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Jianu C, Mioc M, Mioc A, Șoica C, Lukinich-Gruia AT, Bujancă G, Rădulescu M. Insights into the Paulownia Shan tong (Fortunei × Tomentosa) Essential Oil and In Silico Analysis of Potential Biological Targets of Its Compounds. Foods 2024; 13:1007. [PMID: 38611313 PMCID: PMC11012163 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The volatile composition of Paulownia Shan tong (Fortunei × Tomentosa) essential oil isolated by steam distillation (yielding 0.013% v/w) from flowers (forestry wastes) was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thirty-one components were identified, with 3-acetoxy-7, 8-epoxylanostan-11-ol (38.16%), β-monoolein (14.4%), lycopene, 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxy- (10.21%), and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 2-phenyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl ester (9.21%) as main compounds. In addition, molecular docking was employed to identify potential protein targets for the 31 quantified essential oil components. Inhibition of these targets is typically associated with antibacterial or antioxidant properties. Molecular docking revealed that six of these components, namely, 13-heptadecyn-1-ol, ascabiol, geranylgeraniol, anethole, and quinol dimethyl ether, outperformed the native ligand (hypoxanthine) of xanthine oxidase in terms of theoretical binding affinity, therefore implying a significant in silico inhibitory potential against xanthine oxidase. These findings suggest that the essential oil extracted from Paulownia Shan tong flowers could be valuable for developing protein-targeted antioxidant compounds with applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Călin Jianu
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Life Sciences “King Michael I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, RO-300645 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Marius Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (A.M.); (C.Ș.)
| | - Alexandra Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (A.M.); (C.Ș.)
| | - Codruța Șoica
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (A.M.); (C.Ș.)
| | | | - Gabriel Bujancă
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Life Sciences “King Michael I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, RO-300645 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Matilda Rădulescu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania;
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Škovranová G, Molčanová L, Jug B, Jug D, Klančnik A, Smole-Možina S, Treml J, Tušek Žnidarič M, Sychrová A. Perspectives on antimicrobial properties of Paulownia tomentosa Steud. fruit products in the control of Staphylococcus aureus infections. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 321:117461. [PMID: 37979817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Paulownia tomentosa Steud. (P. tomentosa) is a medium-sized tree traditionally used in Chinese folk medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases. It is a rich source of prenylated phenolic compounds that have been extensively studied for their promising biological activities. AIM OF THE STUDY Due to the increasing development of antibiotic resistance, our study investigated plant-derived natural products from the fruits of P. tomentosa that could control Staphylococcus aureus infections with novel targets/modes of action and reduce antimicrobial resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ethanolic extract was fractionated and detected by liquid chromatography. The antistaphylococcal effects of the plant formulations were studied in detail in vitro by various biological methods, including microdilution methods for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the checkerboard titration technique for synergy assay, fluorescence measurements for membrane disruption experiments, autoinducer-2-mediated bioassay for quorum sensing inhibition, and counting of colony-forming units for relative adhesion. Morphology was examined by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Total ethanolic extract and chloroform fraction showed MICs of 128 and 32 μg/mL, respectively. Diplacol, diplacone, and 3'-O-methyl-5'-hydroxydiplacone inhibited S. aureus growth in the range of 8-16 μg/mL. Synergistic potential was shown in combination with mupirocin and fusidic acid. The ethanolic extract and the chloroform fraction destroyed the cell membranes by 91.61% and 79.46%, respectively, while the pure compounds were less active. The ethanolic extract and the pure compounds reduced the number of adhered cells to 47.33-10.26% compared to the untreated control. All tested plant formulations, except diplacone, inhibited quorum sensing of S. aureus. Transmission electron microscopy showed deformation of S. aureus cells. CONCLUSIONS The products from the fruit of P. tomentosa showed antimicrobial properties against S. aureus alone and in combination with antibiotics. By affecting intracellular targets, geranylated flavonoids proposed novel approaches in the control of staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Škovranová
- Department of Molecular Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Molčanová
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Blaž Jug
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dina Jug
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Klančnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sonja Smole-Možina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jakub Treml
- Department of Molecular Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Magda Tušek Žnidarič
- Department of Biotechnology and System Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alice Sychrová
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Antonino C, Difonzo G, Faccia M, Caponio F. Effect of edible coatings and films enriched with plant extracts and essential oils on the preservation of animal-derived foods. J Food Sci 2024; 89:748-772. [PMID: 38161278 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Edible coatings and films for food preservation are becoming more popular thanks to their environmentally friendly properties and active ingredient-carrying ability. Their application can be effective in contrasting quality decay by limiting oxidation and deterioration of foods. Many reviews analyze the different compounds with which films and coatings can be created, their characteristics, and the effect when applied to food. However, the possibility of adding plant extracts and essential oils in edible coatings and films to preserve processed animal-derived products has been not exhaustively explored. The aim of this review is to summarize how edible coatings and films enriched with plant extracts (EXs) and essential oils (EOs) influence the physico-chemical and sensory features as well as the shelf-life of cheese, and processed meat and fish. Different studies showed that various EXs and EOs limited both oxidation and microbial growth after processing and during food preservation. Moreover, encapsulation has been found to be a valid technology to improve the solubility and stability of EOs and EXs, limiting strong flavor, controlling the release of bioactive compounds, and maintaining their stability during storage. Overall, the incorporation of EXs and EOs in edible coating and film to preserve processed foods can offer benefits for improving the shelf-life, limiting food losses, and creating a food sustainable chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Antonino
