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Shang M, Zheng G, Li Z, Liu Q, Lin L, Li Y, Wu Y, Wei Q. Reducing the length of stay for patients stranded in the emergency department: A single-center prospective study of 18,631 patients in China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37427. [PMID: 38457598 PMCID: PMC10919490 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to reduce the length of stay (LOS) for patients stranded in the emergency department (ED) of a Grade III A hospital in China, and to improve patient flow and increase bed capacity. We utilized a pre-/postintervention design and employed the Six Sigma methodology, which is based on the DMAIC cycle (define, measure, analyze, improve, and control), to evaluate and improve the existing process. Data from 18,631 patients who were stranded in the ED were collected and analyzed. The median LOS for stranded patients decreased from 17.21 (6.22, 27.36) hours to 13.45 (5.56, 25.85) hours (P < .05). Similarly, the median LOS for admitted patients decreased from 19.64 (7.77, 27.68) hours to 15.92 (6.19, 26.24) hours (P < .05). The median LOS for patients with an ED triage Level IV decreased from 16.15 (5.80, 26.62) hours to 12.59 (5.20, 24.97) hours (P < .05). In addition, the average hospitalization days of hospitalized patients decreased from 0.92 days to 0.82 days (P < .05). Furthermore, the bed utilization rate increased from 66.79% to 72.29% (P < .05). The number of bed turnovers in the ED resuscitation room increased from 20.30 to 21.96 (P < .05). We had effectively met our goal of minimizing ED patient LOS. Six Sigma method can effectively shorten patient LOS by measuring and analyzing the key factors affecting patient LOS, and by implementing measures such as strict implementation of emergency classification and triage system, establishment of multidisciplinary cooperative team, reasonable allocation of human resources, information management of bed resources, and improvement of performance appraisal scheme to improve and control the effectiveness of patient LOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Shang
- Public Health School, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Guifang Zheng
- Public Health School, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Public Health School, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Emergency Department, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Emergency Department, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yueping Li
- Library, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Medical Department, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qin Wei
- Medical Department, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Rosychuk RJ, Chen AA, Ospina MB, McRae AD, Hu XJ, McLane P. Transitions in health care settings for frequent and infrequent users of emergency departments: a population-based retrospective cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:1250. [PMID: 37964274 PMCID: PMC10644485 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-10260-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to reduce emergency department (ED) volumes often target frequent users. We examined transitions in care across ED, hospital, and community settings, and in-hospital death, for high system users (HSUs) compared to controls. METHODS Population-based databases provided ED visits and hospitalizations in Alberta and Ontario, Canada. The retrospective cohort included the top 10% of all the ED users during 2015/2016 (termed HSUs) and a random sample of controls (4 per each HSU) from the bottom 90% per province. Rates of transitions among ED, hospitalization, community settings, and in-hospital mortality were adjusted for sociodemographic and ED variables in a multistate statistical model. RESULTS There were 2,684,924 patients and 579,230 (21.6%) were HSUs. Patient characteristics associated with shorter community to ED transition times for HSUs included Alberta residence (ratio of hazard ratio [RHR] = 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11,1.12), living in areas in the lower income quintile (RHR = 1.06, 95%CI 1.06,1.06), and Ontario residents without a primary health care provider (RHR = 1.13, 95%CI 1.13,1.14). Once at the ED, characteristics associated with shorter ED to hospital transition times for HSUs included higher acuity (e.g., RHR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.61, 1.81 for emergent), and for many diagnoses including chest pain (RHR = 1.71, 95%CI 1.65,1.76) and gastrointestinal (RHR = 1.66, 95%CI 1.62,1.71). Once admitted to hospital, HSUs did not necessarily have longer stays except for conditions such as chest pain (RHR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.86, 0.95). HSUs had shorter times to death in the ED if they presented for cancer (RHR = 2.51), congestive heart failure (RHR = 1.93), myocardial infarction (RHR = 1.53), and stroke (RHR = 1.84), and shorter times to death in-hospital if they presented with cancer (RHR = 1.29). CONCLUSIONS Differences between HSUs and controls in predictors of transitions among care settings were identified. Co-morbidities and limitations in access to primary care are associated with more rapid transitions from community to ED and hospital among HSUs. Interventions targeting these challenges may better serve patients across health systems.. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda J Rosychuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Anqi A Chen
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Maria B Ospina
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Andrew D McRae
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 2T9, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - X Joan Hu
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Patrick McLane
- Emergency Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, T5J 3E4, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R7, Canada
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Marshall EG, Stock D, Buote R, Andrew MK, Breton M, Cossette B, Green ME, Isenor JE, Mathews M, MacKenzie A, Martin-Misener R, McDougall B, Mooney M, Moritz LR. Emergency department utilization and hospital admissions for ambulatory care sensitive conditions among people seeking a primary care provider during the COVID-19 pandemic. CMAJ Open 2023; 11:E527-E536. [PMID: 37339790 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20220128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary care attachment improves health care access and health outcomes, but many Canadians are unattached, seeking a provider via provincial wait-lists. This Nova Scotia-wide cohort study compares emergency department utilization and hospital admission associated with insufficient primary care management among patients on and off a provincial primary care wait-list, before and during the first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We linked wait-list and Nova Scotian administrative health data to describe people on and off wait-list, by quarter, between Jan. 1, 2017, and Dec. 24, 2020. We quantified emergency department utilization and ambulatory care sensitive condition (ACSC) hospital admission rates by wait-list status from physician claims and hospital admission data. We compared relative differences during the COVID-19 first and second waves with the previous year. RESULTS During the study period, 100 867 people in Nova Scotia (10.1% of the provincial population) were on the wait-list. Those on the wait-list had higher emergency department utilization and ACSC hospital admission. Emergency department utilization was higher overall for individuals aged 65 years and older, and females; lowest during the first 2 COVID-19 waves; and differed more by wait-list status for those younger than 65 years. Emergency department contacts and ACSC hospital admissions decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic relative to the previous year, and for emergency department utilization, this difference was more pronounced for those on the wait-list. INTERPRETATION People in Nova Scotia seeking primary care attachment via the provincial wait-list use hospital-based services more frequently than those not on the wait-list. Although both groups have had lower utilization during COVID-19, existing challenges to primary care access for those actively seeking a provider were further exacerbated during the initial waves of the pandemic. The degree to which forgone services produces downstream health burden remains in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gard Marshall
