Park JS, Park HT, Choi JG, Shin JI, Jung M, Kang HL, Baik SC, Lee WK, Kim D, Yoo HS, Shin MK. Alpha-2-Macroglobulin as a New Promising Biomarker Improving the Diagnostic Sensitivity of Bovine Paratuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637716. [PMID: 33748212 PMCID: PMC7973028 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), which induces persistent diarrhea and cachexia. JD causes huge economic losses to the dairy industry due to reduced milk production and premature culling. Infected animals excrete MAP via feces during the prolonged subclinical stage without exhibiting any clinical signs. Therefore, accurate detection of subclinical stage animals is crucial for successful eradication of JD in the herd. In the current study, we analyzed serum samples of MAP-infected and non-infected cattle to identify potential biomarker candidates. First, we identified 12 differentially expressed serum proteins in subclinical and clinical shedder groups compared to the healthy control group. Second, we conducted ELISA for three selected biomarkers (alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M), alpha-1-beta glycoprotein, and transthyretin) and compared their diagnostic performance with that of two commercial ELISA diagnostic kits. Serum A2M levels were significantly higher in the MAP-exposed, subclinical shedder, subclinical non-shedder, and clinical shedder groups than in the healthy control group, suggesting its possible use as a diagnostic biomarker for MAP infection. Furthermore, A2M demonstrated a sensitivity of 90.4%, and a specificity of 100% while the two commercial ELISA kits demonstrated a sensitivity of 67.83 and 73.04% and a specificity of 100%, respectively. In conclusion, our results suggest that measuring A2M by ELISA can be used as a diagnostic tool to detect MAP infection, considerably improving the detection rate of subclinical shedders and MAP-exposed animals that are undetectable using current diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21Four and Bio-Max/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Sik Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21Four and Bio-Max/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ih Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Lyun Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Baik
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Woo-Kon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- Schools of Energy & Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21Four and Bio-Max/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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4
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Roller M, Hansen S, Knauf-Witzens T, Oelemann WMR, Czerny CP, Abd El Wahed A, Goethe R. Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Infection in Zoo Animals: A Review of Susceptibility and Disease Process. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:572724. [PMID: 33426014 PMCID: PMC7785982 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.572724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (ParaTB or Johne's disease), a contagious, chronic and typically fatal enteric disease of domestic and non-domestic ruminants. Clinically affected animals present wasting and emaciation. However, MAP can also infect non-ruminant animal species with less specific signs. Zoological gardens harbor various populations of diverse animal species, which are managed on limited space at higher than natural densities. Hence, they are predisposed to endemic trans-species pathogen distribution. Information about the incidence and prevalence of MAP infections in zoological gardens and the resulting potential threat to exotic and endangered species are rare. Due to unclear pathogenesis, chronicity of disease as well as the unknown cross-species accuracy of diagnostic tests, diagnosis and surveillance of MAP and ParaTB is challenging. Differentiation between uninfected shedders of ingested bacteria; subclinically infected individuals; and preclinically diseased animals, which may subsequently develop clinical signs after long incubation periods, is crucial for the interpretation of positive test results in animals and the resulting consequences in their management. This review summarizes published data from the current literature on occurrence of MAP infection and disease in susceptible and affected zoo animal species as well as the applied diagnostic methods and measures. Clinical signs indicative for ParaTB, pathological findings and reports on detection, transmission and epidemiology in zoo animals are included. Furthermore, case reports were re-evaluated for incorporation into accepted consistent terminologies and case definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Roller
- Zoological-Botanical Gardens Wilhelma, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sören Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Walter M. R. Oelemann
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claus-Peter Czerny
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Cunha MV, Rosalino LM, Leão C, Bandeira V, Fonseca C, Botelho A, Reis AC. Ecological drivers of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis detection in mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) using IS900 as proxy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:860. [PMID: 31964932 PMCID: PMC6972914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis, a chronic infection affecting domestic ruminants worldwide. Despite sporadic reports of MAP occurrence in non-ruminants, information on the risk factors predisposing for infection is still scarce and evidence of transmission paths linking the livestock-wildlife-environment interfaces also remains lacking. In this study, we predicted that environmental, host-related, land use and human driven disturbance factors would modulate carnivore exposure to MAP. To test these hypotheses, we performed a