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Qi L, Zhao Q, Guo L, Zhao B, Zhang M. Prevention and care for moisture-associated skin damage: A scoping review. J Tissue Viability 2024; 33:362-375. [PMID: 38906753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtv.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Moisture-associated skin damage (MASD) is an inflammatory skin condition caused by long-term exposure to a moist environment, which can compromise the integrity of the barrier and increase pain. This scoping review aimed to systematically analyze the research status of prevention and care for MASD. METHODS We conducted a scoping review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for relevant articles until March 2023. RESULTS Based on eligibility criteria, 34 research studies and review articles were included. The prevalence of MASD varies greatly in different medical environments and patient groups. The high-risk factors included prolonged exposure to excessive water, chemical irritation such as urine or feces, mechanical factors such as friction or improper removal of medical adhesives and local bacterial colonization. Prevention measures mainly include avoiding skin exposure to moisture, skin cleansing, moisturizing and the treatment of secondary bacterial infection. CONCLUSION A variety of factors have an impact on MASD. Nurses should select suitable tools to screen high-risk patients and take targeted preventive measures according to the related types of skin injury to reduce the incidence of MASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qi
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qingsheng Zhao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lianrong Guo
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bingnan Zhao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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2
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Romanelli M, Voegeli D, Colboc H, Bassetto F, Janowska A, Scarpa C, Meaume S. The diagnosis, management and prevention of intertrigo in adults: a review. J Wound Care 2023; 32:411-420. [PMID: 37405940 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2023.32.7.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Intertrigo is a common inflammatory skin disorder caused by skin-on-skin friction in skin folds, due to moisture becoming trapped because of poor air circulation. This can occur in any area of the body where two skin surfaces are in close contact with each other. The aim of this scoping review was to systematically map, review and synthesise evidence on intertrigo in adults. We identified a wide range of evidence and performed a narrative integration of this related to the diagnosis, management and prevention of intertrigo. A literature search was conducted within the following databases: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed and EMBASE. After reviewing articles for duplicates and relevance, 55 articles were included. The incorporation of intertrigo in the ICD-11 provides a clear definition and should improve the accuracy of estimates. With regards to the diagnosis, prevention and management of intertrigo, the literature demonstrates consensus among health professionals in approach and this forms the basis for the recommendations of this review: identify predisposing factors and educate patient in reducing these; educate patients in skin fold management and adopt structured skin care routine; treat secondary infection with appropriate topical agent; consider using moisture-wicking textiles within skin folds to reduce skin-on-skin friction, wick away moisture and reduce secondary infection. Overall, the quality of evidence on which to determine the strength of any recommendations for practice remains low. There remains the need for well-designed studies to test proposed interventions and build a robust evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Voegeli
- Faculty of Health & Wellbeing, University of Winchester, UK
| | - Hester Colboc
- Department of Geriatrics and Wound Healing, University of Sorbonne, Rothschild Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Sylvie Meaume
- Department of Geriatrics and Wound Healing, University of Sorbonne, Rothschild Hospital, Paris, France
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3
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Lustig A, Gefen A. The performance of gelling fibre wound dressings under clinically relevant robotic laboratory tests. Int Wound J 2022; 19 Suppl 1:3-21. [PMID: 35142062 PMCID: PMC9478960 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of wound dressing performance in exudate management is commonly gauged in simple, non‐realistic laboratory setups, typically, where dressing specimens are submersed in vessels containing aqueous solutions, rather than by means of clinically relevant test configurations. Specifically, two key fluid–structure interaction concepts: sorptivity—the ability of wound dressings to transfer exudate, including viscous fluids, away from the wound bed by capillary action and durability—the capacity of dressings to maintain their structural integrity over time and particularly, at removal events, have not been properly addressed in existing test protocols. The present article reviews our recent published research concerning the development of clinically relevant testing methods for wound dressings, focussing on the clinical relevance of the tests as well as on the standardisation and automation of laboratory measurements of dressing performance. A second objective of this work was to compile the experimental results characterising the performance of gelling fibre dressings, which were acquired using advanced testing methods, to demonstrate differences across products that apparently belong to the same “gelling fibre” family but differ remarkably in materials, structure and composition and, thereby, in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Lustig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amit Gefen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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4
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Abstract