- Department of Family Medicine Primary Care Research Unit (Marshall, Stock, Buote, Moritz), Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia Health (Marshall, MacKenzie, McDougall, Mooney); Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Marshall, Stock, MacKenzie, McDougall), Dalhousie University; Maritime Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Support for People and Patient-Oriented Research and Trials (SPOR SUPPORT) Unit (Marshall, Andrew, MacKenzie); Division of Geriatric Medicine (Andrew), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Community Health Sciences (Breton, Cossette), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Green), Queen's University; ICES Queen's (Green), Kingston, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Mathews), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Ont.; School of Nursing (Martin-Misener), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - David Stock
- Department of Family Medicine Primary Care Research Unit (Marshall, Stock, Buote, Moritz), Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia Health (Marshall, MacKenzie, McDougall, Mooney); Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Marshall, Stock, MacKenzie, McDougall), Dalhousie University; Maritime Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Support for People and Patient-Oriented Research and Trials (SPOR SUPPORT) Unit (Marshall, Andrew, MacKenzie); Division of Geriatric Medicine (Andrew), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Community Health Sciences (Breton, Cossette), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Green), Queen's University; ICES Queen's (Green), Kingston, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Mathews), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Ont.; School of Nursing (Martin-Misener), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - Richard Buote
- Department of Family Medicine Primary Care Research Unit (Marshall, Stock, Buote, Moritz), Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia Health (Marshall, MacKenzie, McDougall, Mooney); Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Marshall, Stock, MacKenzie, McDougall), Dalhousie University; Maritime Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Support for People and Patient-Oriented Research and Trials (SPOR SUPPORT) Unit (Marshall, Andrew, MacKenzie); Division of Geriatric Medicine (Andrew), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Community Health Sciences (Breton, Cossette), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Green), Queen's University; ICES Queen's (Green), Kingston, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Mathews), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Ont.; School of Nursing (Martin-Misener), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - Melissa K Andrew
- Department of Family Medicine Primary Care Research Unit (Marshall, Stock, Buote, Moritz), Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia Health (Marshall, MacKenzie, McDougall, Mooney); Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Marshall, Stock, MacKenzie, McDougall), Dalhousie University; Maritime Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Support for People and Patient-Oriented Research and Trials (SPOR SUPPORT) Unit (Marshall, Andrew, MacKenzie); Division of Geriatric Medicine (Andrew), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Community Health Sciences (Breton, Cossette), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Green), Queen's University; ICES Queen's (Green), Kingston, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Mathews), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Ont.; School of Nursing (Martin-Misener), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - Mylaine Breton
- Department of Family Medicine Primary Care Research Unit (Marshall, Stock, Buote, Moritz), Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia Health (Marshall, MacKenzie, McDougall, Mooney); Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Marshall, Stock, MacKenzie, McDougall), Dalhousie University; Maritime Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Support for People and Patient-Oriented Research and Trials (SPOR SUPPORT) Unit (Marshall, Andrew, MacKenzie); Division of Geriatric Medicine (Andrew), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Community Health Sciences (Breton, Cossette), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Green), Queen's University; ICES Queen's (Green), Kingston, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Mathews), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Ont.; School of Nursing (Martin-Misener), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - Benoit Cossette
- Department of Family Medicine Primary Care Research Unit (Marshall, Stock, Buote, Moritz), Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia Health (Marshall, MacKenzie, McDougall, Mooney); Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Marshall, Stock, MacKenzie, McDougall), Dalhousie University; Maritime Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Support for People and Patient-Oriented Research and Trials (SPOR SUPPORT) Unit (Marshall, Andrew, MacKenzie); Division of Geriatric Medicine (Andrew), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Community Health Sciences (Breton, Cossette), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Green), Queen's University; ICES Queen's (Green), Kingston, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Mathews), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Ont.; School of Nursing (Martin-Misener), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - Michael E Green
- Department of Family Medicine Primary Care Research Unit (Marshall, Stock, Buote, Moritz), Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia Health (Marshall, MacKenzie, McDougall, Mooney); Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Marshall, Stock, MacKenzie, McDougall), Dalhousie University; Maritime Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Support for People and Patient-Oriented Research and Trials (SPOR SUPPORT) Unit (Marshall, Andrew, MacKenzie); Division of Geriatric Medicine (Andrew), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Community Health Sciences (Breton, Cossette), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Green), Queen's University; ICES Queen's (Green), Kingston, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Mathews), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Ont.; School of Nursing (Martin-Misener), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - Jennifer E Isenor
