1
|
Huang Q, Wang Y, Chen S, Liang F. Glycometabolic Reprogramming of Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights from Neuroinflammation. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1155-1175. [PMID: 37611905 PMCID: PMC11081147 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are conditions defined by progressive deterioration of the structure and function of the nervous system. Some major examples include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These diseases lead to various dysfunctions, like impaired cognition, memory, and movement. Chronic neuroinflammation may underlie numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Microglia, an important immunocell in the brain, plays a vital role in defending against neuroinflammation. When exposed to different stimuli, microglia are activated and assume different phenotypes, participating in immune regulation of the nervous system and maintaining tissue homeostasis. The immunological activity of activated microglia is affected by glucose metabolic alterations. However, in the context of chronic neuroinflammation, specific alterations of microglial glucose metabolism and their mechanisms of action remain unclear. Thus, in this paper, we review the glycometabolic reprogramming of microglia in ND. The key molecular targets and main metabolic pathways are the focus of this research. Additionally, this study explores the mechanisms underlying microglial glucose metabolism reprogramming in ND and offers an analysis of the most recent therapeutic advancements. The ultimate aim is to provide insights into the development of potential treatments for ND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yanfu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Fengxia Liang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liston A, Pasciuto E, Fitzgerald DC, Yshii L. Brain regulatory T cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:326-337. [PMID: 38040953 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The brain, long thought to be isolated from the peripheral immune system, is increasingly recognized to be integrated into a systemic immunological network. These conduits of immune-brain interaction and immunosurveillance processes necessitate the presence of complementary immunoregulatory mechanisms, of which brain regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are likely a key facet. Treg cells represent a dynamic population in the brain, with continual influx, specialization to a brain-residency phenotype and relatively rapid displacement by newly incoming cells. In addition to their functions in suppressing adaptive immunity, an emerging view is that Treg cells in the brain dampen down glial reactivity in response to a range of neurological insults, and directly assist in multiple regenerative and reparative processes during tissue pathology. The utility and malleability of the brain Treg cell population make it an attractive therapeutic target across the full spectrum of neurological conditions, ranging from neuroinflammatory to neurodegenerative and even psychiatric diseases. Therapeutic modalities currently under intense development include Treg cell therapy, IL-2 therapy to boost Treg cell numbers and multiple innovative approaches to couple these therapeutics to brain delivery mechanisms for enhanced potency. Here we review the state of the art of brain Treg cell knowledge together with the potential avenues for future integration into medical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Liston
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Emanuela Pasciuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Denise C Fitzgerald
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Lidia Yshii
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Azad A, Gökmen ÜR, Uysal H, Köksoy S, Bilge U, Manguoğlu AE. Autophagy dysregulation plays a crucial role in regulatory T-cell loss and neuroinflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2024; 25:336-344. [PMID: 37908143 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2023.2273365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroinflammation is the hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) disease. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential in immune tolerance and neuroinflammation prevention. It has been shown that a significant decrease in Treg and FoxP3 protein expression is observed in ALS patients. The main reason for the FoxP3+ Treg loss in ALS is unknown. In this study, the role of autophagy dysregulation in FoxP3+ Tregs in ALS was investigated. METHODS Twenty-three ALS patients and 24 healthy controls were recruited for the study. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) were obtained from peripheral blood, and then Tregs were isolated. Isolated Tregs were stained with FoxP3 and LC3 antibodies and analyzed in flow cytometry to determine autophagy levels in FoxP3+ Tregs in patients and controls. RESULTS The mean of FoxP3+ LC3+ cells, were 0.47 and 0.45 in patients and controls, respectively. The mean of FoxP3+ LC3- cells was 0.15 in patients and 0.20 in controls, p = 0.030 (p < 0.05). There is no significant correlation between ALSFRS-R decay rate and autophagy level in patients. Also, there is no significant difference between autophagy levels in FoxP3+ Tregs in patients with rapidly progressing ALS and slow-progressing ALS. CONCLUSION Excessive autophagy levels in FoxP3+ Tregs in ALS patients can potentially be an explanation for an increased cell death and result in worsened neuroinflammation and disease onset. However, the disease progress is not attributable to autophagy levels in FoxP3+ Tregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asef Azad
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ümmü Rana Gökmen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Uysal
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sadi Köksoy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey, and
| | - Uğur Bilge