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Graziana Difonzo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Faccia
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Caponio
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Sławińska N, Rolnik A, Stochmal A, Olas B. Response of human blood platelets to preparations from leaves of Paulownia Clon in Vitro 112. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115220. [PMID: 37499458 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Paulownia Clon in Vitro 112, also called the Oxytree, is a fast-growing hybrid of two trees belonging to the Paulowniaceae family - P. elongata and P. fortunei. It demonstrates a wide range of biological effects (including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and neuroprotective) due to the high concentration of secondary metabolites. Our previous results showed an in vitro antioxidant and antiplatelet activity of the extract and four fractions (A-D) from the leaves of Paulownia Clon in Vitro 112 in human plasma and washed blood platelets. Here, we used a microchip flow chamber-based thrombus formation analysis system (T-TAS) and flow cytometry to assess the anticoagulant and antiplatelet activity of the extract and four fractions with different chemical content (A-D) from Paulownia Clon in Vitro 112 leaves in human whole blood. Two tested fractions: fraction C and D (at the concentrations of 5 and 50 μg/mL) inhibited the exposition of the active form of GPIIb/IIIa (integrin αIIbβ3) on the surface of blood platelets stimulated by ADP and collagen. The antiplatelet activity of fraction C is likely due to its high verbascoside content and the presence of apigenin's derivatives. Fraction D contains triterpenoids, including ursolic, pomoleic, and maslinic acid, which could be responsible for decreased activation of ADP- and collagen-stimulated blood platelets. These results suggest that fractions C and D might be promising sources of phytochemicals with antiplatelet activity, which are important for prophylaxis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases associated with hyperactivation of blood platelets. However, further research is needed to ascertain which exact compounds and mechanisms are responsible for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sławińska
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Agata Rolnik
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Stochmal
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Beata Olas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
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Particleboard Production from Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. Grown in Portugal. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051158. [PMID: 36904399 PMCID: PMC10007643 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Paulownia wood has raised high attention due to its rapid growth and fire resistance. The number of plantations in Portugal has been growing, and new exploitation methods are needed. This study intends to determine the properties of particleboards made with very young Paulownia trees from Portuguese plantations. Single layer particleboards were produced with 3-year-old Paulownia trees using different processing parameters and different board composition in order to determine the best properties for use in dry environments. The standard particleboard was produced at 180 °C and a 36.3 kg/cm2 pressure for 6 min using 40 g of raw material with 10% urea-formaldehyde resin. Higher particle size lead to lower-density particleboards, while higher resin contents lead to higher density of the boards. Density has a major effect on board properties with higher densities improving mechanical properties such as bending strength, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and internal bond, lower water absorption but higher thickness swelling and thermal conductivity. Particleboards meeting the requirements for dry environment according to NP EN 312 standard, could be produced with young Paulownia wood with acceptable mechanical and thermal conductivity properties with density around 0.65 g/cm3 and a thermal conductivity of 0.115 W/mK.
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Sławińska N, Zając J, Olas B. Paulownia Organs as Interesting New Sources of Bioactive Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021676. [PMID: 36675191 PMCID: PMC9860774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Paulownia spp. is a genus of trees in the Paulowniaceae family. It is native to southeastern Asia (especially China), where it has been cultivated for decorative, cultural, and medicinal purposes for over 2000 years. Depending on taxonomic classification, there are 6 to 17 species of Paulownia; P. tomentosa, P. elongata, P. fortunei, and P. catalpifolia are considered the most popular. Nowadays, Paulownia trees are planted in Asia, Europe, North America, and Australia for commercial, medical, and decorative purposes. Lately, growing interest in Paulownia has led to the development of various hybrids, the best-known being Clone in vitro 112, Shan Tong, Sundsu 11, and Cotevisa 2. Paulownia Clone in vitro 112 is an artificially created hybrid of two species of Paulownia: P. elongata and P. fortunei. The present review of selected papers from electronic databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SCOPUS before 15 November 2022 describes the phytochemical characteristics, biological properties, and economic significance of various organs from different Paulownia species and hybrids, including P. tomentosa, P. elongata, P. fortunei, and Paulownia Clone in vitro 112. Many compounds from Paulownia demonstrate various biological activities and are promising candidates for natural preparations; for example, the leaves of Clone in vitro 112 have anti-radical and anticoagulant potential. However, further in vivo studies are needed to clarify the exact mechanism of action of the active substances and their long-term effects.
