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Saedi N, Ghaemi M, Moghadam M, Haddadi M, Hashemi Z, Hantoushzadeh S. Emergency postpartum hysterectomy as a consequence of cervical varix during pregnancy; a case report and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep 2023; 108:108425. [PMID: 37379718 PMCID: PMC10382762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.108425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE Vaginal bleeding might accrue during pregnancy and it has different causes due to the pregnancy trimester and the diagnosis and management would be crucial to prevent maternal-fetal life-threatening situations. In uncommon cases, varicose veins can emerge in the neck of the uterus, leading to a severe maternal hemorrhage. CASE PRESENTATION We presented a pregnant woman with vaginal bleeding and spotting during pregnancy with the diagnosis of cervical varix at 22 weeks of gestation. Close monitoring and proper patient education led to a term delivery at 37 weeks of gestation. Otherwise, an emergency postpartum hysterectomy after a cesarean section was performed due to uncontrolled bleeding from cervical varix. CLINICAL DISCUSSION Although rare, cervical varix should be included in the differential diagnosis in a pregnant patient who appears with extensive vaginal bleeding to reduce maternal and/or neonatal morbidity or fatality. The approved diagnosis for that is not clear. CONCLUSION This case report showed that Doppler and transvaginal sonography could be suitable diagnostic tools. The best management for cervical varix needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafisseh Saedi
- Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Ghaemi
- Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Moghadam
- Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Haddadi
- Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Hashemi
- Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Hantoushzadeh
- Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Wong CK, Hung CMW, Ng VKS, Yung WK, Leung WC, Lau WL. Four cases of cervical varices without placenta praevia: Presentation, diagnosis, managements, and literature review. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2022; 48:1997-2004. [PMID: 35365933 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cervical varices are a rare condition characterized by recurrent antepartum hemorrhage and less than 20 cases were reported in the literature. It is usually associated with placenta previa. We herein describe four cases of cervical varices without placenta previa. Meticulous speculum examination, ultrasonography with Doppler and colposcopy are essential for establishing the diagnosis and assessing the extent of the cervical varix. We propose to classify it as the apparent external os type or ultrasonography-based endocervical type. Most cases presented in the literature were delivered by cesarean section. Nevertheless, one of our cases was a successful vaginal delivery. Our case illustrates that vaginal delivery is possible in isolated cervical varices. More case reports are needed to have a better understanding of this rare entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Kit Wong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Vivian Kwun Sin Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Kuen Yung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wing Cheong Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Lam Lau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Fujibe Y, Mariya T, Mizuuchi M, Ishioka S, Saito T. Effectiveness of Cross Double McDonald Cerclage for Intractable Bleeding from a Cervical Varix in Pregnant Women. Gynecol Minim Invasive Ther 2021; 10:177-180. [PMID: 34485065 PMCID: PMC8384016 DOI: 10.4103/gmit.gmit_74_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical varix during pregnancy is a rare condition, and standard management for bleeding from a varix has not been established. We performed cross double cervical cerclage and effectively stopped bleeding. A 41-year-old female had a twin pregnancy. The development of a cervical varix was observed during pregnancy and bleeding from ruptured varix started at 20 weeks of gestation. We performed surgical hemostasis by cervical cerclage. In the first cerclage, we could not stop the bleeding from the varix. For further restriction of blood supply to the cervical varix, we performed a second cerclage in a crossed position on a deeper side of the vagina than the first cerclage. Then the bleeding completely stopped and there was no bleeding until delivery. The "cross double McDonald cerclage" performed in our patient may be a useful modified cerclage method for stopping intractable bleeding from the cervix during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Fujibe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tasuku Mariya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahito Mizuuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ishioka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Pessary for Management of Cervical Varices Complicating Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2021; 138:482-486. [PMID: 34352832 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000004511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical varices complicating pregnancy are rare but can cause significant maternal and perinatal morbidity. There is limited evidence regarding the optimal management of bleeding caused by cervical varices during pregnancy. CASE A 38-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital at 16 weeks of gestation due to vaginal hemorrhage in the setting of cervical varices accompanied by placenta previa. A cervical pessary was placed at 21 weeks of gestation without further bleeding. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated variceal reduction after pessary placement, and a cesarean delivery was performed at 36 weeks of gestation without complications. CONCLUSION Cervical pessary should be considered as conservative option to control the bleeding associated with cervical varices during pregnancy.