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Esra Manguoğlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu CZ, Huan X, Luo SS, Zhong HH, Zhao CB, Chen Y, Zou ZY, Chen S. Serum cytokines profile changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28553. [PMID: 38596011 PMCID: PMC11002056 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive limb weakness, dysphagia, dysphonia, and respiratory failure due to degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. The pathogenesis of ALS is still unclear. Neuroinflammation has been found to be involved in its development and progression. Cytokines play a significant role in the inflammatory process. This study aims to identify novel biomarkers that may assist in the diagnosis of ALS. Methods In Fujian Medical University Union Hospital and Huashan Hospital Fudan University, two independent centers, we prospectively recruited 50 ALS patients, and 41 healthy controls (25 ALS and 26 controls in the first stage and 25 ALS and 15 controls in the validation stage). An 18-plex Luminex kit was used to screen the serum cytokines levels in the first stage. Commercial ELISA kits were used to measure the levels of target cytokines in the validation stage. A single-molecule array HD-X platform was applied to assess the levels of serum neurofilament light chain (NFL). Results The levels of serum IL-18 were markedly increased in patients with ALS in the first stage (p = 0.016). The ROC curve showed an area under the curve at 0.695 (95% CI 0.50-0.84) in distinguishing ALS patients from healthy controls. The IL-21 was decreased in elderly patients when grouped by 55 years old (the medium age). Furthermore, the IL-5, IL-13, IL-18, and NFL had a positive relationship with the disease progression of ALS. We also found that serum IL-18 was markedly increased in ALS patients in the validation stage (167.67 [148.25-175.59] vs 116.44 [102.43-122.19]pg/ml, p < 0.0015). Conclusion In this study, we identified systemic cytokine profile changes in the serum of ALS patients, especially the elevated IL-18, as well as the decreased IL-21 in elder patients. These changes in serum cytokine profiles may shed new light on an in-depth understanding of the immunopathogenic characteristics of ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Zuan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Huan
- Department of Neurology, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Su-Shan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Hua Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong-Bo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang-Yu Zou
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen S, Huan X, Xu C, Luo S, Zhao C, Zhong H, Zheng X, Qiao K, Dong Y, Wang Y, Liu C, Huang H, Chen Y, Zou Z. Eomesodermin expression in CD4 +T-cells associated with disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14503. [PMID: 37850654 PMCID: PMC11017423 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To clarify the role of Eomesodermin (EOMES) to serve as a disease-relevant biomarker and the intracellular molecules underlying the immunophenotype shifting of CD4+T subsets in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS The derivation and validation cohorts included a total of 148 ALS patients and 101 healthy controls (HCs). Clinical data and peripheral blood were collected. T-cell subsets and the EOMES expression were quantified using multicolor flow cytometry. Serum neurofilament light chain (NFL) was measured. In 1-year longitudinal follow-ups, the ALSFRS-R scores and primary endpoint events were further recorded in the ALS patients of the validation cohort. RESULTS In the derivation cohort, the CD4+EOMES+T-cell subsets were significantly increased (p < 0.001). EOMES+ subset was positively correlated with increased serum NFL levels in patients with onset longer than 12 months. In the validation cohort, the elevated CD4+EOMES+T-cell proportions and their association with NFL levels were also identified. The longitudinal study revealed that ALS patients with higher EOMES expression were associated with higher progression rates (p = .010) and worse prognosis (p = .003). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that increased CD4+EOMES+T-cell subsets in ALS were associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. Identifying these associations may contribute to a better understanding of the immunopathological mechanism of ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouChina
- Institute of Clinical NeurologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xiao Huan
- Huashan Rare Disease Center and Department of NeurologyHuashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chun‐Zuan Xu
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouChina
- Institute of Clinical NeurologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Su‐Shan Luo
- Huashan Rare Disease Center and Department of NeurologyHuashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chong‐Bo Zhao
- Huashan Rare Disease Center and Department of NeurologyHuashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hua‐Hua Zhong
- Huashan Rare Disease Center and Department of NeurologyHuashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xue‐Ying Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health SafetyFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Kai Qiao
- Huashan Rare Disease Center and Department of NeurologyHuashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yi Dong
- Huashan Rare Disease Center and Department of NeurologyHuashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of PharmacyFudan University Huashan HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Chang‐Yun Liu
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouChina
- Institute of Clinical NeurologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Hua‐Pin Huang
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouChina
- Institute of Clinical NeurologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yan Chen
- Huashan Rare Disease Center and Department of NeurologyHuashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhang‐Yu Zou
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouChina
- Institute of Clinical NeurologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moțățăianu A, Andone S, Stoian A, Bălașa R, Huțanu A, Sărmășan E. A Potential Role of Interleukin-5 in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A New Molecular Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3782. [PMID: 38612591 PMCID: PMC11011909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cumulative data suggest that neuroinflammation plays a prominent role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis. The purpose of this work was to assess if patients with ALS present a specific peripheral cytokine profile and if it correlates with neurological disability assessed by ALSFRS-R, the rate of disease progression, and the pattern of disease progression (horizontal spreading [HSP] versus vertical spreading [VSP]). We determined the levels of 15 cytokines in the blood of 59 patients with ALS and 40 controls. We identified a positive correlation between levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-17F, IL-33, IL-31) and the age of ALS patients, as well as a positive correlation between IL-12p/70 and survival from ALS onset and ALS diagnosis. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between the ALSFRS-R score in the upper limb and respiratory domain and IL-5 levels. In our ALS cohort, the spreading pattern was 42% horizontal and 58% vertical, with patients with VSP showing a faster rate of ALS progression. Furthermore, we identified a negative correlation between IL-5 levels and the rate of disease progression, as well as a positive correlation between IL-5 and HSP of ALS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting a "protective" role of IL-5 in ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anca Moțățăianu
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (S.A.); (A.S.); (R.B.); (E.S.)
- Department of Neurology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Sebastian Andone
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (S.A.); (A.S.); (R.B.); (E.S.)
- Department of Neurology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Adina Stoian
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (S.A.); (A.S.); (R.B.); (E.S.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Rodica Bălașa
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (S.A.); (A.S.); (R.B.); (E.S.)
- Department of Neurology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Adina Huțanu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Emanuela Sărmășan
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.M.); (S.A.); (A.S.); (R.B.); (E.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
He D, Yang X, Liu L, Shen D, Liu Q, Liu M, Zhang X, Cui L. Dysregulated N 6-methyladenosine modification in peripheral immune cells contributes to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Med 2024:10.1007/s11684-023-1035-5. [PMID: 38491210 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurogenerative disorder with uncertain origins. Emerging evidence implicates N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in ALS pathogenesis. Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were utilized for m6A profiling in peripheral immune cells and serum proteome analysis, respectively, in patients with ALS (n = 16) and controls (n = 6). The single-cell transcriptomic dataset (GSE174332) of primary motor cortex was further analyzed to illuminate the biological implications of differentially methylated genes and cell communication changes. Analysis of peripheral immune cells revealed extensive RNA hypermethylation, highlighting candidate genes with differential m6A modification and expression, including C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1). In RAW264.7 macrophages, disrupted CX3CR1 signaling affected chemotaxis, potentially influencing immune cell migration in ALS. Serum proteome analysis demonstrated the role of dysregulated immune cell migration in ALS. Cell type-specific expression variations of these genes in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly microglia, were observed. Intercellular communication between neurons and glial cells was selectively altered in ALS CNS. This integrated approach underscores m6A dysregulation in immune cells as a potential ALS contributor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di He
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xunzhe Yang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Liyang Liu
- Medical Doctor Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Dongchao Shen
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mingsheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
- Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Liying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
He D, Liu Y, Dong S, Shen D, Yang X, Hao M, Yin X, He X, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu M, Wang J, Chen X, Cui L. The prognostic value of systematic genetic screening in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. J Neurol 2024; 271:1385-1396. [PMID: 37980296 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with complex genetic architecture. Emerging evidence has indicated comorbidity between ALS and autoimmune conditions, suggesting a potential shared genetic basis. The objective of this study is to assess the prognostic value of systematic screening for rare deleterious mutations in genes associated with ALS and aberrant inflammatory responses. METHODS A discovery cohort of 494 patients and a validation cohort of 69 patients were analyzed in this study, with population-matched healthy subjects (n = 4961) served as controls. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed to identify rare deleterious variants in 50 ALS genes and 1177 genes associated with abnormal inflammatory responses. Genotype-phenotype correlation was assessed, and an integrative prognostic model incorporating genetic and clinical factors was constructed. RESULTS In the discovery cohort, 8.1% of patients carried confirmed ALS variants, and an additional 15.2% of patients carried novel ALS variants. Gene burden analysis revealed 303 immune-implicated genes with enriched rare variants, and 13.4% of patients harbored rare deleterious variants in these genes. Patients with ALS variants exhibited a more rapid disease progression (HR 2.87 [95% CI 2.03-4.07], p < 0.0001), while no significant effect was observed for immune-implicated variants. The nomogram model incorporating genetic and clinical information demonstrated improved accuracy in predicting disease outcomes (C-index, 0.749). CONCLUSION Our findings enhance the comprehension of the genetic basis of ALS within the Chinese population. It also appears that rare deleterious mutations occurring in immune-implicated genes exert minimal influence on the clinical trajectories of ALS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di He
