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The Influence of Filler Loading and Alkaline Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Cake Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153063. [PMID: 35956578 PMCID: PMC9370578 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The manufacturing of materials, in conjunction with green technology, emphasises the need to employ renewable resources to ensure long-term sustainability. Re-exploring renewable elements that can be employed as reinforcing materials in polymer composites has been a major endeavour. The research goal is to determine how well palm kernel cake filler (PKCF) performs in reinforced epoxy composites. In this study, PKCF with 100 mesh was mixed with epoxy resin (ER) in various ratios ranging from 10% to 40% by weight. Hand lay-up with an open mould is proposed as a method for fabricating the specimen test. Surface modification of PKCF with varying concentrations of NaOH (5 wt.% and 10 wt.%) will be contrasted with the untreated samples. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the effect of alkaline treatment will be examined. The tensile and maximum flexural strength of the untreated PKCF/ER composite were determined in this work, with a 30 wt.% of PKCF having the highest tensile strength of 31.20 MPa and the highest flexural strength of 39.70 MPa. The tensile and flexural strength were reduced to 22.90 MPa and 30.50 MPa, respectively, when the filler loading was raised to 40 wt.%. A 5 wt.% alkali treatment for 1 h improved the composites’ mechanical characteristics. Lastly, an alkali treatment can aid in the resolution of the problem of inadequate matrix and filler interaction. Alkaline treatment is a popular and effective method for reducing the hydroxyl group in fillers and, thus, improving interfacial bonding. Overall, palm kernel cake is a promising material used as a filler in polymer composites.
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Ye F, Zhang Z, Ao Y, Li B, Chen L, Shen L, Feng X, Yang Y, Yuan H, Mi Y. Demulsification of water-in-crude oil emulsion driven by a carbonaceous demulsifier from natural rice husks. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132656. [PMID: 34710449 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Removing emulsified water from a water-in-crude oil (W/O) emulsion is critically required prior to downstream processing in the petroleum industry. In this work, environmentally friendly and amphipathic rice husk carbon (RHC) demulsifier was prepared by a simple carbonization process in a muffle furnace using rice husks as starting materials. RHC was characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, ultraviolet-visible spectrometer, powder X-ray diffraction, zeta potential and synchronal thermal analyzer. The factors such as dosage, temperature, settling time, pH value and salinity were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the dehydration efficiency (DE) reached as high as 96.99% with 600 mg/L of RHC for 80 min at 70 °C. RHC exhibited an optimal DE under neutral condition, but it was also effective under acidic and alkaline conditions. Also, it had an excellent salt tolerance. The possible demulsification mechanism was explored by interfacial properties, different treatment methods for RHC and microexamination. The demulsification of RHC is attributed to its high interfacial activity, oxygen-containing groups and content of silica. It indicates that RHC is an effective demulsifier for the treatment of the W/O emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ye
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China
| | - Yiling Ao
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- Xinjiang Tarim Oilfield Construction Engineering Co., Ltd., PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company, Korla, 841000, PR China
| | - Lihan Chen
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China
| | - Liwei Shen
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China
| | - Xuening Feng
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China
| | - Huaikui Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China
| | - Yuanzhu Mi
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China.