retrospective survey, based on microbiological and molecular methods, in mainland Portugal including five sympatric species from the Herpestidae, Canidae, Viverridae, and Mustelidae families (n = 202) and examined 16 variables as putative predictors of MAP occurrence. Molecular evidence of MAP using IS900 as proxy was demonstrated in 7.43% (95%CI: 4.55–11.9) of surveyed carnivores, the highest proportions being registered for red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (10%; 95%CI: 4.0–23) and Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) (6.0%; 95%CI: 3.2–11). We demonstrate that important species of the Mediterranean carnivore guild, such as stone marten (Martes foina) and common genet (Genetta genetta), may also be exposed to MAP, being this the first time that occurrence in genet is reported. The high proportion of DNA-positive specimens, concurrent with the apparent lack of gastro-enteric lesions and molecular confirmation of IS900 in feces, argue for the presence of subclinical carriers that occasionally shed bacteria, potentially aiding as source of infection to susceptible species and possibly contributing for environmental contamination. Achievement of MAP isolation would prove beyond any doubt that MAP is present in this wildlife population. Ecological modelling results suggested that the probability of MAP infection using IS900 as proxy in mongoose is positively associated with higher altitude and temperature stability, as well as with lower annual rainfall. Density of livestock farms was found not to be a significant predictor, which may indicate that the livestock-wildlife interface is probably not important as an infection route for mongoose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica V Cunha
- INIAV, IP- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780 -157, Oeiras, Portugal. .,Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal. .,Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Luís Miguel Rosalino
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Célia Leão
- INIAV, IP- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780 -157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Victor Bandeira
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Botelho
- INIAV, IP- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780 -157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana C Reis
- INIAV, IP- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780 -157, Oeiras, Portugal.,Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.,Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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Shariati A, Fallah F, Pormohammad A, Taghipour A, Safari H, Chirani AS, Sabour S, Alizadeh-Sani M, Azimi T. The possible role of bacteria, viruses, and parasites in initiation and exacerbation of irritable bowel syndrome. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8550-8569. [PMID: 30480810 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prolonged and disabling functional gastrointestinal disorder with the incidence rate of 18% in the world. IBS could seriously affect lifetime of patients and cause high economic burden on the community. The pathophysiology of the IBS is hardly understood, whereas several possible mechanisms, such as visceral hypersensitivity, irregular gut motility, abnormal brain-gut relations, and the role of infectious agents, are implicated in initiation and development of this syndrome. Different studies demonstrated an alteration in B-lymphocytes, mast cells (MC), T-lymphocytes, and cytokine concentrations in intestinal mucosa or systemic circulation that are likely to contribute to the formation of the IBS. Therefore, IBS could be developed in those with genetic predisposition. Infections' role in initiation and exacerbation of IBS has been investigated by quite several clinical studies; moreover, the possible role of some pathogens in development and exacerbation of this disease has been described. It appears that the main obligatory pathogens correspond with the IBS disease, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydia trachomatis, Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, and viruses, particularly noroviruses. A number of pathogenic parasites (Blastocystis, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Giardia lamblia) may also be involved in the progression and exacerbation of the disease. Based on the current knowledge, the current study concludes that the most common bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens may be involved in the development and progression of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Shariati
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Fallah
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Pormohammad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Safari
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Salami Chirani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Sabour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardebil University of Medical Science, Ardebil, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh-Sani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Beaunée G, Vergu E, Joly A, Ezanno P. Controlling bovine paratuberculosis at a regional scale: Towards a decision modelling tool. J Theor Biol 2017; 435:157-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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8