- Department of Family Medicine Primary Care Research Unit (Marshall, Stock, Buote, Moritz), Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia Health (Marshall, MacKenzie, McDougall, Mooney); Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Marshall, Stock, MacKenzie, McDougall), Dalhousie University; Maritime Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Support for People and Patient-Oriented Research and Trials (SPOR SUPPORT) Unit (Marshall, Andrew, MacKenzie); Division of Geriatric Medicine (Andrew), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Community Health Sciences (Breton, Cossette), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Green), Queen's University; ICES Queen's (Green), Kingston, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Mathews), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Ont.; School of Nursing (Martin-Misener), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - Maria Mathews
- Department of Family Medicine Primary Care Research Unit (Marshall, Stock, Buote, Moritz), Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia Health (Marshall, MacKenzie, McDougall, Mooney); Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Marshall, Stock, MacKenzie, McDougall), Dalhousie University; Maritime Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Support for People and Patient-Oriented Research and Trials (SPOR SUPPORT) Unit (Marshall, Andrew, MacKenzie); Division of Geriatric Medicine (Andrew), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Community Health Sciences (Breton, Cossette), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Green), Queen's University; ICES Queen's (Green), Kingston, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Mathews), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Ont.; School of Nursing (Martin-Misener), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - Adrian MacKenzie
- Department of Family Medicine Primary Care Research Unit (Marshall, Stock, Buote, Moritz), Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia Health (Marshall, MacKenzie, McDougall, Mooney); Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Marshall, Stock, MacKenzie, McDougall), Dalhousie University; Maritime Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Support for People and Patient-Oriented Research and Trials (SPOR SUPPORT) Unit (Marshall, Andrew, MacKenzie); Division of Geriatric Medicine (Andrew), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Community Health Sciences (Breton, Cossette), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Green), Queen's University; ICES Queen's (Green), Kingston, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Mathews), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Ont.; School of Nursing (Martin-Misener), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - Ruth Martin-Misener
- Department of Family Medicine Primary Care Research Unit (Marshall, Stock, Buote, Moritz), Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia Health (Marshall, MacKenzie, McDougall, Mooney); Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Marshall, Stock, MacKenzie, McDougall), Dalhousie University; Maritime Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Support for People and Patient-Oriented Research and Trials (SPOR SUPPORT) Unit (Marshall, Andrew, MacKenzie); Division of Geriatric Medicine (Andrew), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Community Health Sciences (Breton, Cossette), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Green), Queen's University; ICES Queen's (Green), Kingston, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Mathews), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Ont.; School of Nursing (Martin-Misener), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - Beth McDougall
- Department of Family Medicine Primary Care Research Unit (Marshall, Stock, Buote, Moritz), Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia Health (Marshall, MacKenzie, McDougall, Mooney); Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Marshall, Stock, MacKenzie, McDougall), Dalhousie University; Maritime Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Support for People and Patient-Oriented Research and Trials (SPOR SUPPORT) Unit (Marshall, Andrew, MacKenzie); Division of Geriatric Medicine (Andrew), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Community Health Sciences (Breton, Cossette), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Green), Queen's University; ICES Queen's (Green), Kingston, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Mathews), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Ont.; School of Nursing (Martin-Misener), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - Melanie Mooney
- Department of Family Medicine Primary Care Research Unit (Marshall, Stock, Buote, Moritz), Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia Health (Marshall, MacKenzie, McDougall, Mooney); Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Marshall, Stock, MacKenzie, McDougall), Dalhousie University; Maritime Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Support for People and Patient-Oriented Research and Trials (SPOR SUPPORT) Unit (Marshall, Andrew, MacKenzie); Division of Geriatric Medicine (Andrew), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Community Health Sciences (Breton, Cossette), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Green), Queen's University; ICES Queen's (Green), Kingston, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Mathews), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Ont.; School of Nursing (Martin-Misener), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - Lauren R Moritz
- Department of Family Medicine Primary Care Research Unit (Marshall, Stock, Buote, Moritz), Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia Health (Marshall, MacKenzie, McDougall, Mooney); Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Marshall, Stock, MacKenzie, McDougall), Dalhousie University; Maritime Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Support for People and Patient-Oriented Research and Trials (SPOR SUPPORT) Unit (Marshall, Andrew, MacKenzie); Division of Geriatric Medicine (Andrew), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Community Health Sciences (Breton, Cossette), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Green), Queen's University; ICES Queen's (Green), Kingston, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Mathews), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Ont.; School of Nursing (Martin-Misener), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
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Ho K, Abu-Laban RB, Stewart K, Duncan R, Scheuermeyer FX, Hedden L, Lauscher HN, Sundhu S, Chadha R, Christenson J, Grafstein E, Lavallee DC, Purssell R, Tallon JM, Wood N, Bryan S. Health system use and outcomes of urgently triaged callers to a nurse-managed telephone service for provincial health information after initiation of supplemental virtual physician assessment: a descriptive study. CMAJ Open 2023; 11:E459-E465. [PMID: 37220956 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20220196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND British Columbia's 8-1-1 telephone service connects callers with nurses for health care advice. As of Nov. 16, 2020, callers advised by a registered nurse to obtain in-person medical care can be subsequently referred to virtual physicians. We sought to determine health system use and outcomes of 8-1-1 callers urgently triaged by a nurse and subsequently assessed by a virtual physician. METHODS We identified callers referred to a virtual physician between Nov. 16, 2020, and Apr. 30, 2021. After assessment, virtual physicians assigned callers to 1 of 5 triage dispositions (i.e., go to emergency department [ED] now, see primary care provider within 24 hours, schedule an appointment with a health care provider, try home