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Chen JP, Zhou L, Gong JS, Wang NK, Miao FF, Su C, Gao XL, Xu GQ, Shi JS, Xu ZH. Semiautomated design and soluble expression of a chimeric antigen TbpAB01 from Glaesserella parasuis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:2163-2174. [PMID: 38595326 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacterial membrane proteins (MPs) are a class of vaccine and antibiotic development targets with widespread clinical application. However, the inherent hydrophobicity of MPs poses a challenge to fold correctly in living cells. Herein, we present a comprehensive method to improve the soluble form of MP antigen by rationally designing multi-epitope chimeric antigen (ChA) and screening two classes of protein-assisting folding element. The study uses a homologous protein antigen as a functional scaffold to generate a ChA possessing four epitopes from transferrin-binding protein A of Glaesserella parasuis. Our engineered strain, which co-expresses P17 tagged-ChA and endogenous chaperones groEL-ES, yields a 0.346 g/L highly soluble ChA with the property of HPS-positive serum reaction. Moreover, the protein titer of ChA reaches 4.27 g/L with >90% soluble proportion in 5-L bioreactor, which is the highest titer reported so far. The results highlight a timely approach to design and improve the soluble expression of MP antigen in industrially viable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Jiangsu Nannong High-Tech Co., Ltd., Jiangyin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen-Fang Miao
- Jiangsu Nannong High-Tech Co., Ltd., Jiangyin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Le Gao
- Jiangsu Nannong High-Tech Co., Ltd., Jiangyin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qiang Xu
- Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Wu CF, Hsu CY, Chou CC, Wang CM, Huang SW, Kuo HC. Serotypes, virulence factors and multilocus sequence typing of Glaesserella parasuis from diseased pigs in Taiwan. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15823. [PMID: 37790626 PMCID: PMC10544350 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) belongs to the normal microbiota of the upper respiratory tract in the swine, but virulent strains can cause systemic infections commonly known as Glässer's disease that leads to significant economic loss in the swine industry. Fifteen serotypes of G. parasuis have been classified by gel immunodiffusion test while the molecular serotyping based on variation within the capsule loci have further improved the serotype determination of unidentified field strains. Serovar has been commonly used as an indicator of virulence; however, virulence can be significantly differ in the field isolates with the same serotype. To date, investigations of G. parasuis isolated in Taiwan regarding antimicrobial resistance, serotypes, genotypes and virulence factors remain unclear. Methods A total of 276 G.parasuis field isolates were collected from 263 diseased pigs at the Animal Disease Diagnostic Center of National Chiayi University in Taiwan from January 2013 to July 2021. Putative virulence factors and serotypes of the isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by microbroth dilution assay. Additionally, the epidemiology of G. parasuis was characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results Serotype 4 (33.3%) and 5 (21.4%) were the most prevalent, followed by nontypable isolates (15.9%), serotype 13 (9.4%), 12 (6.5%), 14 (6.2%), 7 (3.3%), 1 (1.8%), 9 (1.1%), 11 (0.7%) and 6 (0.4%). Nine out of 10 putative virulence factors showed high positive rates, including group 1 vtaA (100%), fhuA (80.4%), hhdA (98.6%), hhdB (96.0%), sclB7 (99.6%), sclB11 (94.9%), nhaC (98.2%), HAPS_0254 (85.9%), and cirA (99.3%). According to the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing, ceftiofur and florfenicol were highly susceptible (>90%). Notably, 68.8% isolates showed multidrug resistance. MLST revealed 16 new alleles and 67 new sequence types (STs). STs of these isolated G. parasuis strains were classified into three clonal complexes and 45 singletons by Based Upon Related Sequence Types (BURST) analysis. All the G. parasuis strains in PubMLST database, including strains from the diseased pigs in the study, were defined into two main clusters by Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA). Most isolates in this study and virulent isolates from the database were mainly located in cluster 2, while cluster 1 included a high percentage of nasal isolates from asymptomatic carriers. In conclusion, this study provides current prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of G. parasuis in Taiwan, which can be used in clinical diagnosis and treatment of Glässer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chung Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wei Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
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Phylogenetic study and comparison of different TbpB obtained from Glaesserella parasuis present in Spanish clinical isolates. Res Vet Sci 2023; 157:35-39. [PMID: 36863230 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis (Gp) is the etiological agent of Glässer's disease (GD), which causes important economic losses for the pig intensive production worldwide. This organism uses a smart protein-based receptor to acquire specifically iron from the porcine transferrin. This surface receptor consists of transferrin-binding protein A (TbpA) and transferrin-binding protein B (TbpB). TbpB has been considered the most promising antigen to formulate a based-protein vaccine with broad-spectrum of protection against GD. The purpose of our study was to determine the capsular diversity of Gp clinical isolates collected in different Spanish regions between 2018 and 2021. A total of 68 Gp isolates were recovered from porcine respiratory or systemic samples. A species-specific PCR based on tbpA gene, followed by multiplex PCR for typing Gp isolates were performed. Serovars 5, 10, 2, 4 and 1 were the most prevalent and involved almost 84% of isolates. TbpB amino acid sequences from 59 of these isolates were analyzed, and a total of ten clades could be established. All of them showed a wide diversity with respect to capsular type, anatomical isolation site and geographical origin, with minor exceptions. Regardless of the serovars, the in silico analysis of TbpB sequences revealed that a vaccine based on a TbpB recombinant protein could potentially prevent Glässer's disease outbreaks in Spain.