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Boonsuk P, Sukolrat A, Bourkaew S, Kaewtatip K, Chantarak S, Kelarakis A, Chaibundit C. Structure-properties relationships in alkaline treated rice husk reinforced thermoplastic cassava starch biocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:130-140. [PMID: 33249147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study focuses on structure-properties relationships in thermoplastic cassava starch (TPS) based biocomposites comprising 5-20 wt% of untreated and treated rice husk (RH). Alkaline treatment with 11% w/v NaOH removed the hemicellulose layer of RH as confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and resulted in a larger population of -OH groups exposing on the fibril surface. Consequently, the filler-matrix interactions between treated RH and TPS were enhanced, although Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis indicated that the surface area of treated RH was not increased. Interestingly, the biocomposites contained 20 wt% treated RH showed substantially improved tensile strength by a factor of 220% compared to the neat TPS. The biocomposite at 15 wt% treated RH showed high water absorption. TPS with all treated RH contents showed high biodegradation rate, while the thermal stability of the TPS/treated RH biocomposites was slightly decreased. These novel composites showed promising properties for applications as absorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phetdaphat Boonsuk
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Apinya Sukolrat
- Office of Scientific Instrument and Testing, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sain Bourkaew
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kaewta Kaewtatip
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sirinya Chantarak
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Antonios Kelarakis
- UCLan Research Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Chiraphon Chaibundit
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
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The Physical and Optical Studies of Crystalline Silica Derived from the Green Synthesis of Coconut Husk Ash. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10062128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The green synthesis of silica has been extensively explored over the last few decades, as silica compounds found in commercial products can cause negative effects on human health. This calls for alternative ways to produce silica that are safer, cheaper and more environmentally friendly. Some of the agricultural wastes proven to contain silica include rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, coconut shells and coconut husk. This paper describes the synthesis of silica from coconut husk waste, and its physical and optical properties for potential utilization in optical applications. Coconut husk was subjected to fire at 500–700 °C so as to form coconut husk ash (CHA), and was then treated with sulfuric acid to extract silica from the ash. Most of the weight degradation subsequently occurred at temperatures from 221 to 360 °C. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis proved that 91.76% of the silica was obtained, while major peaks on the X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum were observed after the acid treatment. Chemical bonds such as Si-O-Si, CH2, -OH and Si-OH were found in the spectrum of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, the particles displayed rod-like shapes and irregular sizes, but the particle with sizes ranging from 200–750 nm decreased after the acid treatment. The relationship between the absorption coefficient and photon energy was obtained by finding the optical energy gap, which was found to be 4.3 eV. These data points provide critical information when used in optical applications. The overall studies show that synthesized silica has great potential for use in optical field applications.
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Ezenkwa OE, Hassan A, Samsudin SA. Influence of different surface treatment techniques on properties of rice husk incorporated polymer composites. REV CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2019-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rice husk natural fiber remains a highly abundant, eco-friendly and low-cost reinforcement filler for plastic composites fabrication. Hampered by its low aspect ratio and incompatibility with non-polar polymers, its utilization in reinforcing polymer composites often results in decreased composite properties such as decreased tensile strength, impact strength, percentage elongation, and flexural strength. However, stiffness increases. Various surface treatment techniques such as mercerization, compatibilization, acetylation, electron beam irradiation and plasma surface modification have been employed to improve its compatibility with non-polar matrix polymers. This article critically reviews the influence of these surface modification techniques on the resulting composite properties. Based on the analysis of reinforcing efficiencies of these techniques, their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, the authors, therefore, project plasma treatment as the most efficient and eco-friendly technique with prospects for high technological application of rice husk plastic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obinna Emmanuel Ezenkwa
- Enhanced Polymer Engineering Group (EnPro), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai , Johor 81310 , Malaysia
- Building Materials Research and Development Centre , Ebonyi State University , Abakaliki , Nigeria
| | - Azman Hassan
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai 81310, Johor , Malaysia
- Center of Advanced Composite Materials , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai 81310 , Malaysia
| | - Sani Amril Samsudin
- Enhanced Polymer Engineering Group (EnPro), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai , Johor 81310 , Malaysia
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Rajendran Royan NR, Sulong AB, Yuhana NY, Chen RS, Ab Ghani MH, Ahmad S. UV/O3 treatment as a surface modification of rice husk towards preparation of novel biocomposites. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197345. [PMID: 29847568 PMCID: PMC5976143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of rice husks (RH) to reinforce polymers in biocomposites are increasing tremendously. However, the incompatibility between the hydrophilic RH fibers and the hydrophobic thermoplastic matrices leads to unsatisfactory biocomposites. Surface modification of the fiber surface was carried out to improve the adhesion between fiber and matrix. In this study, the effect of surface modification of RH via alkali, acid and ultraviolet-ozonolysis (UV/O3) treatments on the properties of composites recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) composites was investigated. The untreated and treated RH were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The composites containing 30 wt% of RH (treated and untreated) were then prepared via extrusion and followed by compression molding. As compared to untreated RH, all surface treated RH exhibited rougher surface and showed improved adhesion with rHDPE matrix. Tensile strength of UV/O3-treated RH composites showed an optimum result at 18.37 MPa which improved about 5% in comparison to the composites filled with untreated RH. UV/O3 treatment promotes shorter processing time and lesser raw material waste during treatment process where this is beneficial for commercialization in the future developments of wood plastic composites (WPCs). Therefore, UV/O3 treatment can be served as an alternative new method to modify RH surface in order to improve the adhesion between hydrophilic RH fibre and hydrophobic rHDPE polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Yuliana Yuhana
- Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ruey Shan Chen
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohd Hafizuddin Ab Ghani
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sahrim Ahmad
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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