treatment, other). We linked relevant administrative databases to ascertain subsequent health care use and outcomes. RESULTS We identified 5937 encounters with virtual physicians involving 5886 8-1-1 callers. Virtual physicians advised 1546 callers (26.0%) to go to the ED immediately, of whom 971 (62.8%) had 1 or more ED visits within 24 hours. Virtual physicians advised 556 (9.4%) callers to seek primary care within 24 hours, of whom 132 (23.7%) had primary care billings within 24 hours. Virtual physicians advised 1773 (29.9%) callers to schedule an appointment with a health care provider, of whom 812 (45.8%) had primary care billings within 7 days. Virtual physicians advised 1834 (30.9%) callers to try a home treatment, of whom 892 (48.6%) had no health system encounters over the next 7 days. Eight (0.1%) callers died within 7 days of assessment with a virtual physician, 5 of whom were advised to go to the ED immediately. Fifty-four (2.9%) callers with a "try home treatment" disposition were admitted to hospital within 7 days of a virtual physician assessment, and no callers who were advised home treatment died. INTERPRETATION This Canadian study evaluated health service use and outcomes arising from the addition of virtual physicians to a provincial health information telephone service. Our findings suggest that supplementation of this service with an assessment from a virtual physician safely reduces the overall proportion of callers advised to seek urgent in-person visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall Ho
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Ho, Abu-Laban, Stewart, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Novak Lauscher, Chadha, Christenson, Grafstein, Purssell, Tallon), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia; BC Emergency Medicine Network (Ho, Abu-Laban, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Christenson, Grafstein, Wood); Michael Smith Health Research BC (Duncan, Hedden, Lavallee, Bryan), Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; HealthLink BC (Sundhu); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences (Christenson), Providence Research Institute; School of Population and Public Health (Lavallee, Bryan), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Riyad B Abu-Laban
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Ho, Abu-Laban, Stewart, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Novak Lauscher, Chadha, Christenson, Grafstein, Purssell, Tallon), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia; BC Emergency Medicine Network (Ho, Abu-Laban, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Christenson, Grafstein, Wood); Michael Smith Health Research BC (Duncan, Hedden, Lavallee, Bryan), Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; HealthLink BC (Sundhu); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences (Christenson), Providence Research Institute; School of Population and Public Health (Lavallee, Bryan), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Kurtis Stewart
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Ho, Abu-Laban, Stewart, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Novak Lauscher, Chadha, Christenson, Grafstein, Purssell, Tallon), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia; BC Emergency Medicine Network (Ho, Abu-Laban, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Christenson, Grafstein, Wood); Michael Smith Health Research BC (Duncan, Hedden, Lavallee, Bryan), Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; HealthLink BC (Sundhu); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences (Christenson), Providence Research Institute; School of Population and Public Health (Lavallee, Bryan), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Ross Duncan
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Ho, Abu-Laban, Stewart, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Novak Lauscher, Chadha, Christenson, Grafstein, Purssell, Tallon), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia; BC Emergency Medicine Network (Ho, Abu-Laban, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Christenson, Grafstein, Wood); Michael Smith Health Research BC (Duncan, Hedden, Lavallee, Bryan), Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; HealthLink BC (Sundhu); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences (Christenson), Providence Research Institute; School of Population and Public Health (Lavallee, Bryan), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Frank X Scheuermeyer
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Ho, Abu-Laban, Stewart, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Novak Lauscher, Chadha, Christenson, Grafstein, Purssell, Tallon), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia; BC Emergency Medicine Network (Ho, Abu-Laban, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Christenson, Grafstein, Wood); Michael Smith Health Research BC (Duncan, Hedden, Lavallee, Bryan), Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; HealthLink BC (Sundhu); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences (Christenson), Providence Research Institute; School of Population and Public Health (Lavallee, Bryan), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Lindsay Hedden
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Ho, Abu-Laban, Stewart, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Novak Lauscher, Chadha, Christenson, Grafstein, Purssell, Tallon), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia; BC Emergency Medicine Network (Ho, Abu-Laban, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Christenson, Grafstein, Wood); Michael Smith Health Research BC (Duncan, Hedden, Lavallee, Bryan), Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; HealthLink BC (Sundhu); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences (Christenson), Providence Research Institute; School of Population and Public Health (Lavallee, Bryan), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Helen Novak Lauscher
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Ho, Abu-Laban, Stewart, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Novak Lauscher, Chadha, Christenson, Grafstein, Purssell, Tallon), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia; BC Emergency Medicine Network (Ho, Abu-Laban, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Christenson, Grafstein, Wood); Michael Smith Health Research BC (Duncan, Hedden, Lavallee, Bryan), Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; HealthLink BC (Sundhu); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences (Christenson), Providence Research Institute; School of Population and Public Health (Lavallee, Bryan), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Sandra Sundhu
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Ho, Abu-Laban, Stewart, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Novak Lauscher, Chadha, Christenson, Grafstein, Purssell, Tallon), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia; BC Emergency Medicine Network (Ho, Abu-Laban, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Christenson, Grafstein, Wood); Michael Smith Health Research BC (Duncan, Hedden, Lavallee, Bryan), Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; HealthLink BC (Sundhu); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences (Christenson), Providence Research Institute; School of Population and Public Health (Lavallee, Bryan), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Rina Chadha