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Yining Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siqi Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongchao Shen
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xunzhe Yang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianhong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingsheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Research Unit of Dissecting the Population Genetics and Developing New Technologies for Treatment and Prevention of Skin Phenotypes and Dermatological Diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Research Unit of Dissecting the Population Genetics and Developing New Technologies for Treatment and Prevention of Skin Phenotypes and Dermatological Diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Liying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
He D, Xu Y, Liu M, Cui L. The Inflammatory Puzzle: Piecing together the Links between Neuroinflammation and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Aging Dis 2024; 15:96-114. [PMID: 37307819 PMCID: PMC10796096 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that has a complex genetic basis. Through advancements in genetic screening, researchers have identified more than 40 mutant genes associated with ALS, some of which impact immune function. Neuroinflammation, with abnormal activation of immune cells and excessive production of inflammatory cytokines in the central nervous system, significantly contributes to the pathophysiology of ALS. In this review, we examine recent evidence on the involvement of ALS-associated mutant genes in immune dysregulation, with a specific focus on the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway and N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-mediated immune regulation in the context of neurodegeneration. We also discuss the perturbation of immune cell homeostasis in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues in ALS. Furthermore, we explore the advancements made in the emerging genetic and cell-based therapies for ALS. This review underscores the complex relationship between ALS and neuroinflammation, highlighting the potential to identify modifiable factors for therapeutic intervention. A deeper understanding of the connection between neuroinflammation and the risk of ALS is crucial for advancing effective treatments for this debilitating disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di He
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Mingsheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Liying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jiang Q, Wei Q, Zhang L, Yang T, Lin J, Xiao Y, Li C, Hou Y, Ou R, Liu K, Zhao B, Wu Y, Lai X, Shang H. Peripheral immunity relate to disease progression and prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38270154 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2024.2306969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. Abnormalities in the peripheral immune system in ALS have been paid attention; however, the results of changes in peripheral immune parameters were inconsistent. Methods: A total of 1109 ALS patients were enrolled in the study. All patients received clinical evaluation and peripheral immune parameters measurement. The outcomes were analyzed by correlation analysis, multiple linear regression and cox survival analysis. Results: We found that ALS patients had significantly higher percentage of CD4+ T cells (39.3 vs. 37.1%, p < 0.001) and CD4+/CD8+ ratio (1.88 vs. 1.72, p = 0.011), significantly lower IgG (11.73 vs.12.82, p < 0.001) and IgA (2130.70 vs. 2284.8, p = 0.013) compared with the health controls. In the multivariate linear model, we found that each increase of 1.262, 0.278, and 4.44E-4 in ALSFRS-R scores were significantly associated with each increment of lymphocyte count, IgG, and IgA, respectively. However, each decrease of 0.341, 0.068, and 0.682 in ALSFRS-R score was associated with each increment in neutrophils, CD4+ T cells, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio, respectively. Cox survival regression analysis showed that the death risk of ALS patients was related to the levels of C3 (HR 0.592, 95% CI 0.361-0.973). Conclusion: We found that there were differences in peripheral immune parameters of ALS patients with the severity of the disease, especially neutrophil, lymphocyte, CD4+ T, and IgG; C3 is an independent predictor of survival in ALS patients. More studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms associated with altered immune parameters in ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianqian Wei
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianmi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junyu Lin
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanbing Hou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruwei Ou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kuncheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaohui Lai
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nakken O, Vaage AM, Stigum H, Heldal E, Meyer HE, Holmøy T. Tuberculin responses after BCG vaccination predict amyotrophic lateral sclerosis risk. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 34:100704. [PMID: 38033614 PMCID: PMC10681879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background T cell infiltration around dying motor neurons is a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is not known if this immune response represents a cause or a consequence of the disease. We aimed to establish whether individual variation in regulation of a T cell driven immune response is associated with long-term ALS risk. Methods Tuberculin skin test (TST) following BCG vaccination represents a standardized measure of a secondary T cell driven immune response. During a Norwegian tuberculosis screening program (1963-1975) Norwegian citizens born from 1910 to 1955 underwent TST. In those previously BCG vaccinated (median 7 years prior to TST), we related tuberculin skin tests to later ALS disease identified through validated Norwegian health registers. We fitted Cox proportional hazard models to investigate the association between tuberculin reactivity and ALS risk. Results Among 324,629 participants (52 % women) with median age 22 (IQR 10) years at tuberculosis screening, 496 (50 % women) later developed ALS. Hazard ratio for ALS was 0.74 (95% CI 0.57-0.95) for those who remained TST negative compared to those who mounted a positive TST. The association was strongest when time between BCG immunization and TST was short. The associations observed persisted for more than four decades after TST measurement. Conclusions Negative TST responses after BCG vaccination is associated with decreased long-term risk for ALS development, supporting a primary role for adaptive immunity in ALS development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ola Nakken