Disruption to the integrity of the skin can reduce patient wellbeing and quality of life. A major cause of skin breakdown is prolonged exposure to moisture, but this is often overlooked. When skin is wet, it becomes more susceptible to damage from friction and shearing forces, and skin flora can penetrate the disrupted barrier, causing further irritation and inflammation. If untreated, moisture-associated skin damage (MASD) can rapidly lead to excoriation and skin breakdown. MASD includes incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD), which is caused by prolonged skin exposure to urine and stool, particularly liquid stool. For patients at a high risk of developing IAD, preventive measures should be instituted as soon as possible. The main one is to prevent excessive contact of the skin with moisture. Optimal skin care should be provided to patients with any form of MASD. It should be based on a structured regimen and include the use of a gentle skin cleanser, a barrier product and moisturiser. Derma Protective Plus is a liquid barrier that gives long-lasting protection against chafing or ingress of urine and stool into the skin. This product is less greasy than others, and provides a barrier and a healing environment, with resistance to further maceration from IAD or persistent loose stools.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Voegeli
- Professor of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Winchester
| | - Sarah Hillery
- Urology Advanced Nurse Practitioner, York Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
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5
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Dissemond J, Assenheimer B, Gerber V, Hintner M, Puntigam MJ, Kolbig N, Koller S, Kurz P, Läuchli S, Probst S, Protz K, Steiniger A, Strohal R, Traber J, Kottner J. Flüssigkeits‐assoziierte Hautschäden (FAH): Eine
Best Practice
Empfehlung von Wund‐D.A.CH. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:815-827. [PMID: 34139095 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14388_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Dissemond
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum, Essen, Deutschland
| | - Bernd Assenheimer
- Schule für Pflegeberufe, Universitätsklinikum, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Veronika Gerber
- Schulung und Beratung im Wundmanagement, Spelle, Deutschland
| | | | | | - Norbert Kolbig
- Stabstelle Wundmanagement, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | | | - Peter Kurz
- WPM Wund Pflege Management, Bad Pirawarth, Österreich
| | | | | | - Kerstin Protz
- Institut für Versorgungsforschung in der Dermatologie und bei Pflegeberufen, CWC - Comprehensive Wound Center, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | | | - Robert Strohal
- Abteilung für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Österreich
| | - Jürg Traber
- Chirurgie/Gefässchirurgie FEBVS, Phlebologie SGP, Venenklinik Bellevue, Kreuzlingen, Schweiz
| | - Jan Kottner
- CharitéCentrum 1 für Human- und Gesundheitswissenschaften, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
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6
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Burch J, Boyles A, Maltby E, Marsden J, Martin N, McDermott B, Voegeli D. Keep it simple: peristomal skin health, quality of life and wellbeing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:5-24. [PMID: 33949894 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2021.30.sup6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Burch
- (chair), Head of Gastrointestinal Nurse Education, St Mark's Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Anna Boyles
- Stoma Care Nurse, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Emma Maltby
- Stoma Care Nurse, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Jenny Marsden
- Stoma Care Nurse, York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Nuria Martin
- Tissue Viability Nurse, St Mark's Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust
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7
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Le Ber F. Using a novel breathable silicone adhesive (Sil2 technology) in stoma appliances to improve peristomal skin health: answering the key questions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:19-24. [PMID: 34106773 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2021.30.sup8.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fiona Le Ber answers some of the questions that stoma care nurses may have regarding this novel silicone adhesive based technology, which helps to avoid medical adhesive related skin injury (MARSI) and moisture-associated skin damage (MASD). Whereas hydrocolloid stoma appliances absorb moisture, this has a non-absorptive method of moisture management that prevents peristomal skin becoming damp and excoriated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Le Ber
- Clinical Nurse Specialist in Community Continence and Stoma Care, Queen's Nurse and Committee Member of the Royal College of Nursing Bladder and Bowel Forum, Jersey
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8
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Abstract
Leaks and peristomal skin complications are highly prevalent among people with a stoma, reported by over 80% of ostomates within 2 years of surgery. This suggests that there is room for improvement in ostomy appliances, particularly in their hydrocolloid-based adhesive flanges. Hydrocolloid has an absorptive method of moisture management that, over time, risks maceration and skin stripping, potentially leading to moisture-associated skin damage (MASD) and medical adhesive-related skin injury (MARSI). The newly developed Genii ostomy appliances (Trio Healthcare) use novel Sil2 Breathable Silicone Technology to provide secure, effective adhesion and manage moisture levels by replicating natural transepidermal water loss (TEWL). This has the potential to increase appliance wear time, reduce incidence of MASD and permit atraumatic removal without adhesive remover, reducing the risks of MARSI, as well as time burdens on the user and economic burdens on the healthcare system. Meanwhile, the silicone flanges and water-resistant sports fabric pouches are lightweight, flexible and unobtrusive, and they are the first appliances to be available in colours to match different skin tones, all of which provides security, comfort, confidence and discretion. This article explores the features of Sil2 and Genii ostomy appliances, with reference to preliminary data from a user evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta Lager