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Yan P, Jia YC, Zhang XL, Zhou YY, Guo Y, Yin RL, Yuan J, Wang LX, Guo ZB, Wang JY, Wang X, Yin RH. Virulence assessment of four Glaesserella parasuis strains isolated in Liaoning province of China. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:226-234. [PMID: 37031471 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) is a part of the normal upper respiratory microbiota of healthy swine. In many studies, the serovars 1, 4, 5, and 12 of G. parasuis are considered to be highly virulent and its serovars 3, 6, 7, 9, and 11 are considered to be non-virulent. Until now, researchers have found that non-virulent strains of G. parasuis cause an increasing number of diseases. However, little is known concerning why non-virulent strains cause disease with the virulence changes. In present study, four G. parasuis strains were evaluated for their cytotoxicity property, which aims to compare their virulence. The results showed that highly virulent strains XX0306 and CY1201, as well as, non-virulent strains HLD0115 and YK1603 caused a series of pathological changes, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and decreased cell activity. In addition, compared to the control group, both highly and non-virulent strains showed similar trends, demonstrating that the method of classifying the virulence of G. parasuis based on its serovar is worth further deliberation. Hence, we investigated the adhesion capacity and invasion rate of G. parasuis, the results indicated that XX0306 and HLD0115 had the strongest adhesion and invasion ability, which contradicts the classification of the virulence of G. parasuis based on its serovar. The apoptosis degree induced by highly virulent strains was more intensive than non-virulent strains, as measured by annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) double staining. Through testing the expression of apoptosis-related genes Bcl-2 and Bax, we found highly virulent strains induced apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of Bcl-2.
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Ewasechko NF, Chaudhuri S, Schryvers AB. Insights from targeting transferrin receptors to develop vaccines for pathogens of humans and food production animals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1083090. [PMID: 36683691 PMCID: PMC9853020 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1083090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While developing vaccines targeting surface transferrin receptor proteins in Gram-negative pathogens of humans and food production animals, the common features derived from their evolutionary origins has provided us with insights on how improvements could be implemented in the various stages of research and vaccine development. These pathogens are adapted to live exclusively on the mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory or genitourinary tract of their host and rely on their receptors to acquire iron from transferrin for survival, indicating that there likely are common mechanisms for delivering transferrin to the mucosal surfaces that should be explored. The modern-day receptors are derived from those present in bacteria that lived over 320 million years ago. The pathogens represent the most host adapted members of their bacterial lineages and may possess factors that enable them to have strong association with the mucosal epithelial cells, thus likely reside in a different niche than the commensal members of the bacterial lineage. The bacterial pathogens normally lead a commensal lifestyle which presents challenges for development of relevant infection models as most infection models either exclude the early stages of colonization or subsequent disease development, and the immune mechanisms at the mucosal surface that would prevent disease are not evident. Development of infection models emulating natural horizontal disease transmission are also lacking. Our aim is to share our insights from the study of pathogens of humans and food production animals with individuals involved in vaccine development, maintaining health or regulation of products in the human and animal health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas F Ewasechko
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Somshukla Chaudhuri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anthony B Schryvers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Silva GFR, Moreno LZ, Matajira CEC, Silva APS, Araújo KM, Gomes VTM, Barbosa MRF, Sato MIZ, Moreno AM. Serotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiling of Glaesserella parasuis Isolated from Diseased Swine in Brazil. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121443. [PMID: 36558777 PMCID: PMC9785225 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis is one of the major pathogens in swine intensive production systems. To date, 15 serovars have been described, and the prevalence of these serotypes in different geographical regions has been identified by several methods. G. parasuis outbreaks could be controlled with vaccination if it were not for serovar diversity and limited cross-serovar protection; consequently, antibiotic therapy continues to be necessary for infection control. Here, we present the isolation, identification, serotyping, and antibiotic susceptibility profiling of G. parasuis from diseased swine in Brazil. A total of 105 G. parasuis strains, originating from nine different Brazilian states, were evaluated, and serotypes 4 and 5 were found to