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Nisa-Castro-Neto W, Wagner PGC, Kipper D, da Silveira VP, Fonseca ASK, Ikuta N, Lunge VR. Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Narrownose Smooth-Hound Shark Mustelus schmitti Springer, 1939. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:3396. [PMID: 39682362 DOI: 10.3390/ani14233396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2024] [Revised: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Southern Brazil is home to a large biodiversity of elasmobranchs from the Brazilian coast. Several genera and species of small sharks of the Triakidae family live in this marine environment. Studies on these shark species are scarce, with few genetic data and little information on animal population structures. The present study aimed to sequence the complete mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) of the endangered species Mustelus schmitti (narrownose smooth-hound shark) and to perform a phylogenetic analysis of the Triakidae family. The mtDNA sequenced here was 16,764 bp long and possessed the usual 13 mitochondrial protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs (12S and 16S) and a large D-loop DNA sequence, presenting an overall organization similar to other species from the genus Mustelus. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using a dataset containing this new mtDNA and 59 other mitochondrial genomes of the Carcharhiniformes species (including 14 from the Triakidae family), using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method. All the species of the Triakidae family were clustered into a monophyletic topology group. In addition, polyphyly was observed in Galeorhinus galeus, Hemiatrakis japanica, Triakis megalopterus and Triakis semifasciata. In conclusion, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the genetic diversity of sharks and represents an important step towards the conservation of these endangered animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Nisa-Castro-Neto
- Organização para a Pesquisa e a Conservação de Esqualos no Brasil (PRÓ-SQUALUS), Torres 905560-000, RS, Brazil
- Instituto de Biotecnologia/Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIO), Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Guilherme Carniel Wagner
- Organização para a Pesquisa e a Conservação de Esqualos no Brasil (PRÓ-SQUALUS), Torres 905560-000, RS, Brazil
- Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA/RS)/Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS/RS), Porto Alegre 90160-070, RS, Brazil
| | - Diéssy Kipper
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94950-000, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nilo Ikuta
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94950-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Instituto de Biotecnologia/Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIO), Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, RS, Brazil
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94950-000, RS, Brazil
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Cerutti-Pereyra F, Drenkard EJ, Espinoza M, Finucci B, Galván-Magaña F, Hacohen-Domené A, Hearn A, Hoyos-Padilla ME, Ketchum JT, Mejía-Falla PA, Moya-Serrano AV, Navia AF, Pazmiño DA, Ramírez-Macías D, Rummer JL, Salinas-de-León P, Sosa-Nishizaki O, Stock C, Chin A. Vulnerability of Eastern Tropical Pacific chondrichthyan fish to climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17373. [PMID: 38967106 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is an environmental emergency threatening species and ecosystems globally. Oceans have absorbed about 90% of anthropogenic heat and 20%-30% of the carbon emissions, resulting in ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, changes in ocean stratification and nutrient availability, and more severe extreme events. Given predictions of further changes, there is a critical need to understand how marine species will be affected. Here, we used an integrated risk assessment framework to evaluate the vulnerability of 132 chondrichthyans in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) to the impacts of climate change. Taking a precautionary view, we found that almost a quarter (23%) of the ETP chondrichthyan species evaluated were highly vulnerable to climate change, and much of the rest (76%) were moderately vulnerable. Most of the highly vulnerable species are batoids (77%), and a large proportion (90%) are coastal or pelagic species that use coastal habitats as nurseries. Six species of batoids were highly vulnerable in all three components of the assessment (exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity). This assessment indicates that coastal species, particularly those relying on inshore nursery areas are the most vulnerable to climate change. Ocean warming, in combination with acidification and potential deoxygenation, will likely have widespread effects on ETP chondrichthyan species, but coastal species may also contend with changes in freshwater inputs, salinity, and sea level rise. This climate-related vulnerability is compounded by other anthropogenic factors, such as overfishing and habitat degradation already occurring in the region. Mitigating the impacts of climate change on ETP chondrichthyans involves a range of approaches that include addressing habitat degradation, sustainability of exploitation, and species-specific actions may be required for species at higher risk. The assessment also highlighted the need to further understand climate change's impacts on key ETP habitats and processes and identified knowledge gaps on ETP chondrichthyan species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mario Espinoza