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Poliektov NE, Kahn BF. Bleeding cervical varices in pregnancy: A case report and review of the literature. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2021; 15:195-202. [PMID: 33935113 DOI: 10.3233/npm-200667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous varicosities are a relatively common finding during pregnancy. Rarely, varices can arise in the cervix and cause life-threatening maternal hemorrhage. This article offers an example of a patient who was diagnosed with bleeding cervical varices during pregnancy and summarizes the diagnosis and treatment strategies for the 20 other reported cases in the literature. METHODS A PubMed literature search using the following terms was performed to gather data for the literature review: "bleeding" or "hemorrhage" and "cervical varices" or "cervical varix" or "cervical varicosities" and "pregnancy" or "obstetric" or "maternal." Individual references cited in each article were also evaluated for inclusion in this review. RESULTS A 50-year-old gravida 7 para 1 presented at 12 4/7 weeks with vaginal bleeding. Endo-vaginal ultrasound showed enhanced color Doppler signal in the endocervical canal. During a speculum exam, she was found to have active bleeding from ruptured cervical varicosities and required blood and fresh frozen plasma transfusion. Hemostasis was achieved with interrupted suture ligation. A McDonald cerclage was subsequently placed. She continued pregnant until delivery via cesarean section at 37 2/7 weeks. To date, there have only been 20 other reported cases of bleeding cervical varices during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS This case report and review of the literature highlight the importance of including bleeding cervical varices in the differential diagnosis of maternal hemorrhage and offer a treatment strategy if cervical varicosities are discovered during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Poliektov
- Obstetrix Medical Group of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - B F Kahn
- Obstetrix Medical Group of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
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Peng MY, Ker CR, Lee YS, Ho MC, Chan TF. Cervical varices unrelated to placenta previa as an unusual cause of antepartum hemorrhage: A case report and literature review. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 57:755-759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Wax JR, Cartin A, Litton C, Conroy K, Pinette MG. Cervical varices: An unusual source of first-trimester hemorrhage. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2018; 46:218-221. [PMID: 28556269 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocervical varices are a rare cause of obstetrical hemorrhage. Usually presenting in the second and third trimesters, bleeding varices often require pregnancy termination or indicated preterm birth via cesarean delivery. Our patient experienced variceal hemorrhage at 12 weeks' gestation in a dichorionic twin pregnancy conceived through in vitro fertilization. A low-lying placenta resolved at 19 weeks followed by variceal regression at 22 weeks' gestation. Endocervical varices causing first-trimester hemorrhage may regress with resolution of a coexisting low placental implantation, permitting planned vaginal delivery, despite progressive hemodynamic changes of pregnancy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 46:218-221, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Wax
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Maine Medical Partners Women's Health, 887 Congress Street, Suite 200, Portland, ME, 04102
| | - Angelina Cartin
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Maine Medical Partners Women's Health, 887 Congress Street, Suite 200, Portland, ME, 04102
| | - Christian Litton
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Maine Medical Partners Women's Health, 887 Congress Street, Suite 200, Portland, ME, 04102
| | - Kelley Conroy
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Maine Medical Partners Women's Health, 887 Congress Street, Suite 200, Portland, ME, 04102
| | - Michael G Pinette
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maine Medical Center, Maine Medical Partners Women's Health, 887 Congress Street, Suite 200, Portland, ME, 04102
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Tanaka M, Matsuzaki S, Kumasawa K, Suzuki Y, Endo M, Kimura T. Cervical varix complicated by placenta previa: A case report and literature review. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016; 42:883-889. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mie Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Keiichi Kumasawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Yosuke Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Masayuki Endo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Tadashi Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
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Kesrouani A, Tadros T, Attieh E, Daher A. Successful vaginal packing in placenta previa. CASE REPORTS IN PERINATAL MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/crpm-2014-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Severe bleeding from placenta previa usually leads to immediate delivery. We report a case of a 23 weeks twin pregnancy who presented profuse bleeding while she was in the operating room for cervical cerclage. Cervical compression with a pack was applied in an attempt to gain time whilst preparing for cesarean section. The attempt was successful in halting bleeding and helped to extend the pregnancy until 33 weeks. We did not find a similar case in the literature and our conclusion was that in carefully selected cases, vaginal packing could be an immediate option to stop bleeding in placenta previa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teddy Tadros
- St Joseph University, Department of Ob-Gyn, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elie Attieh
- Hotel-Dieu de France University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alain Daher
- St Joseph University, Department of Ob-Gyn, Beirut, Lebanon
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Lim PS, Ng SP, Shafiee MN, Kampan N, Jamil MA. Spontaneous rupture of uterine varicose veins: A rare cause for obstetric shock. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 40:1791-4. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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O'Brien B, Smoleneic J. Cervical varicosities and placenta praevia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2013; 53:451-4. [PMID: 23919618 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervical varicosities (CVs) have been reported infrequently in pregnancy and have been associated with significant antepartum and postpartum haemorrhage. The most common association with CVs in pregnancy in the literature is placenta praevia. AIMS To further investigate the association between placenta praevia and CVs. METHODS A retrospective audit of all cases of placenta praevia that had an ultrasound in the Feto-Maternal Unit at Liverpool Hospital over the period January 2001 to January 2012. Patient outcomes were obtained from the hospital paper and electronic medical records, including mode of delivery and blood loss. RESULTS Eighty-four cases of placenta praevia were identified, and 78 had saved images that were reviewed. 51 of these 78 cases had transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) images, which identified nine further cases of cervical varicosities. All cases of CVs were complicated by APH and delivered by caesarean section. There was no significant difference in the blood loss at delivery between the placenta praevia with CVs and those without (925 vs 870 mLs P = 0.3877). CONCLUSIONS Cervical varicosities are not as rare as the literature would suggest. The clinical relevance of the additional finding of CV on TVUS in cases of placenta praevia is questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke O'Brien