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Kitts-Morgan SE, Carleton RE, Barrow SL, Hilburn KA, Kyle AK. Wildlife Visitation on a Multi-Unit Educational Livestock Facility in Northwestern Georgia. SOUTHEAST NAT 2015. [DOI: 10.1656/058.014.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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SURVEY OFMYCOBACTERIUM AVIUMSUBSPECIESPARATUBERCULOSISIN ROAD-KILLED WILD CARNIVORES IN PORTUGAL. J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:775-81. [DOI: 10.1638/2014-0010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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Arsenault RJ, Maattanen P, Daigle J, Potter A, Griebel P, Napper S. From mouth to macrophage: mechanisms of innate immune subversion by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Res 2014; 45:54. [PMID: 24885748 PMCID: PMC4046017 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease (JD) is a chronic enteric infection of cattle caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The high economic cost and potential zoonotic threat of JD have driven efforts to develop tools and approaches to effectively manage this disease within livestock herds. Efforts to control JD through traditional animal management practices are complicated by MAP’s ability to cause long-term environmental contamination as well as difficulties associated with diagnosis of JD in the pre-clinical stages. As such, there is particular emphasis on the development of an effective vaccine. This is a daunting challenge, in large part due to MAP’s ability to subvert protective host immune responses. Accordingly, there is a priority to understand MAP’s interaction with the bovine host: this may inform rational targets and approaches for therapeutic intervention. Here we review the early host defenses encountered by MAP and the strategies employed by the pathogen to avert or subvert these responses, during the critical period between ingestion and the establishment of persistent infection in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott Napper
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
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11
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Elliott GN, Hough RL, Avery LM, Maltin CA, Campbell CD. Environmental risk factors in the incidence of Johne’s disease. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 41:488-507. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.867830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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DISSEMINATEDMYCOBACTERIUM AVIUMSUBSP.PARATUBERCULOSISINFECTION IN TWO WILD EURASIAN OTTERS (LUTRA LUTRAL.) FROM PORTUGAL. J Zoo Wildl Med 2013; 44:193-5. [DOI: 10.1638/1042-7260-44.1.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Wildlife and paratuberculosis: a review. Res Vet Sci 2012; 94:191-7. [PMID: 23261154 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB) is an infectious granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) causing significant economic losses in livestock. However, PTB in free-living and captive wildlife has not been as extensively studied as in livestock. We reviewed the existing literature references on MAP to (i) determine the potential impact of MAP infection in wildlife species; (ii) analyze whether wildlife reservoirs are relevant regarding MAP control in domestic ruminants; (iii) assess the importance of MAP as the cause of potential interferences with tuberculosis diagnosis in wildlife. The mean MAP prevalence reported in wildlife was 2.41% (95% confidence interval 1.76-3.06). Although MAP should be considered an important disease in farmed cervids, its impact on free-ranging species is questionable. MAP reservoirs may exist locally but their significance for PTB control in livestock is quite limited. The most critical aspect derived of MAP infection in wildlife is the interference with tuberculosis diagnosis.
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Beltrán-Beck B, García FJ, Gortázar C. Raccoons in Europe: disease hazards due to the establishment of an invasive species. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-011-0600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Culture phenotypes of genomically and geographically diverse Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from different hosts. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:1822-30. [PMID: 21430104 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00210-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in ruminants in most countries. Historical data suggest substantial differences in culturability of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from small ruminants and cattle; however, a systematic comparison of culture media and isolates from different countries and hosts has not been undertaken. Here, 35 field isolates from the United States, Spain, Northern Ireland, and Australia were propagated in Bactec 12B medium and Middlebrook 7H10 agar, genomically characterized, and subcultured to Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ), Herrold's egg yolk (HEY), modified Middlebrook 7H10, Middlebrook 7H11, and Watson-Reid (WR) agars, all with and without mycobactin J and some with sodium pyruvate. Fourteen genotypes of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis were represented as determined by BstEII IS900 and IS1311 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. There was no correlation between genotype and overall culturability, although most S strains tended to grow poorly on HEY agar. Pyruvate was inhibitory to some isolates. All strains grew on modified Middlebrook 7H10 agar but more slowly and less prolifically on LJ agar. Mycobactin J was required for growth on all media except 7H11 agar, but growth was improved by the addition of mycobactin J to 7H11 agar. WR agar supported the growth of few isolates. The differences in growth of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis that have historically been reported in diverse settings have been strongly influenced by the type of culture medium used. When an optimal culture medium, such as modified Middlebrook 7H10 agar, is used, very little difference between the growth phenotypes of diverse strains of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was observed. This optimal medium is recommended to remove bias in the isolation and cultivation of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.
