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Elbaiomy RG, Luo X, Guo R, Deng S, Du M, El-Sappah AH, Bakeer M, Azzam MM, Elolimy AA, Madkour M, Li Z, Zhang Z. Antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori: a genetic and physiological perspective. Gut Pathog 2025; 17:35. [PMID: 40410811 PMCID: PMC12102891 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-025-00704-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/25/2025] Open
Abstract
The identification of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection as the primary etiology of gastroduodenal diseases represents a significant advancement in the field of gastroenterology. The management of these diseases has undergone a substantial transformation, and antibiotic treatment is now universally applicable. H. pylori has been the subject of numerous investigations to determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance. However, many of these studies are limited, particularly regarding the number and representativeness of the strains assessed. Genetic and physiological modifications, such as gene mutations, efflux pump alterations, biofilm formation, and coccoid formation, contribute to the observed resistance. Our review focuses on the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, particularly emphasizing the various modifications of H. pylori that confer this resistance. In conclusion, we elucidate the challenges, potential solutions, and prospects in this field, providing researchers with the knowledge necessary to overcome the resistance exhibited by H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania G Elbaiomy
- Department of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Xiaoling Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, FuShun People's Hospital, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Rong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, FuShun People's Hospital, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Shiyuan Deng
- Department of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Meifang Du
- Department of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Ahmed H El-Sappah
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, China
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Bakeer
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Division of Internal Medicine-Clinical Hematology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11765, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Azzam
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Elolimy
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mahmoud Madkour
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Zaixin Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China.
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China.
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Grzywa R, Łupicka-Słowik A, Sieńczyk M. IgYs: on her majesty's secret service. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199427. [PMID: 37377972 PMCID: PMC10291628 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been an increasing interest in using Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies as an alternative to "classical" antimicrobials. Unlike traditional antibiotics, they can be utilized on a continual basis without leading to the development of resistance. The veterinary IgY antibody market is growing because of the demand for minimal antibiotic use in animal production. IgY antibodies are not as strong as antibiotics for treating infections, but they work well as preventative agents and are natural, nontoxic, and easy to produce. They can be administered orally and are well tolerated, even by young animals. Unlike antibiotics, oral IgY supplements support the microbiome that plays a vital role in maintaining overall health, including immune system function. IgY formulations can be delivered as egg yolk powder and do not require extensive purification. Lipids in IgY supplements improve antibody stability in the digestive tract. Given this, using IgY antibodies as an alternative to antimicrobials has garnered interest. In this review, we will examine their antibacterial potential.
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3
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El-Kafrawy SA, Abbas AT, Oelkrug C, Tahoon M, Ezzat S, Zumla A, Azhar EI. IgY antibodies: The promising potential to overcome antibiotic resistance. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1065353. [PMID: 36742328 PMCID: PMC9896010 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1065353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistant bacteria are a growing threat to global health security. Whilst the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a natural phenomenon, it is also driven by antibiotic exposure in health care, agriculture, and the environment. Antibiotic pressure and inappropriate use of antibiotics are important factors which drive resistance. Apart from their use to treat bacterial infections in humans, antibiotics also play an important role in animal husbandry. With limited antibiotic options, alternate strategies are required to overcome AMR. Passive immunization through oral, nasal and topical administration of egg yolk-derived IgY antibodies from immunized chickens were recently shown to be effective for treating bacterial infections in animals and humans. Immunization of chickens with specific antigens offers the possibility of creating specific antibodies targeting a wide range of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this review, we describe the growing global problem of antimicrobial resistance and highlight the promising potential of the use of egg yolk IgY antibodies for the treatment of bacterial infections, particularly those listed in the World Health Organization priority list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Aymn T Abbas
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Gastroenterology, Surgery Centre, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Marwa Tahoon
- Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Sameera Ezzat
- Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.,MARC for Medical Services and Scientific Research, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Zhang L, Xiao Y, Ji L, Lin M, Zou Y, Zhao J, Zhao S. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Egg Yolk Antibody (IgY) in Helicobacter pylori Infections─A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13691-13699. [PMID: 34783242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the infection with Helicobacter pylori affects about half of the world's population, and the most common therapy to treat H. pylori is the first line clarithromycin-based triple therapy or the quadruple therapy. However, drug resistance, eradication in a low level, high rate of reinfection, and gastrointestinal side effects among the causative organisms for H. pylori infection pose a critical challenge to the global health care community. Therefore, new approaches to treat H. pylori infections are urgently needed. Chicken egg yolk constituting a source of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) has attracted noticeable attention for its advantages of cost-effective extraction, minimization of animal harm and suffering, and induction of no specific resistance and is, therefore, being regarded as an alternative therapy for H. pylori infection. This review is intended to summarize various H. pylori antigens for IgY preparation in terms of their application, mechanism, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yire Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yikui Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Suqing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
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5
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Baltierra-Uribe SL, Montañez-Barragán A, Romero-Ramírez H, Klimov-Kravtchenko K, Martínez-Pedro KI, Sánchez-Salguero E, Camorlinga-Ponce M, Torres J, Santos-Argumedo L. Colostrum IgA1 antibodies recognize antigens from Helicobacter pylori and prevent cytoskeletal changes in human epithelial cells. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2641-2650. [PMID: 34398472 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium found on the luminal surface of the gastric mucosa in at least 50% of the world's human population. The protective effect of breastfeeding against H. pylori infection has been extensively reported; however, the mechanisms behind this protection remain poorly understood. Human IgA from colostrum has reactivity against H. pylori antigens. Despite that IgA1 and IgA2 display structural and functional differences, their reactivity against H. pylori had not been previously determined. We attested titers and reactivity of human colostrum-IgA subclasses by ELISA, immunoblot, and flow cytometry. Colostrum samples from healthy mothers had higher titers of IgA; and IgA1 mostly recognized H. pylori antigens. Moreover, we found a correlation between IgA1 reactivity and their neutralizing effect determined by inhibition of cytoskeletal changes in AGS cells infected with H. pylori. In conclusion, colostrum-IgA reduces H. pylori infection of epithelial gastric cells, suggesting an important role in preventing the bacteria establishment during the first months of life. As a whole, these results suggest that IgA1 from human colostrum provides protection that may help in the development of the mucosal immune system of newborn children. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantal Lizbeth Baltierra-Uribe
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Montañez-Barragán
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Héctor Romero-Ramírez
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ksenia Klimov-Kravtchenko
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,University Center of Biological and Agricultural Sciences (CUCBA), University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Karla Ivette Martínez-Pedro
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,"La Cañada" University (UNCA), Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Erick Sánchez-Salguero
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Margarita Camorlinga-Ponce
- Infectious and Parasitic Disease Medical Research Unit (UIMEIP) at Pediatric Hospital in National Medical Center (CMN- SIGLO XXI) Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Torres
- Infectious and Parasitic Disease Medical Research Unit (UIMEIP) at Pediatric Hospital in National Medical Center (CMN- SIGLO XXI) Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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6
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Ranjbar M, Behrouz B, Norouzi F, Mousavi Gargari SL. Anti-PcrV IgY antibodies protect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in both acute pneumonia and burn wound models. Mol Immunol 2019; 116:98-105. [PMID: 31634816 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common nosocomial pathogen in burn patients, and rapidly acquires antibiotic resistance; thus, developing an effective therapeutic approach is the most promising strategy for combating infection. Type III secretion system (T3SS) translocates bacterial toxins into the cytosol of the targeted eukaryotic cells, which plays important roles in the virulence of P. aeruginosa infections in both acute pneumonia and burn wound models. The PcrV protein, a T3SS translocating protein, is required for T3SS function and is a well-validated target in animal models of immunoprophylactic strategies targeting P. aeruginosa. In the present study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) raised against recombinant PcrV (r-PcrV) in both acute pneumonia and burn wound models. R-PcrV protein was generated by expressing the pcrV gene (cloned in pET-28a vector) in E. coli BL-21. Anti-PcrV IgY was obtained by immunization of hen. Anti-PcrV IgY induced greater protection in P. aeruginosamurine acute pneumonia and burn wound models than control IgY (C-IgY) and PBS groups. Anti-PcrV IgY improved opsonophagocytic killing and inhibition of bacterial invasion of host cells. Taken together, our data provide evidence that anti-PcrV IgY can be a promising therapeutic candidate for combating P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Ranjbar
- Department of Microbiology, Shahed University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahador Behrouz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Norouzi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Aiba Y, Umeda K, Rahman S, Nguyen SV, Komatsu Y. Synergistic effect of anti-Helicobacter pylori urease immunoglobulin Y from egg yolk of immunized hens and Lactobacillus johnsonii No.1088 to inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori in vitro and in vivo. Vaccine 2019; 37:3106-3112. [PMID: 31031029 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a pathogenic bacterium that infects the stomach, causing chronic gastritis; and it is also considered to be related to the occurrence of gastric cancers. Although some eradication regimens including multiple antibiotics have been developed, the emergence of resistance to antibiotics becomes problematic. Therefore, other approaches to compensate or augment the effects of standard regimens are needed. In this study, we examined the possible