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Ho, Abu-Laban, Stewart, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Novak Lauscher, Chadha, Christenson, Grafstein, Purssell, Tallon), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia; BC Emergency Medicine Network (Ho, Abu-Laban, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Christenson, Grafstein, Wood); Michael Smith Health Research BC (Duncan, Hedden, Lavallee, Bryan), Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; HealthLink BC (Sundhu); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences (Christenson), Providence Research Institute; School of Population and Public Health (Lavallee, Bryan), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Jim Christenson
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Ho, Abu-Laban, Stewart, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Novak Lauscher, Chadha, Christenson, Grafstein, Purssell, Tallon), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia; BC Emergency Medicine Network (Ho, Abu-Laban, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Christenson, Grafstein, Wood); Michael Smith Health Research BC (Duncan, Hedden, Lavallee, Bryan), Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; HealthLink BC (Sundhu); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences (Christenson), Providence Research Institute; School of Population and Public Health (Lavallee, Bryan), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Eric Grafstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Ho, Abu-Laban, Stewart, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Novak Lauscher, Chadha, Christenson, Grafstein, Purssell, Tallon), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia; BC Emergency Medicine Network (Ho, Abu-Laban, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Christenson, Grafstein, Wood); Michael Smith Health Research BC (Duncan, Hedden, Lavallee, Bryan), Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; HealthLink BC (Sundhu); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences (Christenson), Providence Research Institute; School of Population and Public Health (Lavallee, Bryan), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Danielle C Lavallee
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Ho, Abu-Laban, Stewart, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Novak Lauscher, Chadha, Christenson, Grafstein, Purssell, Tallon), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia; BC Emergency Medicine Network (Ho, Abu-Laban, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Christenson, Grafstein, Wood); Michael Smith Health Research BC (Duncan, Hedden, Lavallee, Bryan), Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; HealthLink BC (Sundhu); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences (Christenson), Providence Research Institute; School of Population and Public Health (Lavallee, Bryan), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Roy Purssell
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Ho, Abu-Laban, Stewart, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Novak Lauscher, Chadha, Christenson, Grafstein, Purssell, Tallon), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia; BC Emergency Medicine Network (Ho, Abu-Laban, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Christenson, Grafstein, Wood); Michael Smith Health Research BC (Duncan, Hedden, Lavallee, Bryan), Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; HealthLink BC (Sundhu); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences (Christenson), Providence Research Institute; School of Population and Public Health (Lavallee, Bryan), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - John M Tallon
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Ho, Abu-Laban, Stewart, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Novak Lauscher, Chadha, Christenson, Grafstein, Purssell, Tallon), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia; BC Emergency Medicine Network (Ho, Abu-Laban, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Christenson, Grafstein, Wood); Michael Smith Health Research BC (Duncan, Hedden, Lavallee, Bryan), Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; HealthLink BC (Sundhu); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences (Christenson), Providence Research Institute; School of Population and Public Health (Lavallee, Bryan), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Nancy Wood
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Ho, Abu-Laban, Stewart, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Novak Lauscher, Chadha, Christenson, Grafstein, Purssell, Tallon), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia; BC Emergency Medicine Network (Ho, Abu-Laban, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Christenson, Grafstein, Wood); Michael Smith Health Research BC (Duncan, Hedden, Lavallee, Bryan), Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; HealthLink BC (Sundhu); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences (Christenson), Providence Research Institute; School of Population and Public Health (Lavallee, Bryan), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Stirling Bryan
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Ho, Abu-Laban, Stewart, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Novak Lauscher, Chadha, Christenson, Grafstein, Purssell, Tallon), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia; BC Emergency Medicine Network (Ho, Abu-Laban, Duncan, Scheuermeyer, Christenson, Grafstein, Wood); Michael Smith Health Research BC (Duncan, Hedden, Lavallee, Bryan), Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; HealthLink BC (Sundhu); Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences (Christenson), Providence Research Institute; School of Population and Public Health (Lavallee, Bryan), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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5
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An observational pilot study: Prevalence and cost of high frequency emergency department users at Örebro University Hospital, Sweden. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274622. [PMID: 36107928 PMCID: PMC9477344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is little research on high frequency emergency department users (HEDU) in Sweden. We aim to determine the prevalence and costs of HEDU compared to non-HEDU at Örebro University Hospital (ÖUH). Additionally, we will determine the factors and outcomes associated with being a HEDU. Methods This was a retrospective, observational cohort study of ED patients presenting to ÖUH, Sweden between 2018–19. Analyses used electronic registry, ambulance, and cost data. The definition for HEDU was ≥4 visits/year. HEDUs were categorized further into Repeat, High and Super HEDU with 4–7, 8–18 and ≥19 visits/year, respectively. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine the adjusted odds ratios for factors and outcomes between HEDU and non-HEDU. Findings Of all ÖUH ED patients, 6.1% were HEDU and accounted for 22.4% of ED visits and associated costs. Compared to the mean cost of non-HEDU, the Repeat, High and Super HEDU were more costly by factors of 4, 8 and 27, respectively. The HEDUs were more likely to be male, self-referred, present with abdominal pain, arrive by ambulance, at night and from the Örebro municipal region. Super HEDU were more likely to be of adult age and assigned lower acuity scores. HEDU were more likely to be directed to the surgical zone, less likely to receive radiologic imaging or achieve a 4-hr time target. In contrast to the Repeat and High HEDU, Super HEDU were less likely to be admitted, but more likely to leave without being seen. Conclusion ÖUH has a HEDU population with associated factors and outcomes. They account for a substantial proportion of ED costs compared to non-HEDU.