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Gill CO, Saucier L, Meadus WJ. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy products, meat, and drinking water. J Food Prot 2011; 74:480-99. [PMID: 21375889 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the cause of Johne's disease, a chronic infection of the gut, in ruminant animals that provide milk and/or meat for human consumption. Map also may be involved in Crohn's disease and type 1 diabetes in humans. Although the role of Map in human diseases has not been established, minimizing the exposure of humans to the organism is considered desirable as a precautionary measure. Infected animals can shed Map in feces and milk, and the organism can become disseminated in tissues remote from the gut and its associated lymph nodes. The presence of at least some Map in raw milk and meat and in natural waters is likely, but the numbers of Map in those foods and waters should be reduced through cooking or purification. The available information relating to Map in milk and dairy products, meats, and drinking water is reviewed here for assessment of the risks of exposure to Map from consumption of such foods and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Gill
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada.
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Maio E, Carta T, Balseiro A, Sevilla IA, Romano A, Ortiz JA, Vieira-Pinto M, Garrido JM, de la Lastra JMP, Gortázar C. Paratuberculosis in European wild rabbits from the Iberian Peninsula. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:212-8. [PMID: 21367439 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Of the non-ruminant wildlife species known to harbor Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is thought to pose the greatest risk of transmission to cattle. We analyzed 80 hunter-harvested wild rabbits from a core study area in southern Spain, and sera from 157 wild rabbits sampled opportunistically on seven additional sites. Gross lesions compatible with paratuberculosis were observed in two of 80 necropsied rabbits. Histopathology revealed focal to diffuse multibacillary MAP-compatible lesions in 8 of 10 rabbits examined. Presence of MAP was confirmed in one rabbit with gross lesions by positive amplification curves for both IS900 and ISMAP02. However, no isolate was obtained from 47 samples by culture. We adapted an indirect ELISA for the detection of MAP antibodies. At the established cut-off of 0.5, 6 of 237 wild rabbit sera (2.5%) yielded a positive ELISA result. Antibodies were detected in rabbits from 3 of 8 sampling sites. Considering the increasing relevance of MAP infection for animal health, these results open a challenging field for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maio
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, CSIC - UCLM - JCCM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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18
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Over K, Crandall PG, O'Bryan CA, Ricke SC. Current perspectives on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Johne's disease, and Crohn's disease: a review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2011; 37:141-56. [PMID: 21254832 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2010.532480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes the disease of cattle, Johne's. The economic impact of this disease includes early culling of infected cattle, reduced milk yield, and weight loss of cattle sold for slaughter. There is a possible link between MAP and Crohn's disease, a human inflammatory bowel disease. MAP is also a potential human food borne pathogen because it survives current pasteurization treatments. We review the current knowledge of MAP, Johne's disease and Crohn's disease and note directions for future work with this organism including rapid and economical detection, effective management plans and preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Over
- Center for Food Safety and Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, 2650 N. Young Ave., Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