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- MigraMar, Olema, California, USA
| | - Brittany Finucci
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Felipe Galván-Magaña
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | | | - Alexander Hearn
- MigraMar, Olema, California, USA
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | | | - James T Ketchum
- MigraMar, Olema, California, USA
- Pelagios-Kakunjá A.C., La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Paola A Mejía-Falla
- Wildlife Conservation Society-WCS Colombia, Cali, Colombia
- Fundación colombiana para la investigación y conservación de tiburones y rayas-SQUALUS, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Andres F Navia
- Fundación colombiana para la investigación y conservación de tiburones y rayas-SQUALUS, Cali, Colombia
| | - Diana A Pazmiño
- MigraMar, Olema, California, USA
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Deni Ramírez-Macías
- Conexiones Terramar A.C. Whale Shark Mexico, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pelayo Salinas-de-León
- Charles Darwin Foundation, Galápagos, Ecuador
- Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Oscar Sosa-Nishizaki
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | | | - Andrew Chin
- James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Harned SP, Bernard AM, Salinas‐de‐León P, Mehlrose MR, Suarez J, Robles Y, Bessudo S, Ladino F, López Garo A, Zanella I, Feldheim KA, Shivji MS. Genetic population dynamics of the critically endangered scalloped hammerhead shark ( Sphyrna lewini) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9642. [PMID: 36619714 PMCID: PMC9797937 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini, is a Critically Endangered, migratory species known for its tendency to form iconic and visually spectacular large aggregations. Herein, we investigated the population genetic dynamics of the scalloped hammerhead across much of its distribution in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), ranging from Costa Rica to Ecuador, focusing on young-of-year animals from putative coastal nursery areas and adult females from seasonal aggregations that form in the northern Galápagos Islands. Nuclear microsatellites and partial mitochondrial control region sequences showed little evidence of population structure suggesting that scalloped hammerheads in this ETP region comprise a single genetic stock. Galápagos aggregations of adults were not comprised of related individuals, suggesting that kinship does not play a role in the formation of the repeated, annual gatherings at these remote offshore locations. Despite high levels of fisheries exploitation of this species in the ETP, the adult scalloped hammerheads here showed greater genetic diversity compared with adult conspecifics from other parts of the species' global distribution. A phylogeographic analysis of available, globally sourced, mitochondrial control region sequence data (n = 1818 sequences) revealed that scalloped hammerheads comprise three distinct matrilines corresponding to the three major world ocean basins, highlighting the need for conservation of these evolutionarily unique lineages. This study provides the first view of the genetic properties of a scalloped hammerhead aggregation, and the largest sample size-based investigation of population structure and phylogeography of this species in the ETP to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney P. Harned
- Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research InstituteNova Southeastern UniversityDania BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Andrea M. Bernard
- Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research InstituteNova Southeastern UniversityDania BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Pelayo Salinas‐de‐León
- Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research InstituteNova Southeastern UniversityDania BeachFloridaUSA
- Charles Darwin Research StationCharles Darwin FoundationGalápagos IslandsEcuador
| | - Marissa R. Mehlrose
- Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research InstituteNova Southeastern UniversityDania BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Jenifer Suarez
- Direccion Parque Nacional GalápagosDepartamento de Ecosistemas MarinosIslas GalápagosEcuador
| | - Yolani Robles
- Universidad de Panamá, Centro Regional Universitario de VeraguasSan Martín de PorresPanama
| | - Sandra Bessudo
- Fundacion Malpelo y Otros Ecosistemas MarinosBogotáColombia
| | - Felipe Ladino
- Fundacion Malpelo y Otros Ecosistemas MarinosBogotáColombia
| | - Andrés López Garo
- Asociación Conservacionista Misión Tiburon, Playas del CocoCarrilloGuanacasteCosta Rica
| | - Ilena Zanella
- Asociación Conservacionista Misión Tiburon, Playas del CocoCarrilloGuanacasteCosta Rica
| | - Kevin A. Feldheim
- Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and EvolutionField Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Mahmood S. Shivji
- Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research InstituteNova Southeastern UniversityDania BeachFloridaUSA
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