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6
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Lyon-Scott K, Cohen-Cline H. Associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Emergency Department Utilization in an Adult Medicaid Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10149. [PMID: 36011783 PMCID: PMC9408230 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are widely prevalent but unevenly distributed in the United States, with disadvantaged groups, especially those with low socioeconomic status, being more likely to experience them. ACEs have been linked to poor health outcomes in adulthood. In this study, we examined the association between ACEs and emergency department (ED) utilization using a cross-sectional life-course survey of low-income adults matched to Medicaid enrollment and claims data. Surveys were obtained from 2348 Medicaid-enrolled adults in the Portland, OR metropolitan area; 1133 were used in this analysis. We used a two-part regression model to estimate the association between ACE score and both ever using the ED and frequency of ED use in the year after survey completion. We also evaluated a set of potentially protective factors to see if they impacted the relationship between ED use and ACE score. We found that participants with a higher ACE score were more likely to obtain any emergency services care (odds ratio (OR) = 1.11, p = 0.011), but ACE score did not predict how frequently they would utilize those services. Close social relationships were found to be protective against high ED utilization for those with high ACE scores. Upstream prevention efforts that identify places to intervene in childhood and incorporate trauma-informed strategies into ED care in adulthood have the potential to decrease ED use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Cohen-Cline
- Providence Center for Outcomes Research and Education, Portland, OR 97213, USA
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7
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Park J, Yeo Y, Ji Y, Kim B, Han K, Cha W, Son M, Jeon H, Park J, Shin D. Factors Associated with Emergency Department Visits and Consequent Hospitalization and Death in Korea Using a Population-Based National Health Database. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10071324. [PMID: 35885850 PMCID: PMC9325044 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10071324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to investigate common diagnoses and risk factors for emergency department (ED) visits as well as those for hospitalization and death after ED visits. This study describes the clinical course of ED visits by using the 2014–2015 population data retrieved from the National Health Insurance Service. Sociodemographic, medical, and behavioral factors were analyzed through multiple logistic regression. Older people were more likely to be hospitalized or to die after an ED visit, but younger people showed a higher risk for ED visits. Females were at a higher risk for ED visits, but males were at a higher risk for ED-associated hospitalization and death. Individuals in the highest quartile of income had a lower risk of ED death relative to lowest income level individuals. Disabilities, comorbidities, and medical issues, including previous ED visits or prior hospitalizations, were risk factors for all ED-related outcomes. Unhealthy behaviors, including current smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and not engaging in regular exercise, were also significantly associated with ED visits, hospitalization, and death. Common diagnoses and risk factors for ED visits and post-visit hospitalization and death found in this study provide a perspective from which to establish health polices for the emergency medical care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Park
- Department of Family Medicine & Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yohwan Yeo
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong 18450, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Yonghoon Ji
- Department of Family Medicine & Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Bongseong Kim
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea; (B.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea; (B.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Wonchul Cha
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Meonghi Son
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Hongjin Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Jaehyun Park
- Center for Wireless and Population Health System, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Dongwook Shin
- Department of Family Medicine & Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.P.); (Y.J.)
- Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology (SAIHST), School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (D.S.)
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8
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Moe J, Wang YE, Schull MJ, Dong K, McGregor MJ, Hohl CM, Holroyd BR, McGrail KM. Characterizing people with frequent emergency department visits and substance use: a retrospective cohort study of linked administrative data in Ontario, Alberta, and B.C., Canada. BMC Emerg Med 2022; 22:127. [PMID: 35836121 PMCID: PMC9281237 DOI: 10.1186/s12873-022-00673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Substance use is common among people who visit emergency departments (EDs) frequently. We aimed to characterize subgroups within this cohort to better understand care needs/gaps, and generalizability of characteristics in three Canadian provinces. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study (April 1st, 2013 to March 31st, 2016) of ED patients in Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia (B.C.) We included patients ≥ 18 years with substance use-related healthcare contact during the study period and frequent ED visits, defined as those in the top 10% of ED utilization when all patients were ordered by annual ED visit number. We used linked administrative databases including ED visits and hospitalizations (all provinces); mental heath-related hospitalizations (Ontario and Alberta); and prescriptions, physician services, and mortality (B.C.). We compared to cohorts of people with (1) frequent ED visits and no substance use, and (2) non-frequent ED visits and substance use. We employed cluster analysis to identify subgroups with distinct visit patterns and clinical characteristics during index year, April 1st, 2014 to March 31st, 2015. Results In 2014/15, we identified 19,604, 7,706, and 9,404 people with frequent ED visits and substance use in Ontario, Alberta, and B.C (median 37–43 years; 60.9–63.0% male), whose ED visits and hospitalizations were higher than comparison groups. In all provinces, cluster analyses identified subgroups with “extreme” and “moderate” frequent visits (median 13–19 versus 4–6 visits/year). “Extreme” versus “moderate” subgroups had more hospitalizations, mental health-related ED visits, general practitioner visits but less continuity with one provider, more commonly left against medical advice, and had higher 365-day mortality in B.C. (9.3% versus 6.6%; versus 10.4% among people with frequent ED visits and no substance use, and 4.3% among people with non-frequent ED visits and substance use). The most common ED diagnosis was acute alcohol intoxication in all subgroups. Conclusions Subgroups of people with “extreme” (13–19 visits/year) and “moderate” (4–6 visits/year) frequent ED visits and substance use had similar utilization patterns and characteristics in Ontario, Alberta, and B.C., and the “extreme” subgroup had high mortality. Our findings suggest a need for improved evidence-based substance use disorder management, and strengthened continuity with primary and mental healthcare. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12873-022-00673-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Moe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Diamond Health Care Centre, 11th Floor - 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada. .,Department of Emergency Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, 920 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada. .,BC Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada.