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Anders Myhre Vaage
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hein Stigum
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar Heldal
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Haakon E. Meyer
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trygve Holmøy
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dubowsky M, Theunissen F, Carr JM, Rogers ML. The Molecular Link Between TDP-43, Endogenous Retroviruses and Inflammatory Neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: a Potential Target for Triumeq, an Antiretroviral Therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6330-6345. [PMID: 37450244 PMCID: PMC10533598 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND), is a progressive neurological disorder, characterised by the death of upper and lower motor neurons. The aetiology of ALS remains unknown, and treatment options are limited. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), specifically human endogenous retrovirus type K (HERV-K), have been proposed to be involved in the propagation of neurodegeneration in ALS. ERVs are genomic remnants of ancient viral infection events, with most being inactive and not retaining the capacity to encode a fully infectious virus. However, some ERVs retain the ability to be activated and transcribed, and ERV transcripts have been found to be elevated within the brain tissue of MND patients. A hallmark of ALS pathology is altered localisation of the transactive response (TAR) DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43), which is normally found within the nucleus of neuronal and glial cells and is involved in RNA regulation. In ALS, TDP-43 aggregates within the cytoplasm and facilitates neurodegeneration. The involvement of ERVs in ALS pathology is thought to occur through TDP-43 and neuroinflammatory mediators. In this review, the proposed involvement of TDP-43, HERV-K and immune regulators on the onset and progression of ALS will be discussed. Furthermore, the evidence supporting a therapy based on targeting ERVs in ALS will be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Dubowsky
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.
| | - Frances Theunissen
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Jillian M Carr
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Mary-Louise Rogers
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cao W, Cao Z, Tian Y, Zhang L, Wang W, Tang L, Xu C, Fan D. Neutrophils Are Associated with Higher Risk of Incident Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in a BMI- and Age-Dependent Manner. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:942-954. [PMID: 37554051 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peripheral immune markers have been associated with the progression and prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, whether dysregulation of peripheral immunity is a risk factor for ALS or a consequence of motor neuron degeneration has not yet been clarified. We aimed to identify longitudinal associations between prediagnostic peripheral immunity and the risk of incident ALS. METHODS A total of 345,000 individuals from the UK Biobank between 2006 and 2010 were included at the baseline. The counts of peripheral immune markers (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, and CRP) and its derived metrics (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR], platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio [PLR], lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio [LMR], and systemic immune-inflammation index [SII]) were analyzed in relation to the following incident ALS by Cox proportional hazard models. Subgroup and interaction analyses were performed to explore the covariates of these relationships further. RESULTS After adjusting for all covariates, the multivariate analysis showed that high neutrophil counts and their derived metrics (NLR and SII) were associated with an increased risk of ALS incidence (per SD increment hazard ratio [HR] = 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-1.29 for neutrophils; HR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.03-1.28 for NLR; and HR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.05-1.30 for SII). Subgroup and interaction analyses revealed that body mass index (BMI) and age had specific effects on this association. In participants with BMI ≥ 25 or age < 65 years, higher neutrophil counts, and their metrics increased the risk of incident ALS; however, in participants with BMI < 25 or age ≥ 65 years, neutrophils had no effect on incident ALS. INTERPRETATION Our study provides evidence that increased neutrophil levels and neutrophil-derived metrics (NLR and SII) are associated with an increased risk of developing ALS. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:942-954.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Cao
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Cao
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Tian