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Sobrino R, Aurtenetxe O, Carta T, Mamian L, Gerrikagoitia X, Balseiro A, Oleaga A, Sevilla IA, Barral M, Garrido JM, Gortazar C. Lack of evidence of paratuberculosis in wild canids from Southwestern Europe. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2011; 57:683-688. [PMID: 32214939 PMCID: PMC7088163 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-010-0490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Wild carnivores are at the top of the trophic chain. They are predators and carrion consumers, and thus, prone to come in contact with disease agents contaminating the environment or infecting live or dead animals. We hypothesized that wild canids could be used as sentinels for the detection of regions with higher Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) prevalence in wild and domestic animals. To test this hypothesis, we set up an ELISA to test 262 wolf (Canis lupus) and fox (Vulpes vulpes) sera for MAP-specific antibodies and processed a subset of samples for culture (n = 61), MAP-specific PCR (15) and histopathology (14). In wolves, the optical density (OD) values in the ELISA were continuously distributed. Ten fox sera (4%) had OD readings of over twice the mean, suggesting contact with mycobacteria. However, all samples tested by PCR were negative for both IS900 and ISMAP02 sequences, and samples cultured for MAP yielded no growth. No visible paratuberculosis or tuberculosis-compatible lesions were recorded. On histopathological examination, no lesions compatible with mycobacterial diseases were observed. These results suggest that wild canids show little or no evidence of paratuberculosis and are unlikely to be useful sentinels for the detection of MAP in Southwestern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sobrino
- 1Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.,3Department of Animal Production, Epidemiology & Ecology, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - O Aurtenetxe
- 2Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Tecnalia, 48160 Derio Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Tania Carta
- 1Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - L Mamian
- 1Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - X Gerrikagoitia
- 2Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Tecnalia, 48160 Derio Bizkaia, Spain
| | - A Balseiro
- 4SERIDA, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, 33394 Deva-Gijón (Asturias), Spain
| | - A Oleaga
- 1Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.,4SERIDA, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, 33394 Deva-Gijón (Asturias), Spain
| | - I A Sevilla
- 2Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Tecnalia, 48160 Derio Bizkaia, Spain
| | - M Barral
- 2Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Tecnalia, 48160 Derio Bizkaia, Spain
| | - J M Garrido
- 2Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Tecnalia, 48160 Derio Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Christian Gortazar
- 1Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Marcé C, Ezanno P, Weber MF, Seegers H, Pfeiffer DU, Fourichon C. Invited review: modeling within-herd transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy cattle: a review. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:4455-70. [PMID: 20854979 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological models have been developed to test hypotheses on Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) transmission in a herd, and to compare different paratuberculosis control strategies and alternatives for certification-and-surveillance schemes. The models are simplified representations of existing biological processes tailored to the questions they are intended to answer. Such models depend on available knowledge about the underlying processes, notably in relation to pathogen transmission. All decisions relating to integration of specific aspects of the herd structure and transmission mechanisms as well as modeling objective will influence model behavior and simulation results. This paper examines assumptions on pathogen transmission and risk mitigation represented in 8 epidemiological models of within-herd Map transmission in dairy cattle. We describe available models' structure and examine them in the context of current knowledge about host infection and pathogen transmission pathways. We investigate how population structure and herd management are modeled with regard to their influence on contact structure and pathogen transmission. We show that assumptions about routes of transmission and their contribution within a herd vary greatly among models. Gaps of knowledge that are pivotal to defining transmission equations and parameters, such as variation of susceptibility with age and variability of pattern of shedding, are identified. Quantitative estimates of this incomplete information should be targeted by future research. Existing models could be improved by considering indirect transmission via the environment taking account of Map survival and contact structure between animals in a herd, and by including calf-to-calf transmission, which has recently been proven as being important.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marcé
- INRA, ONIRIS, UMR1300 Bioagression, Epidémiologie et Analyse de Risque, BP 40706, F-44307 Nantes, France.
