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Juarez BH, Quintanilla-Salinas I, Lacey MP, O'Connell LA. Water Availability and Temperature as Modifiers of Evaporative Water Loss in Tropical Frogs. Integr Comp Biol 2024; 64:354-365. [PMID: 38839599 PMCID: PMC11406161 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Water plays a notable role in the ecology of most terrestrial organisms due to the risks associated with water loss. Specifically, water loss in terrestrial animals happens through evaporation across respiratory tissues or the epidermis. Amphibians are ideal systems for studying how abiotic factors impact water loss since their bodies often respond quickly to environmental changes. While the effect of temperature on water loss is well known across many taxa, we are still learning how temperature in combination with humidity or water availability affects water loss. Here, we tested how standing water sources (availability) and temperature (26 and 36°C) together affect water loss in anuran amphibians using a Bayesian framework. We also present a conceptual model for considering how water availability and temperature may interact, resulting in body mass changes. After accounting for phylogenetic and time autocorrelation, we determined how different variables (water loss and uptake rates, temperature, and body size) affect body mass in three species of tropical frogs (Rhinella marina, Phyllobates terribilis, and Xenopus tropicalis). We found that all variables impacted body mass changes, with greater similarities between P. terribilis and X. tropicalis, but temperature only showed a notable effect in P. terribilis. Furthermore, we describe how the behavior of P. terribilis might affect its water budget. This study shows how organisms might manage water budgets across different environments and is important for developing models of evaporative water loss and species distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan H Juarez
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Earth System Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Madison P Lacey
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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2
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Riddell EA, Burger IJ, Muñoz MM, Weaver SJ, Womack MC. Amphibians Exhibit Extremely High Hydric Costs of Respiration. Integr Comp Biol 2024; 64:366-376. [PMID: 38802122 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial environments pose many challenges to organisms, but perhaps one of the greatest is the need to breathe while maintaining water balance. Breathing air requires thin, moist respiratory surfaces, and thus the conditions necessary for gas exchange are also responsible for high rates of water loss that lead to desiccation. Across the diversity of terrestrial life, water loss acts as a universal cost of gas exchange and thus imposes limits on respiration. Amphibians are known for being vulnerable to rapid desiccation, in part because they rely on thin, permeable skin for cutaneous respiration. Yet, we have a limited understanding of the relationship between water loss and gas exchange within and among amphibian species. In this study, we evaluated the hydric costs of respiration in amphibians using the transpiration ratio, which is defined as the ratio of water loss (mol H2O d-1) to gas uptake (mol O2 d-1). A high ratio suggests greater hydric costs relative to the amount of gas uptake. We compared the transpiration ratio of amphibians with that of other terrestrial organisms to determine whether amphibians had greater hydric costs of gas uptake relative to plants, insects, birds, and mammals. We also evaluated the effects of temperature, humidity, and body mass on the transpiration ratio both within and among amphibian species. We found that hydric costs of respiration in amphibians were two to four orders of magnitude higher than the hydric costs of plants, insects, birds, and mammals. We also discovered that larger amphibians had lower hydric costs than smaller amphibians, at both the species- and individual-level. Amphibians also reduced the hydric costs of respiration at warm temperatures, potentially reflecting adaptive strategies to avoid dehydration while also meeting the demands of higher metabolic rates. Our results suggest that cutaneous respiration is an inefficient mode of respiration that produces the highest hydric costs of respiration yet to be measured in terrestrial plants and animals. Yet, amphibians largely avoid these costs by selecting aquatic or moist environments, which may facilitate more independent evolution of water loss and gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Riddell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Isabella J Burger
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Savannah J Weaver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Molly C Womack
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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3
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Singha ER, Das I, Patar A, Paul S, Giri S, Giri A. Effects of changed water regime on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in tadpoles of Fejervarya limnocharis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:54873-54886. [PMID: 39215917 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is viewed as one of the important causes of the amphibian population decline. Aspects of climate change like increase in water temperature and drying up of habitats have been underrepresented. The expanding production and usage of metal nanoparticles like silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) make them likely to end up in aquatic ecosystems. To arrive at a realistic assessment of the impact of AgNPs in a warming world, we have investigated the effects of temperature on the acute toxicity of AgNPs in tadpoles of Fejervarya limnocharis at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure. The various aspects of sub-lethal toxicities of AgNPs with increase