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Linjing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Guan X, Wei D, Liang Z, Xie L, Wang Y, Huang Z, Wu J, Pang T. FDCA Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Brain Injury after Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3839-3854. [PMID: 37768739 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a deleterious cerebrovascular disease with few therapeutic options, and its functional recovery is highly associated with the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and neuroinflammation. The Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor fasudil (F) and the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) inhibitor dichloroacetate (DCA) have been demonstrated to exhibit neuroprotection in a series of neurological disorders. Hence, we synthesized and biologically examined the new salt fasudil dichloroacetate (FDCA) and validated that FDCA was eligible for attenuating ischemic volume and neurological deficits in the rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model. Additionally, FDCA exerted superior effects than fasudil and dichloroacetate alone or in combination in reducing cerebral ischemic injury. Particularly, FDCA could maintain the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) protein expression and the degradation of zonula occludens (ZO-1) and Occludin protein. Meanwhile, FDCA could mitigate the neuroinflammation induced by microglia. The in vivo and in vitro experiments further demonstrated that FDCA disrupted the phosphorylations of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, including p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and limited excessive lactic acid metabolites, resulting in inhibition of BBB disruption and neuroinflammation. In addition, FDCA potently mitigated inflammatory response in human monocytes isolated from ischemic stroke patients, which provides the possibilities of a clinical translation perspective. Overall, these findings provided a therapeutic potential for FDCA as a candidate agent for ischemic stroke and other neurological diseases associated with BBB disruption and neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Dasha Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Luyang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yifang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, P. R. China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, P. R. China
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Drug Discovery, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lemos JP, Tenório LPG, Mouly V, Butler-Browne G, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Savino W, Smeriglio P. T cell biology in neuromuscular disorders: a focus on Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1202834. [PMID: 37920473 PMCID: PMC10619758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1202834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrates a continuous interaction between the immune system, the nerve and the muscle in neuromuscular disorders of different pathogenetic origins, such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), the focus of this review. Herein we highlight the complexity of the cellular and molecular interactions involving the immune system in neuromuscular disorders, as exemplified by DMD and ALS. We describe the distinct types of cell-mediated interactions, such as cytokine/chemokine production as well as cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions between T lymphocytes and other immune cells, which target cells of the muscular or nervous tissues. Most of these interactions occur independently of exogenous pathogens, through ligand-receptor binding and subsequent signal transduction cascades, at distinct levels of specificity. Although this issue reveals the complexity of the system, it can also be envisioned as a window of opportunity to design therapeutic strategies (including synthetic moieties, cell and gene therapy, as well as immunotherapy) by acting upon one or more targets. In this respect, we discuss ongoing clinical trials using VLA-4 inhibition in DMD, and in ALS, with a focus on regulatory T cells, both revealing promising results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pereira Lemos
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Liliane Patrícia Gonçalves Tenório
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Gillian Butler-Browne
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- INOVA-IOC Network on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- INOVA-IOC Network on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Piera Smeriglio
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rubino V, La Rosa G, Pipicelli L, Carriero F, Damiano S, Santillo M, Terrazzano G, Ruggiero G, Mondola P. Insights on the Multifaceted Roles of Wild-Type and Mutated Superoxide Dismutase 1 in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Pathogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1747. [PMID: 37760050 PMCID: PMC10525763 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive motor neurodegenerative disease. Cell damage in ALS is the result of many different, largely unknown, pathogenetic mechanisms. Astrocytes and microglial cells play a critical role also for their ability to enhance a deranged inflammatory response. Excitotoxicity, due to excessive glutamate levels and increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration, has also been proposed to play a key role in ALS pathogenesis/progression. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) behave as key second messengers for multiple receptor/ligand interactions. ROS-dependent regulatory networks are usually mediated by peroxides. Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1) physiologically mediates intracellular peroxide generation. About 10% of ALS subjects show a familial disease associated with different gain-of-function SOD1 mutations. The occurrence of sporadic ALS, not clearly associated with SOD1 defects, has been also described. SOD1-dependent pathways have been involved in neuron functional network as well as in immune-response regulation. Both, neuron depolarization and antigen-dependent T-cell activation mediate SOD1 exocytosis, inducing increased interaction of the enzyme with a complex molecular network involved in the regulation of neuron functional activity and immune response. Here, alteration of SOD1-dependent pathways mediating increased intracellular Ca2+ levels, altered mitochondria functions and defective inflammatory process regulation have been proposed to be relevant for ALS pathogenesis/progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rubino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuliana La Rosa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.L.R.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Luca Pipicelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.L.R.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Flavia Carriero