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Salanță LC, Cropotova J. An Update on Effectiveness and Practicability of Plant Essential Oils in the Food Industry. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192488. [PMID: 36235353 PMCID: PMC9570595 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Consumer awareness and demands for quality eco-friendly food products have made scientists determined to concentrate their attention on sustainable advancements in the utilization of bioactive compounds for increasing safety and food quality. Essential oils (EOs) are extracted from plants and exhibit antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) activity; thus, they are used in food products to prolong the shelf-life of foods by limiting the growth or survival of microorganisms. In vitro studies have shown that EOs are effective against foodborne bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. The growing interest in essential oils and their constituents as alternatives to synthetic preservatives has been extensively exploited in recent years, along with techniques to facilitate the implementation of their application in the food industry. This paper’s aim is to evaluate the current knowledge on the applicability of EOs in food preservation, and how this method generally affects technological properties and consumers’ perceptions. Moreover, essential aspects concerning the limitation of the available alternatives are highlighted, followed by a presentation of the most promising trends to streamline the EOs’ usability. Incorporating EOs in packaging materials is the next step for green and sustainable foodstuff production and a biodegradable method for food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Claudia Salanță
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Janna Cropotova
- Department of Biological Sciences Ålesund, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Larsgårdsvegen 4, 6025 Ålesund, Norway
- Correspondence:
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Sakr SA, El-Emam HA, Naiel MAE, Wahed NM, Zaher HA, Abougabal MS, Alghamdi YS, Albogami S, Soliman MM, Shukry M, Elghareeb MM. The Impact of Paulownia Leaves Extract on Performance, Blood Biochemical, Antioxidant, Immunological Indices, and Related Gene Expression of Broilers. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:882390. [PMID: 35865879 PMCID: PMC9294540 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.882390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current research sought to assess the effects of paulownia leaves extract (PLE) on performance, blood hematological, antioxidant activity, and immunological response of broiler chicken. In total, two hundred 1-day-old male Cobb500 chicks were allocated randomly into four equal treatments with 5 replicates. The first treatment served as a control (CNT) and was fed the basal diet only, while the other treated treatments were fed on the basal diet supplemented with 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 g/kg diet of PLE, respectively. The performance results showed significant increments (P < 0.05) in live body weight (LBW), weight gain (WG), and European production efficiency factors (EPEIs) (linearly; p < 0.001) in cooperated with increasing PLE levels in broiler diets. At the same time, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and livability percentages were numerically enhanced under the effects of PLE supplementation. Moreover, a notable increase (P < 0.05 or 0.01) in oxidative remarks activity (GSH, glutathione; SOD, super oxide-dismutase and CAT, catalase) and elevated levels of immunoglobulin (IgM, immunoglobulin M and IgG, immunoglobulin G) were noted (P < 0.05) for treatments fed with PLE in a dose-dependent manner. Also, a dramatic linear increase was observed in mRNA expression of IGF-1, GHR, IL-1β, and IL-10 genes of broiler chickens. This study concluded that enriched broiler feeds with 0.5 g/kg PLE might be a beneficial strategy to promote broiler health and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A Sakr
- Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Huda A El-Emam
- Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A E Naiel
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Noha M Wahed
- Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hanan A Zaher
- Food Hygiene and Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Sh Abougabal
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Youssef S Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Albogami
- Biotechnology Department, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mona M Elghareeb
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Low Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) Energy Crops to Bioenergy and Biofuels—A Review. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15124348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Energy crops are dedicated cultures directed for biofuels, electricity, and heat production. Due to their tolerance to contaminated lands, they can alleviate and remediate land pollution by the disposal of toxic elements and polymetallic agents. Moreover, these crops are suitable to be exploited in marginal soils (e.g., saline), and, therefore, the risk of land-use conflicts due to competition for food, feed, and fuel is reduced, contributing positively to economic growth, and bringing additional revenue to landowners. Therefore, further study and investment in R&D is required to link energy crops to the implementation of biorefineries. The main objective of this study is to present a review of the potential of selected energy crops for bioenergy and biofuels production, when cultivated in marginal/degraded/contaminated (MDC) soils (not competing with agriculture), contributing to avoiding Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) burdens. The selected energy crops are Cynara cardunculus, Arundo donax, Cannabis sativa, Helianthus tuberosus, Linum usitatissimum, Miscanthus × giganteus, Sorghum bicolor, Panicum virgatum, Acacia dealbata, Pinus pinaster, Paulownia tomentosa, Populus alba, Populus nigra, Salix viminalis, and microalgae cultures. This article is useful for researchers or entrepreneurs who want to know what kind of crops can produce which biofuels in MDC soils.
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Wang H, Chen N, Xie F, Verkasalo E, Chu J. Structural Properties and Hydrolysability of Paulownia elongate: The Effects of Pretreatment Methods Based on Acetic Acid and Its Combination with Sodium Sulfite or Sodium Sulfite. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105775. [PMID: 35628579 PMCID: PMC9144951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of CH3COOH and Na2SO3 pretreatment on the structural properties and hydrolyzability of fast-growing Paulownia elongate were investigated. Acetic acid increased cellulose’s crystallinity and hydrolyzability when combined with alkaline sodium sulfite and sodium hydroxide. The cellulose content increased by 21%, the lignin content decreased by 6%, and the product showed better enzymatic digestibility. With a cellulase dose of 30 FPU/g DM, after 72 h hydrolysis, the hydrolysis yields of glucose and xylose were 78% and 83%, respectively, which were 51% and 69% higher than those of untreated materials. When the enzyme dosage was 20 FPU/g DM, after 72 h hydrolysis, the hydrolysis yields of glucose and xylose were 74% and 79%, respectively. The high hydrolyzability, low enzyme loading, and high hydrolysis yield demonstrate the potential of the proposed system for producing platform sugars from fast-growing Paulownia elongate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxing Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.W.); (N.C.); (F.X.)
| | - Ni Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.W.); (N.C.); (F.X.)
| | - Feifan Xie
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.W.); (N.C.); (F.X.)
| | - Erkki Verkasalo
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Yliopistokatu 6, 80100 Joensuu, Finland;
| | - Jie Chu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.W.); (N.C.); (F.X.)