| | - Yueqiao Elle Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Diamond Health Care Centre, 11th Floor - 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Michael J Schull
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, G1 06, 075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Kathryn Dong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, 790 University Terrace Building, 8303 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T4, Canada
| | - Margaret J McGregor
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, 3rd Floor David Strangway Building, 5950 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Corinne M Hohl
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Diamond Health Care Centre, 11th Floor - 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, 920 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Brian R Holroyd
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, 790 University Terrace Building, 8303 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T4, Canada.,Emergency Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services, 14th Floor, North Tower, 10030 - 107 Street NW, Edmonton, AB, T5J 3E4, Canada
| | - Kimberlyn M McGrail
- School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
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9
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Rampersaud YR, Canizares M, Perruccio AV, Abraham E, Bailey CS, Christie SD, Evaniew N, Finkelstein JA, Glennie RA, Johnson MG, Nataraj A, Paquet J, Phan P, Weber MH, Thomas K, Manson N, Hall H, Fisher CG. Fulfillment of Patient Expectations After Spine Surgery is Critical to Patient Satisfaction: A Cohort Study of Spine Surgery Patients. Neurosurgery 2022; 91:173-181. [PMID: 35442936 PMCID: PMC9165646 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient satisfaction is an important indicator used to monitor quality of care and outcomes after spine surgery. OBJECTIVE To examine the complex relationship between preoperative expectations, fulfillment of expectations, postsurgical outcomes, and satisfaction after spine surgery. METHODS In this national study of patients undergoing elective surgery for degenerative spinal conditions from the Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network Registry, we used logistic regression to examine the relationships between patient satisfaction with surgery (1-5 scale), preoperative expectation score (0 = none to 100 = highest), fulfillment of expectations, and disability and pain improvement. RESULTS Fifty-eight percent of patients were extremely satisfied, and 3% were extremely dissatisfied. Expectations were variable and generally high (mean 79.5 of 100) while 17.3% reported that none of their expectations were met, 49.8% reported that their most important expectation was met, and 32.9% reported that their most important expectation was not met but others were. The results from the fully adjusted ordinal logistic model for satisfaction indicate that satisfaction was higher among patients with higher preoperative expectations (odds ratio [OR] [95% CI]: 1.11, [1.04-1.19]), reporting important improvements in disability (OR [95% CI]: 2.52 [1.96-3.25]) and pain (OR [95% CI]: 1.64 [1.25-2.15]) and reporting that expectations were fulfilled (OR = 80.15, for all expectations were met). The results were similar for lumbar and cervical patients. CONCLUSION Given the dominant impact of expectation fulfillment on satisfaction level, there is an opportunity for improving overall patient satisfaction by specifically assessing and mitigating the potential discrepancies between patients' preoperative expectations and likely surgical outcomes. The findings are likely relevant across elective surgical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Raja Rampersaud
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute & Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mayilee Canizares
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony V. Perruccio
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward Abraham
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Horizon Health Network, Saint John Orthopedics, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Christopher S. Bailey
- London Health Science Centre Combined Orthopaedic and Neurosurgery Spine Program, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean D. Christie
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Nathan Evaniew
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael G. Johnson
- Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew Nataraj
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jerome Paquet
- Centre de Recherche CHU de Quebec-Universite Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Phan
- Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital - Civic Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael H. Weber
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kenneth Thomas
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Neil Manson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Horizon Health Network, Saint John Orthopedics, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Hamilton Hall
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles G. Fisher
- Vancouver Spine Surgery Institute, Vancouver General Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Jones A, Maclagan LC, Watt JA, Schull MJ, Jaakkimainen L, Swayze S, Guan J, Bronskill SE. Reasons for repeated emergency department visits among community-dwelling older adults with dementia in Ontario, Canada. J Am Geriatr Soc 2022; 70:1745-1753. [PMID: 35238398 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-dwelling older adults living with dementia visit the emergency department (ED) more frequently than other older adults, but research on the reasons for repeated visits is lacking. We examined the rate of repeated ED visits and reasons for visits in a cohort of individuals with dementia. METHODS We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of community-dwelling older adults (≥66 years) living with dementia in Ontario, Canada, who visited the ED and were discharged home between April 1, 2010, and March 31, 2019. We calculated the proportion of the population with one, two, and three or more repeat ED visits within 1 year of the baseline visit and the categorized the reason for the visits. RESULTS Our cohort contained 175,863 individuals with dementia who visited the ED at least once. Overall, 66.1% returned at least once to the ED within 1 year, 39.4% returned twice, and 23.5% returned 3 or more times. Visit reasons were heterogenous and were most frequently related to general signs and symptoms (25.3%) while being infrequently due to cognitive or behavioral reasons (5.9%). Individuals typically visited for different reasons across successive visits. CONCLUSIONS Community-dwelling older adults with dementia who visited an ED were very likely to return to the ED within a year, with a substantial proportion visiting multiple times. The high frequency of repeated visits for different reasons highlights the complexity of caring for this population and indicates greater need for comprehensive community and primary care as well as timely communication between the ED and the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Jones
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer A Watt
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital-Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Schull
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management & Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liisa Jaakkimainen
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Susan E Bronskill
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management & Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Moe J, Wang EY, McGregor MJ, Schull MJ, Dong K, Holroyd BR, Hohl CM, Grafstein E, O'Sullivan F, Trimble J, McGrail KM. Subgroups of people who make frequent emergency department visits in Ontario and Alberta: a retrospective cohort study. CMAJ Open 2022; 10:E232-E246. [PMID: 35292481 PMCID: PMC8929427 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20210132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The population that visits emergency departments frequently is heterogeneous and at high risk for mortality. This study aimed to characterize these patients in Ontario and Alberta, compare them with controls who do not visit emergency departments frequently, and identify subgroups. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study that captured patients in Ontario or Alberta from fiscal years 2011/12 to 2015/16 in the Dynamic Cohort from the Canadian Institute for Health Information, which defined people with frequent visits to the emergency department in the top 10% of annual visits and randomly selected controls from the bottom 90%. We included patients 18 years of age or older and linked to emergency department, hospitalization, continuing care, home care and mental health-related hospitalization data. We characterized people who made frequent visits to the emergency department over time, compared them with controls and identified subgroups using cluster analysis. We examined emergency department visit acuity using the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale. RESULTS The number of patients who made frequent visits to the emergency department ranged from 435 334 to 477 647 each year in Ontario (≥ 4 visits per year), and from 98 840 to 105 047 in Alberta (≥ 5 visits per year). The acuity of these visits increased over time. Those who made frequent visits to the emergency department were older and used more health care services than controls. We identified 4 subgroups of those who made frequent visits: "short duration" (frequent, regularly spaced visits), "older patients" (median ages 69 and 64 years in Ontario and Alberta, respectively; more comorbidities; and more admissions), "young mental health" (median ages 45 and 40 years in Ontario and Alberta, respectively; and common mental health-related and alcohol-related visits) and "injury" (increased prevalence of injury-related visits). INTERPRETATION From 2011/12 to 2015/16, people who visited emergency departments frequently had increasing visit acuity, had higher health care use than controls, and comprised distinct subgroups. Emergency departments should codevelop interventions with the identified subgroups to address patient needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Moe