be the most prevalent (27.6% and 24.8% respectively). Aminoglycosides, florfenicol, tiamulin, and β-lactams were tested, and they presented lower resistant rates against G. parasuis strains. The highest resistance rates were observed against tylosin (97.1%), sulfadimethoxine (89.5%), danofloxacin (80%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (62.5%), enrofloxacin (54.3%), and clindamycin (50.5%). Multidrug resistance was detected in 89.5% of tested strains, and a total of sixty resistance profiles were identified. The cluster analysis of resistance patterns showed no correlation with the isolation year or G. parasuis serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Givago Faria Ribeiro Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av Prof Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Luisa Zanolli Moreno
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation–Av. Pres. Tancredo de Almeida Neves, 1063, São Paulo 071112-070, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Santos Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av Prof Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Kawany Miyazaki Araújo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av Prof Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Vasco Túlio Moura Gomes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av Prof Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Mikaela Renata Funada Barbosa
- Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Júnior 345, São Paulo 05459-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Zanolli Sato
- Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Júnior 345, São Paulo 05459-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea Micke Moreno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av Prof Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Zeng Z, Zhang H, Gui G, Luo J, Liu S. Macleaya cordata extract modulates inflammation via inhibition of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in porcine alveolar macrophages induced by Glaesserella parasuis. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2022; 86:254-260. [PMID: 36211213 PMCID: PMC9536353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Glässer's disease in pigs is associated with infection by Glaesserella parasuis and is characterized by pneumonia-like symptoms, fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis, and meningitis. Macleaya cordata, a commonly used traditional Chinese medication, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidative, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and antitumor properties. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of M. cordata on G. parasuis stimulation are still poorly understood. This study explored the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of M. cordata extract on G. parasuis-induced inflammatory responses, via the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Porcine alveolar macrophages, when stimulated with G. parasuis, initiated transcription of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Furthermore, p65, IκBα, p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation were upregulated via the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. However, treatment with M. cordata extract inhibited transcription of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α and reduced p65, IκBα, p38, ERK, and JNK phosphorylation, by inhibiting activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in PAMs induced by G. parasuis. These findings reveal that M. cordata extract can reverse the inflammatory effect initiated by G. parasuis in vitro and that it possesses significant immunosuppression activity; thus, it may offer a novel strategy for controlling and treating G. parasuis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zeng
- Key Open Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Tongren Vocational and Technical College, Tongren, Guizhou 554300, China
| | - Huaqi Zhang
- Key Open Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Tongren Vocational and Technical College, Tongren, Guizhou 554300, China
| | - Ganbei Gui
- Key Open Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Tongren Vocational and Technical College, Tongren, Guizhou 554300, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Key Open Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Tongren Vocational and Technical College, Tongren, Guizhou 554300, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Key Open Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Tongren Vocational and Technical College, Tongren, Guizhou 554300, China
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Metal Ion Periplasmic-Binding Protein YfeA of Glaesserella parasuis Induces the Secretion of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines of Macrophages via MAPK and NF-κB Signaling through TLR2 and TLR4. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179627. [PMID: 36077023 PMCID: PMC9456096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The YfeA gene, belonging to the well-conserved ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transport system Yfe, encodes the substrate-binding subunit of the iron, zinc, and manganese transport system in bacteria. As a potential vaccine candidate in Glaesserella parasuis, the functional mechanisms of YfeA in the infection process remain obscure. In this study, vaccination with YfeA effectively protected the C56BL6 mouse against the G. parasuis SC1401 challenge. Bioinformatics analysis suggests that YfeA is highly conserved in G. parasuis, and its metal-binding sites have been strictly conserved throughout evolution. Stimulation of RAW 264.7 macrophages with YfeA verified that toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 participated in the positive transcription and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. The activation of TLR2 and TLR4 utilized the MyD88/MAL and TRIF/TRAM pairs to initiate TLRs signaling. Furthermore, YfeA was shown to stimulate nuclear translocation of NF-κB and activated diverse mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling cascades, which are specific to the secretion of particular cytokine(s) in murine macrophages. Separate blocking TLR2, TLR4, MAPK, and RelA (p65) pathways significantly decreased YfeA-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production. In addition, YfeA-stimulated RAW 264.7 produces the pro-inflammatory hallmark, reactive oxygen species (ROS). In conclusion, our findings indicate that YfeA is a novel pro-inflammatory mediator in G. parasuis and induces TLR2 and TLR4-dependent pro-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages through P38, JNK-MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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TbpBY167A-Based Vaccine Can Protect Pigs against Glässer’s Disease Triggered by Glaesserella parasuis SV7 Expressing TbpB Cluster I. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070766. [PMID: 35890011 PMCID: PMC9323293 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease (GD), one of the most important diseases afflicting pigs in the nursery phase. We analyzed the genetic and immunological properties of the TbpB protein naturally expressed by 27 different clinical isolates of G. parasuis that were typed as serovar 7 and isolated from pigs suffering from GD. All the strains were classified as virulent by LS-PCR. The phylogenetic analyses demonstrated high similarity within the amino acid sequence of TbpB from 24 clinical strains all belonging to cluster III of TbpB, as does the protective antigen TbpBY167A. Three G. parasuis isolates expressed cluster I TbpBs, indicating antigenic diversity within the SV7 group of G. parasuis. The antigenic analysis demonstrated the presence of common epitopes on all variants of the TbpB protein, which could be recognized by an in vitro analysis using pig IgG induced by a TbpBY167A-based vaccine. The proof of concept of the complete cross-protection between clusters I and III was performed in SPF pigs immunized with the TbpBY167A-based vaccine (cluster III) and challenged with G. parasuis SV7, strains LM 360.18 (cluster I). Additionally, pigs immunized with a whole-cell inactivated vaccine based on G. parasuis SV5 (Nagasaki strain) did not survive the challenge performed with SV7 (strain 360.18), demonstrating the absence of cross-protection between these two serovars. Based on these results, we propose that a properly formulated TbpBY167A-based vaccine may elicit a protective antibody response against all strains of G. parasuis SV7, despite TbpB antigenic diversity, and this might be extrapolated to other serovars. This result highlights the promising use of the TbpBY167A antigen in a future commercial vaccine for GD prevention.
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Balestrin E, Wolf JM, Wolf LM, Fonseca ASK, Ikuta N, Siqueira FM, Lunge VR. Molecular detection of respiratory coinfections in pig herds with enzootic pneumonia: a survey in Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:310-313. [PMID: 35034523 PMCID: PMC8921818 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211069552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the primary etiologic agent of swine enzootic pneumonia (EP), in which the immune response is reduced, making pigs susceptible to secondary infections. We surveyed commercial pig herds in Brazil for viral and bacterial respiratory coinfections that could complicate EP. Over a 2-y period (2015-2016), we found that 854 of 2,206 pigs (38.7%) were positive for M. hyopneumoniae in herds from various production systems in 3 Brazilian regions (Central-West, Southeast, South). We collected samples of 321 lungs positive for M. hyopneumoniae from 169 farms to also screen for Pasteurella multocida, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Glaesserella parasuis, influenza A virus (IAV), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) by real-time PCR. The prevalence of pathogens found in addition to M. hyopneumoniae varied: P. multocida (141; 43.9%), G. parasuis (71; 22.1%), PCV2 (50; 15.6%), IAV (23; 7.2%), and A. pleuropneumoniae (18; 5.6%). G. parasuis was more frequent in farrowing or nursery herds (48.7%) than in breeding and fattening herds (10% and 18.6%, respectively; p < 0.01); A. pleuropneumoniae was found only in herds on farrow-to-finish and fattening farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Balestrin
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostic, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jonas M. Wolf
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostic, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lucas M. Wolf
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostic, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Nilo Ikuta
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Franciele M. Siqueira
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vagner R. Lunge
- Vagner R. Lunge, Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, 92425-900, Brazil.