- Correspondence:
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The Influence of Age on the Wood Properties of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13050700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Forests in Portugal are highly dependent on a short number of wood species, and new species with higher profitability are needed. The Paulownia species has generated great interest due to its fast-growing and relatively good wood properties. However, environmental factors have shown that Paulownia grows differently in each case. This study intends to determine the properties of young Paulownia trees from Portuguese plantations to determine the best age to cut the trees according to their use. The chemical composition (extractives in dichloromethane, ethanol and water, lignin, α-cellulose, and hemicelluloses), heating value, elemental analysis (CHNO), inorganic elements and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), and the most important mechanical and physical properties (density, MOE, bending strength, water absorption equilibrium, moisture content, and dimensional changes) were determined for 1-, 3-, and 5-year-old trees. The results show that, chemically, the extractives increased while hemicelluloses decreased with age, and no trend was found for lignin and α-cellulose. The physical and mechanical properties increased with age, except for the MOE and bending strength. The 5-year-old samples presented the best features for pellet production, namely, calorific power, elemental composition CHNO and sulfur, and inorganic elements.
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Abstract
This review aimed to determine the current state of research on the growth conditions and use pertaining to paulownia wood, mainly in European countries where paulownia has been introduced only relatively recently. Several studies carried out on Paulownia hybrids have shown significant differences in the growth dynamics of individual clones in their response to local environmental and climatic conditions. For example, dry biomass production yields in the second year of cultivation range from 1.5 t ha−1 to as much as 14 t ha−1. This diversity has manifested itself not only in growth characteristics but also in the properties of the wood and the possibilities for its use. Despite having clear similarities to the genus Paulownia, the cultivation of species and hybrids under different conditions has produced varying results. The best growing conditions for this wood (that make economic sense) are in the Middle East and Southern Europe. These regions have accumulated the most experience because of the earlier establishment of the crop. Today, paulownia cultivation is dominated by hybrids with selected traits that are propagated mainly in vitro. The most commonly planted hybrids include the clones in vitro 112, Cotevisa 2 and Shan Tong. The growth results and production capacity in central European countries are lower compared to Southern Europe. Experiments on paulownia cultivation are still relatively young, mainly consisting of replicating the cultivation of hybrids developed in Asia or Southern Europe. However, agronomic procedures are being developed and reactions to local climatic conditions are being studied. It is likely that, in the next few years, the profitability of growing paulownia in these regions will become apparent.
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Asseri AH, Alam MJ, Alzahrani F, Khames A, Pathan MT, Abourehab MAS, Hosawi S, Ahmed R, Sultana SA, Alam NF, Alam NU, Alam R, Samad A, Pokhrel S, Kim JK, Ahammad F, Kim B, Tan SC. Toward the Identification of Natural Antiviral Drug Candidates against Merkel Cell Polyomavirus: Computational Drug Design Approaches. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050501. [PMID: 35631328 PMCID: PMC9146542 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare form of aggressive skin cancer mainly caused by Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Most MCC tumors express MCPyV large T (LT) antigens and play an important role in the growth-promoting activities of oncoproteins. Truncated LT promotes tumorigenicity as well as host cell proliferation by activating the viral replication machinery, and inhibition of this protein in humans drastically lowers cellular growth linked to the corresponding cancer. Our study was designed with the aim of identifying small molecular-like natural antiviral candidates that are able to inhibit the proliferation of malignant tumors, especially those that are aggressive, by blocking the activity of viral LT protein. To identify potential compounds against the target protein, a computational drug design including molecular docking, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), toxicity, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) approaches were applied in this study. Initially, a total of 2190 phytochemicals isolated from 104 medicinal plants were screened using the molecular docking simulation method, resulting in the identification of the top five compounds having the highest binding energy, ranging between −6.5 and −7.6 kcal/mol. The effectiveness and safety of the selected compounds were evaluated based on ADME and toxicity features. A 250 ns MD simulation confirmed the stability of the selected compounds bind to the active site (AS) of the target protein. Additionally, MM-GBSA analysis was used to determine the high values of binding free energy (ΔG bind) of the compounds binding to the target protein. The five compounds identified by computational approaches, Paulownin (CID: 3084131), Actaealactone (CID: 11537736), Epigallocatechin 3-O-cinnamate (CID: 21629801), Cirsilineol (CID: 162464), and Lycoricidine (CID: 73065), can be used in therapy as lead compounds to combat MCPyV-related cancer. However, further wet laboratory investigations are required to evaluate the activity of the drugs against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer H. Asseri
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (F.A.); (S.H.)
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Jahidul Alam
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh;
| | - Faisal Alzahrani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (F.A.); (S.H.)
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Embryonic Stem Cells Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Khames
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Turhan Pathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammed A. S. Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Salman Hosawi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.); (F.A.); (S.H.)
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rubaiat Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (R.A.); (N.F.A.)
| | - Sifat Ara Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Nazia Fairooz Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (R.A.); (N.F.A.)
| | - Nafee-Ul Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Rahat Alam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh; (R.A.); (A.S.)
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Biological Solution Centre (BioSol Centre), Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Abdus Samad
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh; (R.A.); (A.S.)
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Biological Solution Centre (BioSol Centre), Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Sushil Pokhrel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY 13902, USA;
| | - Jin Kyu Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro 26, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05254, Korea;
| | - Foysal Ahammad
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Biological Solution Centre (BioSol Centre), Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (B.K.); (S.C.T.)
| | - Bonglee Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro 26, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05254, Korea;
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (B.K.); (S.C.T.)
| | - Shing Cheng Tan
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (B.K.); (S.C.T.)