in temperature were also investigated. Besides, the effects of habitat desiccation on the sub-lethal toxicities of AgNPs in the tadpoles were analysed. The LC50 values of AgNPs at four different time points were found to be significantly different between the two different temperatures. Alterations in survival pattern, life history traits, amplifications in genotoxic potential and oxidative stress were observed with increased water temperature following AgNP exposure. The phenomenon of habitat desiccation was also found to significantly affect the toxicity of AgNPs with respect to alterations in mortality rate, time to metamorphosis and morphometric parameters of metamorphosed tadpoles. The findings suggest that changed water regime such as increased water temperature as well as reduction in water level accelerated the toxic effects of AgNPs in F. limnocharis tadpoles which is likely to affect their natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erom Romi Singha
- Environment and Human Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Indranil Das
- Environment and Human Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Arabinda Patar
- Environment and Human Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Sagorika Paul
- Environment and Human Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Sarbani Giri
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Anirudha Giri
- Environment and Human Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
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Chaiyasing R, Jinagool P, Wipassa V, Kusolrat P, Aengwanich W. Impact of rising temperature on physiological and biochemical alterations that affect the viability of blood cells in American bullfrog crossbreeds. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32416. [PMID: 38933952 PMCID: PMC11200338 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to examine the impact of increasing environmental temperatures on physiological changes, oxidative stress, nitric oxide production, total antioxidant capacity, and blood cell viability in American bullfrog crossbreeds. Frogs and frog blood cells were exposed to temperature ranges of 25-33 °C and 25-37 °C, respectively. Physiological parameters (body temperature, pulse rate, ventilation rate, and oxygen saturation) and biochemical parameters (total antioxidant power, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and mitochondrial activity) were measured at every 2 °C increment. Results showed that body temperature rose with increased environmental temperature (P < 0.05). Pulse rates at 33 °C were higher than those at 25-31 °C (P < 0.05). Ventilation rates at 31 °C exceeded those at 25 °C and 27 °C (P < 0.05). Oxygen saturation levels remained stable at 25-33 °C (P > 0.05). Total antioxidant power at 25 °C was greater than at 27-37 °C (P < 0.05). Hydrogen peroxide levels at 27 °C were higher compared to 25 °C and 31-37 °C (P < 0.05). Malondialdehyde levels at 25-33 °C were higher than at 35 °C and 37 °C (P < 0.05). Nitric oxide levels at 37 °C were higher than at 25-33 °C (P < 0.05), and at 35 °C were higher than at 25-31 °C (P < 0.05). Blood cell viability at 25-31 °C was higher than at 37 °C (P < 0.05). These results suggest that at an environmental temperature of 33 °C, the frogs' body temperature approached 31 °C or higher, and were likely to be harmful to the frogs. Finally, the environmental temperature that caused frog blood cell death was 37 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pailin Jinagool
- Stress and Oxidative Stress in Animal Research Unit of Mahasarakham University, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Vajara Wipassa
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Prayuth Kusolrat
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhonratchasima Rajabhat University, Nakhonratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Worapol Aengwanich
- Stress and Oxidative Stress in Animal Research Unit of Mahasarakham University, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, 44000, Thailand
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Natchev N, Koynova T, Tachev K, Doichev D, Marinova P, Velkova V, Jablonski D. Temperature regulation in the Balkan spadefoot ( Pelobates balcanicus Karaman, 1928) at the beginning of nocturnal activity. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13647. [PMID: 35860047 PMCID: PMC9291013 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
On land, the amphibians interact with the environment in a complex way-even small changes in the physiological conditions may significantly impact the behaviour and vice versa. In ectothermic tetrapods, the transition from inactive to active phase may be related to important changes in their thermal status. We studied the thermal ecology of adult Balkan spadefoots (Pelobates balcanicus Karaman, 1928) in northeastern Bulgaria. These toads spend the daytime buried between 10 and 15 cm in sandy substrates, and emerge after sunset. On the substrate, their thermal energy exchange is defined by the absence of heat flow from the sun. Secondary heat sources, like stored heat and infrared radiation from the soil play an important role for the thermal balance of the active spadefoot toads. At the beginning of their daily activity, we measured substrate temperature (at a depth of 11-12 cm), toad's surface body temperature, and also provided thermal profiles of the animals and the substrate surface in their microhabitats. In animals which recently emerged from the substrate, the temperature was comparatively higher and was closer to that of the subsoil on the spot. After that, body temperature decreased rapidly and continued to change slowly, in correlation with air temperature. We detected a temperature gradient on the dorsal surface of the toads. On the basis of our measurements and additional data, we discuss the eventual role of air humidity and the effects of surface and skin water evaporation on the water balance and activity of the investigated toads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Natchev