- Stoma Care Clinical Nurse Specialist, Basildon University Hospital
| | - Lisa Loxdale
- Stoma Care Clinical Nurse Specialist, Basildon University Hospital
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9
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Dissemond J, Assenheimer B, Gerber V, Hintner M, Puntigam MJ, Kolbig N, Koller S, Kurz P, Läuchli S, Probst S, Protz K, Steiniger A, Strohal R, Traber J, Kottner J. Moisture-associated skin damage (MASD): A best practice recommendation from Wund-D.A.CH. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:815-825. [PMID: 33942514 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Wund-D.A.CH., as the umbrella organization of German-speaking wound treatment societies, has currently developed a best practice recommendation for skin damage caused by body fluids, which is known as moisture-associated skin damage (MASD) in English-speaking countries. In this expert consensus, the diseases incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD), intertriginous dermatitis, including intertrigo, gram-negative bacterial toe web infection and toxic contact dermatitis, including periwound and peristomal dermatitis are presented in a differentiated manner. A common feature of these clinical diseases is a deterioration of skin integrity due to prolonged exposure to body fluids such as urine, stool, sweat or wound exudate with associated physical-irritative and/or chemical irritation. In addition, other comorbidities and cofactors play an important role. The diagnosis of these interdisciplinary and interprofessionally relevant MASD is difficult in everyday clinical practice because there are currently no uniform definitions and many relevant differential diagnoses. Effective strategies for the prevention and therapy of these skin diseases are, for example, continence management, use of efficient, absorbent aids with good retention as well as consistent skin protection and adequate skin care. Another important aspect is the education of patients and relatives about the origin, treatment and prevention of MASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Dissemond
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | | | - Veronika Gerber
- Training and Consulting for Wound Management, Spelle, Germany
| | | | | | - Norbert Kolbig
- Office for Wound Management, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Peter Kurz
- WPM Wound Care Management, Bad Pirawarth, Austria
| | - Severin Läuchli
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Kerstin Protz
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing, CWC - Comprehensive Wound Center, University Hospital Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Robert Strohal
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, State Hospital Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Jürg Traber
- Surgery/Vascular Surgery FEBVS, Phlebology SGP, Vein Hospital Bellevue, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Jan Kottner
- Charité Centrum 1 for Human and Health Sciences, Charité -University Hospital Berlin, Germany
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10
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Le Ber F. Using a novel breathable silicone adhesive (Sil2 technology) in stoma appliances to improve peristomal skin health: answering the key questions. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NURSING (MARK ALLEN PUBLISHING) 2021; 30:S19-S24. [PMID: 37733641 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2021.30.sup6a.s19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Fiona Le Ber answers some of the questions that stoma care nurses may have regarding this novel silicone adhesive based technology, which helps to avoid medical adhesive related skin injury (MARSI) and moisture-associated skin damage (MASD). Whereas hydrocolloid stoma appliances absorb moisture, this has a non-absorptive method of moisture management that prevents peristomal skin becoming damp and excoriated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Le Ber
- Clinical Nurse Specialist in Community Continence and Stoma Care, Queen's Nurse and Committee Member of the Royal College of Nursing Bladder and Bowel Forum, Jersey
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11
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Lager P, Loxdale L. Use of breathable silicone technology in an ostomy appliance flange. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NURSING (MARK ALLEN PUBLISHING) 2021; 30:S25-S35. [PMID: 37733646 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2021.30.sup6a.s25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Leaks and peristomal skin complications are highly prevalent among people with a stoma, reported by over 80% of ostomates within 2 years of surgery. This suggests that there is room for improvement in ostomy appliances, particularly in their hydrocolloid-based adhesive flanges. Hydrocolloid has an absorptive method of moisture management that, over time, risks maceration and skin stripping, potentially leading to moisture-associated skin damage (MASD) and medical adhesive-related skin injury (MARSI). The newly developed Genii ostomy appliances (Trio Healthcare) use novel Sil2 Breathable Silicone Technology to provide secure, effective adhesion and manage moisture levels by replicating natural transepidermal water loss (TEWL). This has the potential to increase appliance wear time, reduce incidence of MASD and permit atraumatic removal without adhesive remover, reducing the risks of MARSI, as well as time burdens on the user and economic burdens on the healthcare system. Meanwhile, the silicone flanges and water-resistant sports fabric pouches are lightweight, flexible and unobtrusive, and they are the first appliances to be available in colours to match different skin tones, all of which provides security, comfort, confidence and discretion. This article explores the features of Sil2 and Genii ostomy appliances, with reference to preliminary data from a user evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta Lager