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Rodríguez-Seoane P, Díaz-Reinoso B, Domínguez H. Pressurized Solvent Extraction of Paulownia Bark Phenolics. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010254. [PMID: 35011485 PMCID: PMC8746948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Paulownia bark is mostly utilized jointly with wood, but the possibility of a separate valorization through the pressurized extraction of bark bioactives has been assessed. Subcritical water extraction and supercritical CO2 extraction are green technologies allowing shorter times than conventional solvent extraction under atmospheric shaken conditions. Subcritical water extraction was carried out at temperatures ranging from 140 to 240 °C and supercritical CO2 extraction was performed at different pressures (10, 20 and 30 MPa), temperatures (35, 45 and 55 °C) and ethanol concentrations (0, 10 and 15% (w/w)). Subcritical water extraction under a non-isothermal operation during heating up to 160 °C (19 min) provided extraction yields up to 30%, and the extracts contained up to 7% total phenolics with an ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical scavenging capacity equivalent to 35% the activity of Trolox, whereas at 240 °C, the yield decreased to 20%, but the phenolic content reached 21%, and the antiradical activity was equivalent to 85% of Trolox. Supercritical CO2 extraction at 30 MPa, 45 °C and 30 min reached a global yield of 2% after 180 min of extraction, but the product showed very low antiradical capacity. Gallic acid, vanillic acid, vanillin and apigenin were the major phenolic compounds found in the extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rodríguez-Seoane
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade de Vigo, Edificio Politecnico, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Díaz-Reinoso
- CITI (Center of Research, Transfer and Innovation), Universidade de Vigo, Parque Tecnoloxico de Galicia, Rua Galicia N° 2, 32900 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Herminia Domínguez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade de Vigo, Edificio Politecnico, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Ebob OT, Babiaka SB, Ntie-Kang F. Natural Products as Potential Lead Compounds for Drug Discovery Against SARS-CoV-2. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2021; 11:611-628. [PMID: 34515981 PMCID: PMC8435765 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-021-00317-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
For the past 2 years, the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 infection has become a world pandemic, ruining the lives and economies of several nations in the world. This has scaled up research on the virus and the resulting infection with the goal of developing new vaccines and therapies. Natural products are known to be a rich source of lead compounds for drug discovery, including against infectious diseases caused by microbes (viruses, bacteria and fungi). In this review article, we conducted a literature survey aimed at identifying natural products with inhibitory concentrations against the coronaviruses or their target proteins, which lie below 10 µM. This led to the identification of 42 compounds belonging to the alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, phenolic, xanthone and saponin classes. The cut off concentration of 10 µM was to limit the study to the most potent chemical entities, which could be developed into therapies against the viral infection to make a contribution towards limiting the spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyere Tanyi Ebob
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Smith B. Babiaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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16
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Huang H, Szumacher-Strabel M, Patra AK, Ślusarczyk S, Lechniak D, Vazirigohar M, Varadyova Z, Kozłowska M, Cieślak A. Chemical and phytochemical composition, in vitro ruminal fermentation, methane production, and nutrient degradability of fresh and ensiled Paulownia hybrid leaves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Rodríguez-Seoane P, Torres MD, González-Muñoz MJ, Sinde-Stompel E, Domínguez H. Formulation of bio-hydrogels from Hericium erinaceus in Paulownia elongata x fortunei autohydrolysis aqueous extracts. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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18
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Bibi S, Sarfraz A, Mustafa G, Ahmad Z, Zeb MA, Wang YB, Khan T, Khan MS, Kamal MA, Yu H. Impact of Traditional Plants and their Secondary Metabolites in the Discovery of COVID-19 Treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1123-1143. [PMID: 33213320 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201118103416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus Disease-2019 belongs to the family of viruses which cause serious pneumonia along with fever, breathing issues and infection of lungs, and was first reported in China and later spread worldwide. OBJECTIVE Several studies and clinical trials have been conducted to identify potential drugs and vaccines for Coronavirus Disease-2019. The present study listed natural secondary metabolites identified from plant sources with antiviral properties and could be a safer and tolerable treatment for Coronavirus Disease-2019. METHODS A comprehensive search on the reported studies was conducted using different search engines such as Google Scholar, SciFinder, Sciencedirect, Medline PubMed, and Scopus for the collection of research articles based on plant-derived secondary metabolites, herbal extracts, and traditional medicine for coronavirus infections. RESULTS Status of COVID-19 worldwide and information of important molecular targets involved in COVID- 19 are described, and through literature search, it is highlighted that numerous plant species and their extracts possess antiviral properties and are studied with respect to coronavirus treatments. Chemical information, plant source, test system type with a mechanism of action for each secondary metabolite are also mentioned in this review paper. CONCLUSION The present review has listed plants that have presented antiviral potential in the previous coronavirus pandemics and their secondary metabolites, which could be significant for the development of novel and a safer drug which could prevent and cure coronavirus infection worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Bibi
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environment, Institute of Herbal Biotic Resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Ayesha Sarfraz
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Ghazala Mustafa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Kohsar Homeopathic Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A Zeb
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yuan-Bing Wang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environment, Institute of Herbal Biotic Resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Tahir Khan