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Development of a Luminex microbead-based serotyping assay for Glaesserella parasuis. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 182:106159. [PMID: 33548394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis consists of 15 serovars with some of them highly virulent and some of them avirulent. As killed vaccines do not provide crossprotection across serovars, serotyping is of importance. Serotyping, previously done by gel diffusion, is now done by multiplex PCR followed by electrophoresis. Accurately differentiating 15 serovars by electrophoresis is problematic. To overcome this problem, a Luminex microbead-based multiplex assay was used to differentiate the serovars. The assay consisted of a multiplex PCR assay followed by hybridisation to microbeads which were then analysed on a Luminex machine. The newly developed assay was compared to the multiplex serotyping PCR and the gel diffusion/indirect haemagglutination assay (GD/IHA). The microbead-based assay worked very well for the 15 reference strains but when used on the 74 Australian field strains displayed some problems. The main problems were with the eight out of nine serovar 4 field isolates and the five serovar 7 and three serovar 14 field isolates. While the microbead-based assay could differentiate between the serovar 5 and 12 reference strains, which the serovar multiplex PCR could not, all four field isolates identified by GD/IHA as serovar 12 were identified as serovar 5 by the microbead-based assay. Serovar 4 has been noted to have a high diversity especially among strains from different countries. Our work clearly shows that the diversity of strains at both the national and the international level has to be taken into account when developing diagnostic assays.
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Dai K, Yang Z, Ma X, Chang YF, Cao S, Zhao Q, Huang X, Wu R, Huang Y, Xia J, Yan Q, Han X, Ma X, Wen X, Wen Y. Deletion of Polyamine Transport Protein PotD Exacerbates Virulence in Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis in the Form of Non-biofilm-generated Bacteria in a Murine Acute Infection Model. Virulence 2021; 12:520-546. [PMID: 33525975 PMCID: PMC7872090 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1878673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are small, polycationic molecules with a hydrocarbon backbone and multiple amino groups required for optimal cell growth. The potD gene, belonging to the ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transport system potABCD, encodes the bacterial substrate-binding subunit of the polyamine transport system, playing a pivotal role in bacterial metabolism and growth. The swine pathogen Glaesserella parasuis possesses an intact pot operon, and the studies presented here mainly examined the involvement of PotD in Glaesserella pathogenesis. A potD-deficient mutant was constructed using a virulent G. parasuis strain SC1401 by natural transformation; immuno-electron microscopy was used to identify the subcellular location of native PotD protein; an electron microscope was adopted to inspect biofilm and bacterial morphology; immunofluorescence technique was employed to study cellular adhesion, the levels of inflammation and apoptosis. The TSA++-pre-cultured mutant strain showed a significantly reduced adhesion capacity to PK-15 and MLE-12 cells. Likewise, we also found attenuation in virulence using murine models focusing on the clinical sign, H&E, and IFA for inflammation and apoptosis. However, when the mutant was grown in TSB++, virulence recovered to normal levels, along with a high level of radical oxygen species formation in the host. The expression of PotD could actively stimulate the production of ROS in Raw 264.7. Our data suggested that PotD from G. parasuis has a high binding potential to polyamine, and is essential for the full bacterial virulence within mouse models. However, the virulence of the potD mutant is highly dependent on its TSA++ culture conditions rather than on biofilm-formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Dai
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , NY, USA
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Xinfeng Han
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Xintian Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, China
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Pilchová V, Seinige D, Hennig-Pauka I, Büttner K, Abdulmawjood A, Kehrenberg C. Development and Validation of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for Rapid Detection of Glaesserella ( Haemophilus) parasuis. Microorganisms 2020; 9:E41. [PMID: 33375599 PMCID: PMC7823361 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis is a fastidious pathogen that colonizes the respiratory tract of pigs and can lead to considerable economic losses in pig production. Therefore, a rapid detection assay for the pathogen, preferably applicable in the field, is important. In the current study, we developed a new and improved detection method using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). This assay, which