- Stoma Care Clinical Nurse Specialist, Basildon University Hospital
| | - Lisa Loxdale
- Stoma Care Clinical Nurse Specialist, Basildon University Hospital
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12
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Mitchell A, Hill B. Moisture-associated skin damage: an overview of its diagnosis and management. Br J Community Nurs 2020; 25:S12-S18. [PMID: 32160066 DOI: 10.12968/bjcn.2020.25.sup3.s12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This educational article introduces an explores moisture-associated skin damage (MASD) and the four forms it manifests as, namely, incontinence-associated dermatitis; intertriginous dermatitis; peristomal moisture-associated dermatitis; and peri-wound moisture-associated dermatitis. The aetiology and predisposing factors of each form are critically discussed, in addition to the treatments and interventions that can be used by nurses to support patient recovery. Nurses and other health professionals working with patients who are at risk of skin damage or who already require wound care, must be knowledgeable about all aspects of MASD. Fortunately, a plethora of evidence-based literature exists to support health professionals in their practice, although validated assessment and recording tools for incontinence-associated dermatitis are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barry Hill
- Director of Employability, Nursing, Midwifery and Health; Programme Leader, Adult Nursing, Northumbria University
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Del Cotillo-Fuente M, Valls-Matarín J, Sandalinas-Mulero I. Efficacy of a comprehensive strategy to reduce moisture-associated skin damage in an intensive care unit: A quasi-experimental study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2020; 63:102964. [PMID: 33308944 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assess the impact of a bundle of interventions to reduce the incidence of moisture-associated skin damage in an intensive care unit. METHODS Quasi-experimental study with pre-post comparison carried out in a general intensive care unit. The intervention consisted of an online training on skin lesions and implementation of a skin care program. In the pre-post intervention period, the skin of the pelvic area was assessed daily until the appearance of a moisture-related lesion or intensive care unit discharge. Demographic and clinical variables, type of moisture lesion and severity were collected. To assess the impact of the intervention the odds ratio (OR) adjusted for the confounding variables was used. RESULTS Trained nurses accounted for 87.7%. In each phase 145 patients were studied. The incidence of moisture-associated skin damage in the pre-phase was of 29% and 14.5% in the post phase. The OR adjusted for the confounding variables (ICU length of stay, obesity, faecal incontinence and non-communicative patients) was 0.44 (95%CI:0.23-0.82). The reduction of incontinence-associated dermatitis presented an OR of 0.81 (95%CI:0.30-2.16) and intertriginous dermatitis of 0.39 (95%CI:0.17-0.85). CONCLUSIONS Online training for nurses and the introduction of structured skin care reduced by half the moisture-associated skin damage, especially intertriginous dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Del Cotillo-Fuente
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Plaça Dr Robert 5, 08221 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Josefa Valls-Matarín
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Plaça Dr Robert 5, 08221 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Inma Sandalinas-Mulero
- Critical Care Area, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Plaça Dr Robert 5, 08221 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
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14
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Le Ber F. Using a novel breathable silicone adhesive (Sil2™ technology) in stoma appliances to improve peristomal skin health: answering the key questions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:S16-S21. [DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2020.29.16.s16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fiona Le Ber answers some of the questions that stoma care nurses may have regarding this novel silicone adhesive based technology, which helps to avoid medical adhesive related skin injury (MARSI) and moisture-associated skin damage (MASD). Whereas hydrocolloid stoma appliances absorb moisture, this has a non-absorptive method of moisture management that prevents peristomal skin becoming damp and excoriated
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Le Ber
- Clinical Nurse Specialist in Community Continence and Stoma Care, Queen's Nurse and Committee Member of the Royal College of Nursing Bladder and Bowel Forum, Jersey
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15
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The Effect of Absorbent Pad Design on Skin Wetness, Skin/Pad Microclimate, and Skin Barrier Function. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2020; 47:497-506. [DOI: 10.1097/won.0000000000000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Intertrigo, also known as intertriginous dermatitis, is one of the four separate conditions that fall under the umbrella term of moisture-associated skin damage (MASD). It can affect individuals of all ages. Intertrigo is a common inflammatory skin disorder caused by skin-on-skin friction within skin folds, as a result of moisture becoming trapped because of poor air circulation. It can occur in any area of the body where two skin surfaces are in close contact with each other, such as the axillary, inframammary, umbilical and inguinal areas, and is strongly associated with obesity. Consensus clinical expert opinion suggests that investment in the development and adoption of clear skin care and skin fold management protocols can lead to improvements in the patient experience and better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Voegeli
- Visiting Professor of Nursing, Department of Health and Care Professions, Faculty of Health & Wellbeing, University of Winchester
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