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environment, Institute of Herbal Biotic Resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Muhammad S Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environment, Institute of Herbal Biotic Resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
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19
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Optimizing plant regeneration and genetic transformation of Paulownia elongata. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Molčanová L, Kauerová T, Dall'Acqua S, Maršík P, Kollár P, Šmejkal K. Antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities of C-Geranylated flavonoids from Paulownia tomentosa Steud. Fruit. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104797. [PMID: 33901796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prenylated or geranylated flavonoids have been studied for their promising antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities. Twelve natural geranylated flavonoids (1-12) were isolated from the fruit of Paulownia tomentosa Steud. Their structures were elucidated using UV and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The absolute configurations were determined using NMR and circular dichroism. Seven of the compounds were characterized as new geranylated derivatives isolated from a natural source for the first time, namely 3'-O-methyl-5'-hydroxyisodiplacone (3), paulodiplacone A (5), tomentone II (6), tomentone B (7), tomentodiplacone P (8), paulodiplacone B (9), and tomentoflavone A (12). After 24 h of incubation at concentrations in the range 1-30 μM, the isolated compounds were tested for their antiproliferative and cytotoxic potentials against the human monocytic leukaemia cell line THP-1, using WST-1 and LDH assays, respectively. Almost all of the test compounds induced a concentration-dependent reduction in the metabolic activity of THP-1 cells and a concentration-dependent reduction in the cell viability. Diplacone (1) was the most potent antiproliferative and cytotoxic agent (IC50 9.31 ± 0.72 μM, LC50 18.01 ± 1.19 µM). 3'-O-Methyl-5'-hydroxydiplacone (2) showed relatively strong antiproliferative effect (IC50 12.61 ± 0.90 μM) and weaker cytotoxic activity (LC50 > 30 μM), indicating that it may serve as a potential lead compound for further testing. The structure-activity relationship for the 12 isolated compounds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Molčanová
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Kauerová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Petr Maršík
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Kollár
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Šmejkal
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
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21
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Mechanical Characterization of Biopolymer-Based Hydrogels Enriched with Paulownia Extracts Recovered Using a Green Technique. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10238439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study deals with the development and mechanical characterization of innovative starch- and gelatin-based hydrogels enriched with hydrothermal aqueous extracts from Paulownia (i.e., bark, leaves, petioles). The color, rheology, and texture properties of formulated biopolymer-based hydrogels depending on the processing conditions of the extracts was evaluated for the different Paulownia fractions. Results indicated that a clear impact on color features of the tested hydrogels was observed with the incorporation of Paulownia extracts. Rheological testing showed that weak and intermediate strength hydrogels were identified for starch- and gelatin-based hydrogels independently of used extract. A relevant softening of all gelled matrices was observed in the presence of recovered liquor extracts involving the following trend (leaves > barks > petioles). For all fractions, the highest viscoelastic features were achieved for hydrogels made with extracts recovered at 140 °C. Texture outcomes confirmed the rheological achievements. No syneresis was observed in developed hydrogels after two weeks of cold storage.
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Coppiced Biochars as Partial Replacement of Carbon Black Filler in Polybutadiene/Natural Rubber Composites. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs4040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although carbon black has been the dominant filler material for rubber composites for over a century, it is a finite, fossil fuel-based product that is sensitive to geopolitical issues and economics. Renewable sources of carbon need to be developed to replace carbon black in order to reduce dependence on petroleum. Biochar is the solid material left over after the anaerobic treatment of biomass at high temperature. In this work, two biochars made from coppiced hardwoods, Paulownia elongata and Populus tremuloides were used to partially replace carbon black in rubber composites using a 50/50 blend of butadiene rubber and natural rubber. Rubber composite samples using these biochars were able to replace 30% of the carbon black with virtually no loss in tensile strength, and improved elongation and toughness compared to the reference sample containing 100% carbon black.
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Comparative Phytochemical, Antioxidant, and Hemostatic Studies of Extract and Four Fractions from Paulownia Clone in Vitro 112 Leaves in Human Plasma. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194371. [PMID: 32977628 PMCID: PMC7583007 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Paulownia Clone in Vitro 112, known as oxytree or oxygen tree, is a hybrid clone of the species Paulownia elongata and Paulownia fortunei (Paulowniaceae). The oxytree is a fast-growing hybrid cultivar that can adapt to wide variations in edaphic and climate conditions. In this work, Paulownia Clone in Vitro 112 leaves were separated into an extract and four fractions (A–D) differing in chemical content in order to investigate their chemical content using LC-MS analysis. The extract and fractions were also evaluated for their anticoagulant and antioxidant properties in a human plasma in vitro. Results: The Paulownia leaf extract contained mainly phenolic compounds (e.g., verbascoside), small amounts of iridoids (e.g., aucubin or 7-hydroxytometoside) and triterpenoids (e.g., maslinic acid) were also detected. Our results indicate that the extract and fractions have different effects on oxidative stress in human plasma treated with H2O2/Fe in vitro, which could be attributed to differences in their chemical content. For example, the extract and all the fractions, at the two highest concentrations of 10 and 50 µg/mL, significantly inhibited the plasma lipid peroxidation induced by H2O2/Fe. Fractions C and D, at all tested concentrations (1–50 µg/mL) were also found to protect plasma proteins against H2O2/Fe-induced carbonylation. The positive effects of fraction C and D were dependent on the dose. Conclusions: The extract and all four fractions, but particularly fractions C and D, which are rich in phenolic compounds, are novel sources of antioxidants, with an inhibitory effect on oxidative stress in human plasma in vitro. Additionally, the antioxidant potential of fraction D may be associated with triterpenoids.