targets the infB gene, was tested on a collection of 60 field isolates of G. parasuis comprising 14 different serovars. In addition, 63 isolates from seven different closely related species of the family Pasteurellaceae, including A. indolicus, A. porcinus, and A. minor, and a species frequently found in the respiratory tract of pigs were used for exclusivity experiments. This assay showed an analytical specificity of 100% (both inclusivity and exclusivity) and an analytical sensitivity of 10 fg/µL. In further steps, 36 clinical samples were tested with the LAMP assay. An agreement of 77.1 (95% CI: 59.9, 89.6) and 91.4% (95% CI: 75.9, 98.2) to the culture-based and PCR results was achieved. The mean limit of detection for the spiked bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was 2.58 × 102 CFU/mL. A colorimetric assay with visual detection by the naked eye was tested to provide an alternative method in the field and showed the same sensitivity as the fluorescence-based LAMP assay. Overall, the optimized LAMP assay represents a fast and reliable method and is suitable for detecting G. parasuis in the laboratory environment or in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Pilchová
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Diana Seinige
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 26203 Wardenburg, Germany;
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology in Bakum, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Kathrin Büttner
- Unit for Bioinformatics and Data Processing, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Lacouture S, Gottschalk M. Distribution of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (from 2015 to June 2020) and Glaesserella parasuis (from 2017 to June 2020) serotypes isolated from diseased pigs in Quebec. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2020; 61:1261-1263. [PMID: 33299240 PMCID: PMC7659881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA) and Diagnostic Service, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA) and Diagnostic Service, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2
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Schuwerk L, Hoeltig D, Waldmann KH, Strutzberg-Minder K, Valentin-Weigand P, Rohde J. Serotyping and pathotyping of Glaesserella parasuis isolated 2012-2019 in Germany comparing different PCR-based methods. Vet Res 2020; 51:137. [PMID: 33203465 PMCID: PMC7673094 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis is an important pathogen in swine production. It acts as a primary pathogen in systemic Glässer´s disease and as a secondary pathogen in Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex. In this study, a collection of 308 isolates from carrier animals and individuals with respiratory or Glässer´s disease isolated 2012–2019 in Germany was analysed. Isolates were characterized for serovar implementing two different PCR methods. Additionally, two different PCR methods for pathotyping isolates were applied to the collection and results compared. Serovar 6 (p < 0.0001) and 9 (p = 0.0007) were correlated with carrier isolates and serovar 4 was associated with isolates from animals with respiratory disease (p = 0.015). In systemic isolates, serovar 13 was most frequently detected (18.9%). Various other serovars were isolated from all sites and the ratio of serovar 5 to serovar 12 was approximately 1:2. These two serovars together represented 14.3% of the isolates; only serovar 4 was isolated more frequently (24.7%). The pathotyping method based on the leader sequence (LS = ESPR of vta) was easy to perform and corresponded well to the clinical background information. Of the carrier isolates 72% were identified as non-virulent while 91% of the systemic isolates were classified as virulent (p < 0.0001). Results of the pathotyping PCR based on 10 different marker genes overall were in good agreement with clinical metadata as well as with results of the LS-PCR. However, the pathotyping PCR was more complicated to perform and analyze. In conclusion, a combination of the serotyping multiplex-PCR and the LS-PCR could improve identification of clinically relevant G. parasuis isolates, especially from respiratory samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schuwerk
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Doris Hoeltig
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants and Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Waldmann
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants and Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Judith Rohde
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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Tildipirosin: An effective antibiotic against Glaesserella parasuis from an in vitro analysis. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 10:100136. [PMID: 32964167 PMCID: PMC7487419 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis is highly susceptible to Tildipirosin. Tildipirosin is recommended for treating Glässer's disease outbreaks. MIC is the rational tool to survey the resistance of G. parasuis to tildipirosin.