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, Grafstein, O'Sullivan), and of Family Practice (McGregor), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Elle Yuequiao Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, Grafstein, O'Sullivan), and of Family Practice (McGregor), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Margaret J McGregor
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, Grafstein, O'Sullivan), and of Family Practice (McGregor), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Michael J Schull
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, Grafstein, O'Sullivan), and of Family Practice (McGregor), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Kathryn Dong
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, Grafstein, O'Sullivan), and of Family Practice (McGregor), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Brian R Holroyd
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, Grafstein, O'Sullivan), and of Family Practice (McGregor), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Corinne M Hohl
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, Grafstein, O'Sullivan), and of Family Practice (McGregor), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Eric Grafstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, Grafstein, O'Sullivan), and of Family Practice (McGregor), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Fiona O'Sullivan
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, Grafstein, O'Sullivan), and of Family Practice (McGregor), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Johanna Trimble
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, Grafstein, O'Sullivan), and of Family Practice (McGregor), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Kimberlyn M McGrail
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, Grafstein, O'Sullivan), and of Family Practice (McGregor), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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Moe J, Wang EY, McGregor MJ, Schull MJ, Dong K, Holroyd BR, Hohl CM, Grafstein E, O'Sullivan F, Trimble J, McGrail KM. People who make frequent emergency department visits based on persistence of frequent use in Ontario and Alberta: a retrospective cohort study. CMAJ Open 2022; 10:E220-E231. [PMID: 35292480 PMCID: PMC8929439 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20210131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The factors that underlie persistent frequent visits to the emergency department are poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize people who visit emergency departments frequently in Ontario and Alberta, by number of years of frequent use. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study aimed at capturing information about patients visiting emergency departments in Ontario and Alberta, Canada, from Apr. 1, 2011, to Mar. 31, 2016. We identified people 18 years or older with frequent emergency department use (top 10% of emergency department use) in fiscal year 2015/16, using the Dynamic Cohort from the Canadian Institute of Health Information. We then organized them into subgroups based on the number of years (1 to 5) in which they met the threshold for frequent use over the study period. We characterized subgroups using linked emergency department, hospitalization and mental health-related hospitalization data. RESULTS We identified 252 737 people in Ontario and 63 238 people in Alberta who made frequent visits to the emergency department. In Ontario and Alberta, 44.3% and 44.7%, respectively, met the threshold for frequent use in only 1 year and made 37.9% and 38.5% of visits; 6.8% and 8.2% met the threshold for frequent use over 5 years and made 11.9% and 13.2% of visits. Many characteristics followed gradients based on persistence of frequent use: as years of frequent visits increased (1 to 5 years), people had more comorbidities, homelessness, rural residence, annual emergency department visits, alcohol- and substance use-related presentations, mental health hospitalizations and instances of leaving hospital against medical advice. INTERPRETATION Higher levels of comorbidities, mental health issues, substance use and rural residence were seen with increasing years of frequent emergency department use. Interventions upstream and in the emergency department must address unmet needs, including services for substance use and social supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Moe
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, O'Sullivan), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Family Practice (McGregor), Department of Emergency Medicine (Grafstein), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Providence Health Care (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Elle Yuequiao Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, O'Sullivan), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Family Practice (McGregor), Department of Emergency Medicine (Grafstein), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Providence Health Care (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Margaret J McGregor
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, O'Sullivan), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Family Practice (McGregor), Department of Emergency Medicine (Grafstein), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Providence Health Care (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Michael J Schull
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, O'Sullivan), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Family Practice (McGregor), Department of Emergency Medicine (Grafstein), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Providence Health Care (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Kathryn Dong
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, O'Sullivan), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Family Practice (McGregor), Department of Emergency Medicine (Grafstein), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Providence Health Care (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Brian R Holroyd
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, O'Sullivan), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Family Practice (McGregor), Department of Emergency Medicine (Grafstein), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Providence Health Care (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Corinne M Hohl
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, O'Sullivan), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Family Practice (McGregor), Department of Emergency Medicine (Grafstein), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Providence Health Care (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Eric Grafstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, O'Sullivan), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Family Practice (McGregor), Department of Emergency Medicine (Grafstein), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Providence Health Care (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Fiona O'Sullivan
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, O'Sullivan), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Family Practice (McGregor), Department of Emergency Medicine (Grafstein), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Providence Health Care (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Johanna Trimble
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, O'Sullivan), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Family Practice (McGregor), Department of Emergency Medicine (Grafstein), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Providence Health Care (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Kimberlyn M McGrail
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Wang, Hohl, O'Sullivan), University of British Columbia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Moe, Hohl), Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Family Practice (McGregor), Department of Emergency Medicine (Grafstein), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; ICES Central (Schull); Department of Medicine (Schull), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Dong, Holroyd), University of Alberta; Emergency Strategic Clinical Network (Holroyd), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Vancouver Coastal Health (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Providence Health Care (Grafstein), Vancouver, BC; Patients for Patient Safety Canada (Trimble), Ottawa, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health and Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (McGrail), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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