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Alagawany M, Farag MR, Sahfi ME, Elnesr SS, Alqaisi O, El-Kassas S, Al-Wajeeh AS, Taha AE, Abd E-Hack ME. Phytochemical characteristics of Paulownia trees wastes and its use as unconventional feedstuff in animal feed. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 33:586-593. [PMID: 32808851 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1806074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to the continuous increase in animal feed prices, and the presence of competition between humans and animals on food materials, it is imperative to identify other non-food plant resources to assist the animal feed industry and improve livestock productivity. Plant wastes may cause air, soil, and water pollution. However, if judiciously managed, they would be important resources. Plant wastes are used as feedstuffs and fertilizers. However, their use as animal feed is more useful than fertilizers. Because of the high content of fiber and non-protein N, these wastes are more valuable for feeding ruminants than poultry. The use of the plant wastes as feedstuffs could improve the environmental quality and profits for feed producers. Paulownias are fast-growing trees initially cultivated for wood production. However, due to their good nutritive value, their leaves have been used for ruminants, non-ruminants animals and poultry feeding. Furthermore, they are well-known for its medicinal and antibacterial properties. However, little is still known about its characteristics. This review aimed at providing detailed information about the nature, nutritional value, phytochemicals, and uses of Paulownia as a promising feedstuff in the fields of ruminants, non-ruminants, and poultry nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mayada R Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Manal E Sahfi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaaban S Elnesr
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Othman Alqaisi
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, College of Agricultural & Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Seeb, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Seham El-Kassas
- Animal, Poultry and Fish Breeding and Production, Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr el-Sheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Ayman E Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Egypt
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Hawrył A, Hawrył M, Litwińczuk W, Bogucka-Kocka A. Thin-layer chromatographic fingerprint of selected Paulownia species with chemometrics and antioxidant activity. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1725552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hawrył
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mirosław Hawrył
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Litwińczuk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Silica-Milled Paulownia Biochar as Partial Replacement of Carbon Black Filler in Natural Rubber. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs3040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon black (CB) has been the dominant filler in the tire industry for decades. The demand for this petroleum byproduct is ever increasing, although petroleum markets can be volatile due to geopolitical issues. Finding sustainable, renewable substitutes for CB reduces the dependence on petroleum. Biochar is a renewable source of carbon that was studied as a potential CB replacement filler in styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) composites, but little has been done in terms of natural rubber (NR). In this work, biochar made from fast-growing Paulownia elongata was co-milled with small amounts of silica in order to reduce the larger particle size typical with biochar respective to CB. The resulting silica-milled Paulownia biochar (PB) was then used to replace CB in natural rubber (NR) composites. By using this method to make natural rubber composites with 30% total filler, half of the CB was fully replaced with silica-milled biochar with very little loss (<6%) of tensile strength, and equal or better elongation and toughness compared to the 100% CB-filled control composite.
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27
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Chitosan coatings incorporated with free or nano-encapsulated Paulownia Tomentosa essential oil to improve shelf-life of ready-to-cook pork chops. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cheng CL, Jia XH, Xiao CM, Tang WZ. Paulownia C-geranylated flavonoids: their structural variety, biological activity and application prospects. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2019; 18:549-570. [PMID: 32214921 PMCID: PMC7088933 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-019-09614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Paulownia species, especially their flowers and fruits, are traditionally used in Chinese herbal medicines for the treatment of infectious diseases. C-geranylated flavonoids were found to be the major special metabolites in Paulownia flowers and fruits, and 76 C-geranylated flavonoids had been isolated and characterized thus far. Structural variations in Paulownia C-geranylated flavonoids are mainly due to the complicated structural modifications in their geranyl substituents. These natural compounds have attracted much attention because of their various biological activities, including antioxidation, anti-inflammation, cytotoxic activity and various enzymatic inhibitions, etc. Among them, diplacone, a major Paulownia component, was considered to have promise for applications in medicine. This paper summarizes the information from current publications on Paulownia C-geranylated flavonoids, with a focus on their structural variety, key spectroscopic characteristics, biological activity with structure-activity relationships and application prospects. We hope that this paper will stimulate further investigations of Paulownia species and this kind of natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-lei Cheng
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, 250101 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian-hui Jia
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 18877, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250062 Shandong People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health, Jinan, 250062 Shandong People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Rare and Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250062 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng-mei Xiao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 18877, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250062 Shandong People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health, Jinan, 250062 Shandong People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Rare and Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250062 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-zhao Tang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 18877, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250062 Shandong People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health, Jinan, 250062 Shandong People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Rare and Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250062 Shandong People’s Republic of China
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Paulownia Leaves as A New Feed Resource: Chemical Composition and Effects on Growth, Carcasses, Digestibility, Blood Biochemistry, and Intestinal Bacterial Populations of Growing Rabbits. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9030095. [PMID: 30889832 PMCID: PMC6466076 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Paulownia trees are grown as a woody biofuel crop, and they yield large amounts of leafy biomass rich in nitrogen. However, there is limited information on the use of paulownia leaves as an animal feed resource. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the effects of paulownia leaf meal (0%, 15%, and 30% in diets) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood biochemistry, and intestinal microbiota of growing rabbits. The chemical analyses of paulownia leaves indicated that most of the nutrients are similar to those in alfalfa hay. The in vivo results showed that the use of up to 15% paulownia leaf meal instead of alfalfa hay in the diets of the rabbits did not have any negative effects on their performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood constituents. In addition, a notable reduction in both cecal and feed pathogenic bacteria was observed when paulownia leaf meal was included in the diets. Abstract This experiment was conducted to study the effects of paulownia leaf meal (PLM) as a nontraditional feed on the growth, carcasses, digestibility, blood chemistry, and intestinal microbiota of growing rabbits. Sixty rabbits (5-weeks old) were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments containing three amounts of PLM (0%, 15%, and 30%). The results showed that PLM has a higher content of ether extract, organic matter, methionine, tyrosine, histidine, manganese, and zinc than alfalfa hay. Body weight gain decreased when 30% PLM was provided. The best feed conversion ratio was recorded in the rabbits fed 15% PLM. A notable increase in high-density lipoprotein levels with a significant decrease in low-density lipoprotein was noted in the rabbits fed the PLM diets. Total fungi and Enterobacteriaceae and total bacterial count in the feed were significantly reduced because of PLM. In the cecum, coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae species, and total bacterial count declined in the rabbits fed the PLM diets. Conclusively, up to 15% PLM can be used in rabbit diets without any deleterious effects on the performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood constituents. In addition, dietary inclusion of PLM has the potential to reduce cecal pathogenic bacteria in rabbits.