Tildipirosin is a latest generation macrolide that is used to battle infection diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Recent studies have shown the effectiveness of this antimicrobial agent against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; however, little information is available about Glaesserella parasuis, the etiological agent of Glässer's disease. In this study, the Tildipirosin activity to 100 Brazilian clinical isolates of G. parasuis was assessed using a broth microdilution assay. A total of 90% of G. parasuis isolates were sensitive at concentrations ≤ 4 µg/mL Tildipirosin, thus showing to be efficiently controlled by the therapeutic concentration recommended for pigs. On the other hand, a total of ten isolates have shown resistance to this antibiotic, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥ 8 and ≤ 16 µg/ml. Notably, our findings highly support the use of Tildipirosin for treating Glässer's disease outbreaks, and it also advises the using of MIC approach to monitor the evolution of sensitivity or resistance exhibited by G. parasuis to this molecule, as well as to adjust therapeutic doses when necessary.
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Dazzi CC, Guizzo JA, Prigol SR, Kreutz LC, Driemeier D, Chaudhuri S, Schryvers AB, Frandoloso R. New Pathological Lesions Developed in Pigs by a "Non-virulent" Strain of Glaesserella parasuis. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:98. [PMID: 32158772 PMCID: PMC7052124 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes Glässer's disease, a common pathology found in young pigs characterized by polyarthritis, polyserositis, and meningitis. The bacterium has 15 known serovars that have been classified by virulence. Serovars 1, 4, 5, and 12 are considered highly virulent and used in most studies. Serovars 3, 6, 7, 9, and 11 are considered avirulent. Recent reports that serovar 7 is an emerging problem in the pig industry indicate that the association of virulence and serovar may not always be reliable. This led us to infect colostrum-deprived piglets with the reference serovar 7 strain (SV7 strain 174) that had been passaged through pigs and characterize the clinical and pathological signs. We observed that SV7 strain 174 caused clinical signs consistent with Glässer's disease in all infected piglets that succumbed to infection for up to day 5 post-infection. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions were consistent with those found in piglets infected with conventional virulent serovars. In addition, we describe novel microscopic lesions associated with Glässer's disease such as endophthalmitis and thymic depletion. Thus, our findings indicate that SV7 strain 174 causes classical signs of Glässer's disease in colostrum-deprived piglets and some caution should be used in employing vaccine strategies based on association between capsular serovar and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Cerutti Dazzi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - João Antônio Guizzo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Simone Ramos Prigol
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Kreutz
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Somshukla Chaudhuri
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anthony Bernard Schryvers
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rafael Frandoloso
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
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Dai K, Ma X, Yang Z, Chang YF, Cao S, Zhao Q, Huang X, Wu R, Huang Y, Yan Q, Han X, Ma X, Wen X, Wen Y. Polyamine Transport Protein PotD Protects Mice against Haemophilus parasuis and Elevates the Secretion of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines of Macrophage via JNK-MAPK and NF-κB Signal Pathways through TLR4. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040216. [PMID: 31847381 PMCID: PMC6963478 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The potD gene, belonging to the well-conserved ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transport system potABCD, encodes the bacterial substrate-binding subunit of the polyamine transport system. In this study, we found PotD in Haemophilus (Glaesserella) parasuis could actively stimulate both humoral immune and cellular immune responses and elevate lymphocyte proliferation, thus eliciting a Th1-type immune response in a murine immunity and infection model. Stimulation of Raw 264.7 macrophages with PotD validated that Toll-like receptor 4, rather than 2, participated in the positive transcription and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL–1β, IL–6, and TNF–α using qPCR and ELISA. Blocking signal-regulated JNK–MAPK and RelA(p65) pathways significantly decreased PotD-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Overall, we conclude that vaccination of PotD could induce both humoral and cellular immune responses and provide immunoprotection against H. parasuis challenge. The data also suggest that Glaesserella PotD is a novel pro-inflammatory mediator and induces TLR4-dependent pro-inflammatory activity in Raw 264.7 macrophages through JNK–MAPK and RelA(p65) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhen Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 14850, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.-F.C.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +1-607-253-3675 (Y.-F.C.); +86-135-5006-2555 (Y.W.)
| | - Sanjie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Qin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Qigui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinfeng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Xintian Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Yiping Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (K.D.); (X.M.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (R.W.); (Y.H.); (Q.Y.); (X.H.); (X.M.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-F.C.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +1-607-253-3675 (Y.-F.C.); +86-135-5006-2555 (Y.W.)
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