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Registrar, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Kurihara Y, Tachibana D, Teramae M, Matsumoto M, Terada H, Sumi T, Koyama M, Ishiko O. Pregnancy complicated by cervical varix and low-lying placenta: a case report. JAPANESE CLINICAL MEDICINE 2013; 4:21-4. [PMID: 23966813 PMCID: PMC3742354 DOI: 10.4137/jcm.s11276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of cervical varix and low-lying placenta. A cesarean section was performed because of the risk of bleeding with vaginal delivery; hemostasis was achieved using z sutures at the bleeding points. After delivery, the cervical varix decreased dramatically in size. It is important to recognize the clinical features and available treatments for cervical varix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kurihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahimachi, Osaka, Japan
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Brown JV, Mills MD, Wong H, Goldstein BH. Large volume cervical varix bleeding in a gravid patient. GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY CASE REPORTS 2012; 4:20-2. [PMID: 24371665 DOI: 10.1016/j.gynor.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
► Cervical varix during pregnancy is very rare and can coincide with massive bleeding. ► A gravid patient with a history of granulosa cell tumor presented with cervical varix. ► Cervical varix can potentially jeopardize the health of both the patient and fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Brown
- Gynecologic Oncology Associates, Newport Beach, CA, USA
| | - Marlin D Mills
- Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian, Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Newport Beach, CA 92658, USA
| | - Humberto Wong
- Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian, Department of Radiology, Newport Beach, CA 92658, USA
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Sammour RN, Gonen R, Ohel G, Leibovitz Z. Cervical varices complicated by thrombosis in pregnancy. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2011; 37:614-616. [PMID: 21308832 DOI: 10.1002/uog.8946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a case of a 36-year-old pregnant woman with varicose veins of the uterine cervix diagnosed during the second trimester. The cervical tissue was completely replaced with dilated venous plexus. Therapeutic decisions were further complicated by the presence of blood clots within the dilated vessels. Pregnancy proceeded uneventfully, no bleeding occurred and the patient underwent a planned Cesarean delivery. This is the first reported case in the medical literature where the rare phenomenon of cervical varices was accompanied by thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Sammour
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Hasegawa J, Matsuoka R, Ichizuka K, Mimura T, Sekizawa A, Farina A, Okai T. Predisposing factors for massive hemorrhage during Cesarean section in patients with placenta previa. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2009; 34:80-84. [PMID: 19565529 DOI: 10.1002/uog.6426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether maternal history and ultrasound findings can be predictors for massive hemorrhage during Cesarean section in patients with placenta previa and adherence of the placenta. METHODS We reviewed 127 singleton pregnancies with placenta previa. Maternal history, antenatal ultrasound findings of the placenta, including location, presence of placental lacunae, lack of a clear zone, presence of sponge-like findings of the cervix and presence of a marginal sinus in cases of placenta previa were reviewed retrospectively, and their association with amount of bleeding during Cesarean section was analyzed. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis revealed that advanced maternal age (odds ratio (OR), 5.4; 95% CI, 1.8-16.4), previous Cesarean section (OR, 20.4; 95% CI, 4.0-105.2) and sponge-like findings in the cervix (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.8-17.0) were associated with massive bleeding (> 2500 mL). Placental adherence occurred in five cases and was more frequent in cases where the placenta was located at the site of the scar of a previous Cesarean section (OR, 123.1; 95% CI, 4.5-3395.2) and where there was lack of a clear zone (OR, 48.0; 95% CI, 3.8-604.7). CONCLUSIONS Advanced maternal age, previous Cesarean section and presence of sponge-like findings in the cervix are risk factors for massive bleeding during Cesarean section in cases of placenta previa, regardless of whether placental adherence is present. Placental location on the scar of a previous Cesarean section and lack of a clear zone are risk factors for placental adherence. When these findings are identified preoperatively, management should be tailored accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hasegawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Shah AA, Grotegut CA, Likes CE, Miller MJ, Walmer DK. Heterotopic cervical pregnancy treated with transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration resulting in cervical site varices within the myometrium. Fertil Steril 2009; 91:934.e19-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jeanty C, Ismail L, Turner CD. Incidental Findings During Routine Antepartum Obstetrical Sonography. JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHY 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/8756479308325465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The standard for performing an antepartum obstetrical sonogram primarily involves the examination of the fetus; however, both the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) and American College of Radiology (ACR) guidelines suggest the evaluation of maternal structures as well. The authors present 35 incidental findings that were discovered on routine antepartum obstetrical sonography. These include abdominal wall, gastrointestinal, reproductive, urinary, and vascular anomalies in the maternal structures. A review of the literature demonstrates that many of these findings have clinical significance, which highlights the wisdom of the AIUM and ACR guidelines, and it also stresses the importance of seeking and reporting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cerine Jeanty
- Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Lana Ismail
- Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Maternal-fetal medicine. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2007; 19:196-201. [PMID: 17353689 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e32812142e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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