- Shumen University, Shumen, Bulgaria
- University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Vimercati G, Kruger N, Secondi J. Land cover, individual's age and spatial sorting shape landscape resistance in the invasive frog Xenopus laevis. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1177-1190. [PMID: 33608946 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The description of functional connectivity is based on the quantification of landscape resistance, which represents species-specific movement costs across landscape features. Connectivity models use these costs to identify movement corridors at both individual and population levels and provide management recommendations for populations of conservation interest. Typically, resistance costs assigned to specific land cover types are assumed to be valid for all individuals of the population. Little attention has been paid to intraspecific variation in resistance costs due to age or dispersal syndrome, which may significantly affect model predictions. We quantified resistance costs in an expanding invasive population of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis in Western France. In this principally aquatic amphibian, juveniles, sub-adults and adults disperse overland. The enhancement of dispersal traits via spatial sorting has been also observed at the range periphery of the population. Resistance costs, and thus connectivity, might vary as a function of life stage and position within the invaded range. We assessed multiple dimensions of functional connectivity. On various land cover types, we measured locomotion, as crossing speed, in different post-metamorphic age classes, and dehydration, sensitivity of locomotion to dehydration and substrate preference in juveniles. We also tested the effect of the position in the invaded range (core vs. periphery) on individual performances. In juveniles, general trends towards higher resistance costs on grass and lower resistance costs on bare soil and asphalt were observed, although not all experiments provided the same cost configurations. Resistance to locomotion varied between age classes, with adults and sub-adults facing lower costs than juveniles, particularly when crossing structurally complex land cover types such as grass and leaf litter. The position in the range had a minor effect on landscape resistance, and only in the dehydration experiment, where water loss in juveniles was lower at the range periphery. Depicting functional connectivity requires (a) assessing multiple dimensions of behavioural and physiological challenges faced by animals during movement; (b) considering factors, such as age and dispersal syndrome, that may affect movement at both individual and population levels. Ignoring this complexity might generate unreliable connectivity models and provide unsupported management recommendations for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natasha Kruger
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France.,Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jean Secondi
- Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France
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Andersen D, Borzée A, Jang Y. Predicting global climatic suitability for the four most invasive anuran species using ecological niche factor analysis. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Ginal P, Mokhatla M, Kruger N, Secondi J, Herrel A, Measey J, Rödder D. Ecophysiological models for global invaders: Is Europe a big playground for the African clawed frog? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 335:158-172. [PMID: 33264517 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
One principle threat prompting the worldwide decline of amphibians is the introduction of nonindigenous amphibians. The African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis, is now one of the widest distributed amphibians occurring on four continents with ongoing range expansion including large parts of Europe. Species distribution models (SDMs) are essential tools to predict the invasive risk of these species. Previous efforts have focused on correlative approaches but these can be vulnerable to extrapolation errors when projecting species' distributions in nonnative ranges. Recent developments emphasise more robust process-based models, which use physiological data like critical thermal limits and performance, or hybrid models using both approaches. Previous correlative SDMs predict different patterns in the potential future distribution of X. laevis in Europe, but it is likely that these models do not assess its full invasive potential. Based on physiological performance trials, we calculate size and temperature-dependent response surfaces, which are scaled to geographic performance layers matching the critical thermal limits. We then use these ecophysiological performance layers in a standard correlative SDM framework to predict the potential distribution in southern Africa and Europe. Physiological performance traits (standard metabolic rate and endurance time of adult frogs) are the main drivers for the predicted distribution, while the locomotor performance (maximum velocity and distance moved in 200 ms) of adults and tadpoles have low contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ginal
- Herpetological Section, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohlamatsane Mokhatla
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Rondevlei Scientific Services, Garden Route National Park, South African National Parks, Sedgefield, South Africa
| | - Natasha Kruger
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean Secondi
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France.,Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, MECADEV UMR7179 CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - John Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Dennis Rödder
- Herpetological Section, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Bonn, Germany
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