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D'Auria M, Mecca M, Todaro L. High temperature treatment allows the detection of episesamin in paulownia wood extractives. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:1326-1330. [PMID: 30663367 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1560289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The composition and the relative variation of secondary metabolites of Paulownia tomentosa S. wood under thermal effect is a little explored area. Wood material was previously thermo-treated at 210 °C for 3 hours using a press vacuum technology. Extractives of untreated and thermo-treated wood material achieved with Soxhlet extraction techniques were obtained. Then the extracts were chromatographed by using thin layer chromatography. Component groups in extracts were determined by gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry. In terms of wood change the thermo-treatment of wood induces a darkening of wood color surface (ΔL* = 28.3), an increase of mass loss (3.5%) and an increase of the amount of extractives and lignin content as well as an increase of the chloroform soluble fraction. This work mainly describes the chemical exploration of the extract from paulownia wood, leading to the isolation and identification of episesamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio D'Auria
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Marisabel Mecca
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Todaro
- School of Agricultural Forestry, Food, and Environmental Science, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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Lee JW, Seo KH, Ryu HW, Yuk HJ, Park HA, Lim Y, Ahn KS, Oh SR. Anti-inflammatory effect of stem bark of Paulownia tomentosa Steud. in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and LPS-induced murine model of acute lung injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 210:23-30. [PMID: 28843892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The leaves, bark, and flowers of Paulownia tomentosa Steud. have been widely used as a traditional medicine in East Asia to treat inflammatory and infectious diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated the protective effect of the methanol stem bark extract of P. tomentosa using an animal model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). MATERIALS AND METHODS The UPLC Q-TOF-MS profiles for the methanol extract of P. tomentosa stem bark showed that verbascoside and isoverbascoside were the predominant compounds. Raw 264.7 cells were used for inhibitory effects of cytokine production in vitro. C57BL/6N mice were administered intranasally with LPS (10μg/per mouse) to induce ALI. H&E staining was used to evaluate histological changes in the lung. RESULTS Treatment with P. tomentosa stem bark extract (PTBE) suppressed the production of IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages in the BALF of mice with LPS-induced ALI. PTBE also decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the BALF. PTBE reduced the levels of nitric oxide (NO) in the serum and of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lung of ALI mice. PTBE also attenuated the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the lung. In addition, PTBE suppressed the activation of NF-κB and the reduced expression of superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) in the lung. CONCLUSION The results suggest that PTBE has a protective effect on LPS-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyeong-Hwa Seo
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heung Joo Yuk
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Ah Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
| | - YouRim Lim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
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Stewart WM, Vaidya BN, Mahapatra AK, Terrill TH, Joshee N. Potential Use of Multipurpose <i>Paulownia elongata</i> Tree as an Animal Feed Resource. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2018.96090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ryu HW, Park YJ, Lee SU, Lee S, Yuk HJ, Seo KH, Kim YU, Hwang BY, Oh SR. Potential Anti-inflammatory Effects of the Fruits of Paulownia tomentosa. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:2659-2665. [PMID: 28968119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As part of an ongoing search for new natural products from medicinal plants to treat respiratory disease, six new compounds, a dihydroflavonol (1) and five C-geranylated flavanones (3, 6, 8, 13, and 14), and 13 known compounds were isolated from mature fruits of Paulownia tomentosa. The structures of the new compounds were determined via interpretation of their spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR, ECD, and MS). In biological activity assays with human alveolar basal epithelial cells, the expression of TNF-α-induced proinflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and IL-6) was reduced significantly by the EtOAc fraction of a P. tomentosa extract as well as by the new compounds isolated from this fraction. Furthermore, the majority of the isolates (1-19 except 5-7) were found to inhibit human neutrophil elastase (HNE) activity, with IC50 values ranging from 2.4 ± 1.0 to 74.7 ± 8.5 μM. In kinetic enzymatic assays with the HNE substrate MeOSuc-AAPV-pNA, compound 17 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity (Ki = 3.2 μM) via noncompetitive inhibition. These findings suggest that the flavanone constituents of P. tomentosa fruits may be valuable for the development of new drug candidates to treat airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yhun Jung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ui Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoghyun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Joo Yuk
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Hwa Seo
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeah-Un Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
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