synergistic effects of anti-H. pylori urease IgY and Lactobacillus johnsonii No.1088 (LJ88) both in vitro and in vivo. Anti-H. pylori urease IgY was purified from egg yolks laid by the hens immunized with urease purified from H. pylori. LJ88 is a unique strain of lactic acid bacterium isolated from human gastric juice, and it has been reported to inhibit H. pylori both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro mixed culture study showed that anti-H. pylori urease IgY augmented the anti-H. pylori activity of LJ88 against both clarithromycin-sensitive and -resistant H. pylori strains. In a germ-free mice infection model, combined administration of daily anti-H. pylori urease IgY and weekly living LJ88 significantly reduced H. pylori infections, whereas either monotherapy did not. In an in vivo human gut microbiota-associated mice model, not only daily administration of living LJ88 but also heat-killed one significantly reduced an H. pylori infection in the stomach when combined with anti-H. pylori urease IgY. The extent of reduction of the stomach H. pylori by such a combination therapy was larger than that reported for LJ88 monotherapy. These results taken together revealed a synergistic effect of anti-H. pylori urease IgY and living or heat-killed LJ88, thus suggesting that such a combination might be a promising therapy to possibly compensate and/or augment standard anti-H. pylori regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Aiba
- Development Research Department, Snowden. Co., Ltd., 3-7-16 Iwamoto-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0032, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara-shi, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Koji Umeda
- EW Nutrition Japan K.K., 839-7, Sano, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1101, Japan
| | - Shofiqur Rahman
- EW Nutrition Japan K.K., 839-7, Sano, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1101, Japan
| | - Sa V Nguyen
- EW Nutrition Japan K.K., 839-7, Sano, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1101, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Komatsu
- Development Research Department, Snowden. Co., Ltd., 3-7-16 Iwamoto-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0032, Japan.
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8
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Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of IgY in Food and Food Supplements. CHEMOSENSORS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors5010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Slivac I, Guay D, Mangion M, Champeil J, Gaillet B. Non-viral nucleic acid delivery methods. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 17:105-118. [PMID: 27740858 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1248941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delivery of nucleic acid-based molecules in human cells is a highly studied approach for the treatment of several disorders including monogenic diseases and cancers. Non-viral vectors for DNA and RNA transfer, although in general less efficient than virus-based systems, are particularly well adapted mostly due to the absence of biosafety concerns. Non-viral methods could be classified in two main groups: physical and vector-assisted delivery systems. Both groups comprise several different methods, none of them universally applicable. The choice of the optimal method depends on the predefined objectives and the features of targeted micro-environment. Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss non-viral techniques and present recent therapeutic achievements in ex vivo and in vivo nucleic acid delivery by most commonly used techniques while emphasizing the role of 'biological particles', namely peptide transduction domains, virus like particles, gesicles and exosomes. Expert opinion: The number of available non-viral transfection techniques used for human therapy increased rapidly, followed by still moderate success in efficacy. The prospects are to be found in design of multifunctional hybrid systems that reflect the viral efficiency. In this respect, biological particles are very promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Slivac
- a Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - David Guay
- b Feldan Therapeutics, Rideau , Quebec , Canada
| | - Mathias Mangion
- c Chemical engineering Department , Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Juliette Champeil
- c Chemical engineering Department , Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Bruno Gaillet
- c Chemical engineering Department , Université Laval , Québec , Canada
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Nasiri K, Zibaee S, Nassiri M, Tahmoorespur M, Haghparast A. Production of specific IgY antibody to the recombinant FanC protein produced in Escherichia coli. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 19:883-889. [PMID: 27746871 PMCID: PMC5048125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are one of the primary causes of diarrhea in newborn calves and in humans, pigs, and sheep. IgY technology has been identified as a promising alternative to generating a mass amount of specific antibody for use in immunotherapy and immunodiagnostics. The purpose of this study was to produce specific antibody by egg yolk antibody (IgY) to recombinant FanC protein from ETEC. MATERIALS AND METHODS FanC (K99) gene was amplified from ETEC by specific primers and polymerase chain reaction. The gene was cloned and subcloned into pTZ57R/T and pET32a (+) vectors, respectively. Recombinant vector was transferred into E. coli BL21 CodonPlus (DE3). Protein expression was investigated by 1 mM IPTG induction. Hens were immunized by the purified recombinant FanC protein. The activity and specificity of the IgY antibody were detected by dot-blotting, Western blotting, and indirect ELISA. RESULTS We obtained FanC specific IgYs by immunizing the hens with the recombinant FanC protein. The anti-FanC IgY showed binding specifically to the FanC protein of ETEC. CONCLUSION The results emphasize that specific IgY against the recombinant FanC protein could be recommended as a candidate for passive immunization against ETEC infection in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Nasiri
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Zibaee
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Saeed Zibaee. Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Department of Animal Science and Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Tahmoorespur
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Haghparast
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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