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Parrish NM, Radcliff RP, Brey BJ, Anderson JL, Clark DL, Koziczkowski JJ, Ko CG, Goldberg ND, Brinker DA, Carlson RA, Dick JD, Ellingson JLE. Absence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Crohn's patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:558-65. [PMID: 19058231 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) has been suspected of involvement in Crohn's disease (CD). We investigated this potential association by testing whole blood from CD patients and healthy controls for the presence of MAP by culture and molecular methods. In addition, each blood sample was analyzed for polymorphisms in the NOD2/CARD15 gene previously associated with CD. METHODS Four 4-mL K(2)-EDTA tubes of whole blood were drawn from each subject (n = 260, 130 CD patients and 130 healthy controls). Two tubes of blood were cultured for MAP by the following methods: Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube, Herrold's Egg Yolk Agar, BACTEC 460, and Hungate. The remaining 2 tubes of blood were tested for MAP DNA and polymorphisms in the NOD2/CARD15 gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS One healthy control patient was positive for MAP via PCR; however, no viable MAP was cultured from this individual. All blood cultures were negative for MAP. One CD patient's blood was culture-positive for M. tuberculosis complex. CD patients exhibited a higher rate of polymorphism in the NOD2/CARD15 gene than healthy control patients. CONCLUSIONS In this study MAP was not recovered from the blood of CD patients or healthy controls. However, CD patients showed higher mutation rates in the NOD2/CARD15 gene, compared with healthy controls, supporting the findings of other investigators. No correlation between these polymorphisms and MAP bacteremia in CD patients could be identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Parrish
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Miller LA, Gionfriddo JP, Fagerstone KA, Rhyan JC, Killian GJ. The single-shot GnRH immunocontraceptive vaccine (GonaCon) in white-tailed deer: comparison of several GnRH preparations. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008; 60:214-23. [PMID: 18782282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2008.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM An effective, single-injection, multi-year, GnRH contraceptive agent is needed to control reproduction in overabundant white-tailed deer populations. METHOD OF STUDY Two GnRH conjugates, GonaCon (GnRH-KLH) and GonaCon-B (GnRH-blue protein), were prepared in emulsion form as one-injection and two-injection immunocontraceptive vaccine formulations. In addition, the GnRH-KLH protein conjugate was lyophilized and suspended in AdjuVac adjuvant to produce a fifth vaccine formulation. Each formulation was administered to a group of five captive adult female white-tailed deer. Reproductive performance of treated female deer was monitored for 5 years to determine the comparative efficacy of the various treatments. RESULTS The longevity of the contraceptive response (2-5 years) was strongly influenced by the design of the conjugate antigen, the adjuvant used, and the delivery form of the vaccine. CONCLUSION One-injection and two-injection formulations of GonaCon and GonaCon-B produced multi-year contraception in adult female white-tailed deer. GonaCon-B provided a longer lasting contraceptive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowell A Miller
- USDA/Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, CO 80521, USA.
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23
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Large-scale ELISA testing of Spanish red deer for paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 124:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 12/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Scanu AM, Bull TJ, Cannas S, Sanderson JD, Sechi LA, Dettori G, Zanetti S, Hermon-Taylor J. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in cases of irritable bowel syndrome and comparison with Crohn's disease and Johne's disease: common neural and immune pathogenicities. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:3883-90. [PMID: 17913930 PMCID: PMC2168579 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01371-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes Johne's disease, a systemic infection and chronic inflammation of the intestine that affects many species, including primates. Infection is widespread in livestock, and human populations are exposed. Johne's disease is associated with immune dysregulation, with involvement of the enteric nervous system overlapping with features of irritable bowel syndrome in humans. The present study was designed to look for an association between Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection and irritable bowel syndrome. Mucosal biopsy specimens from the ileum and the ascending and descending colon were obtained from patients with irritable bowel syndrome attending the University of Sassari, Sassari, Sardinia, Italy. Crohn's disease and healthy control groups were also included. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was detected by IS900 PCR with amplicon sequencing. Data on the potential risk factors for human exposure to these pathogens and on isolates from Sardinian dairy sheep were also obtained. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was detected in 15 of 20 (75%) patients with irritable bowel syndrome, 3 of 20 (15%) healthy controls, and 20 of 23 (87%) people with Crohn's disease (P = 0.0003 for irritable bowel syndrome patients versus healthy controls and P = 0.0000 for Crohn's disease patients versus healthy controls). One subject in each group had a conserved single-nucleotide polymorphism at position 247 of IS900 that was also found in isolates from seven of eight dairy sheep. There was a significant association (P = 0.0018) between Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection and the consumption of hand-made cheese. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is a candidate pathogen in the causation of a proportion of cases of irritable bowel syndrome as well as in Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M Scanu
- Instituto di Clinica Chirurgica Generale, Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Universita degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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