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Simona Damiano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.L.R.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariarosaria Santillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.L.R.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Terrazzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Giuseppina Ruggiero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Paolo Mondola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.L.R.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
de la Fuente AG, Pelucchi S, Mertens J, Di Luca M, Mauceri D, Marcello E. Novel therapeutic approaches to target neurodegeneration. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:1651-1673. [PMID: 36965025 PMCID: PMC10952850 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is the main risk factor common to most primary neurodegenerative disorders. Indeed, age-related brain alterations have been long considered to predispose to neurodegeneration. Although protein misfolding and the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates have been considered as causative events in neurodegeneration, several other biological pathways affected by brain ageing also contribute to pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the evidence showing the involvement of the mechanisms controlling neuronal structure, gene expression, autophagy, cell metabolism and neuroinflammation in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, we review the therapeutic strategies currently under development or as future approaches designed to normalize these pathways, which may then increase brain resilience to cope with toxic protein species. In addition to therapies targeting the insoluble protein aggregates specifically associated with each neurodegenerative disorder, these novel pharmacological approaches may be part of combined therapies designed to rescue brain function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alerie G. de la Fuente
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL)AlicanteSpain
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC‐UMHAlicanteSpain
- Wellcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Silvia Pelucchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Institute of Molecular BiologyLeopold‐Franzens‐Universität InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Jerome Mertens
- Institute of Molecular BiologyLeopold‐Franzens‐Universität InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Daniela Mauceri
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell BiologyDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, University of MarburgMarburgGermany
- Department of NeurobiologyInterdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
De Marchi F, Franjkic T, Schito P, Russo T, Nimac J, Chami AA, Mele A, Vidatic L, Kriz J, Julien JP, Apic G, Russell RB, Rogelj B, Cannon JR, Baralle M, Agosta F, Hecimovic S, Mazzini L, Buratti E, Munitic I. Emerging Trends in the Field of Inflammation and Proteinopathy in ALS/FTD Spectrum Disorder. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1599. [PMID: 37371694 PMCID: PMC10295684 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinopathy and neuroinflammation are two main hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. They also represent rare common events in an exceptionally broad landscape of genetic, environmental, neuropathologic, and clinical heterogeneity present in patients. Here, we aim to recount the emerging trends in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) spectrum disorder. Our review will predominantly focus on neuroinflammation and systemic immune imbalance in ALS and FTD, which have recently been highlighted as novel therapeutic targets. A common mechanism of most ALS and ~50% of FTD patients is dysregulation of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), an RNA/DNA-binding protein, which becomes depleted from the nucleus and forms cytoplasmic aggregates in neurons and glia. This, in turn, via both gain and loss of function events, alters a variety of TDP-43-mediated cellular events. Experimental attempts to target TDP-43 aggregates or manipulate crosstalk in the context of inflammation will be discussed. Targeting inflammation, and the immune system in general, is of particular interest because of the high plasticity of immune cells compared to neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola De Marchi
- Department of Neurology and ALS Centre, University of Piemonte Orientale, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Toni Franjkic
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Metisox, Cambridge CB24 9NL, UK;
| | - Paride Schito
- Department of Neurology & Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (T.R.)
| | - Tommaso Russo
- Department of Neurology & Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (P.S.); (T.R.)
| | - Jerneja Nimac
- Department of Biotechnology, Jozef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.N.); (B.R.)
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anna A. Chami
- CERVO Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada; (A.A.C.); (J.K.); (J.-P.J.)
| | - Angelica Mele
- Department of Neurology and ALS Centre, University of Piemonte Orientale, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Lea Vidatic
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.V.); (S.H.)
| | - Jasna Kriz
- CERVO Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada; (A.A.C.); (J.K.); (J.-P.J.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Julien
- CERVO Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada; (A.A.C.); (J.K.); (J.-P.J.)
| | | | | | - Boris Rogelj
- Department of Biotechnology, Jozef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.N.); (B.R.)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jason R. Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Federica Agosta
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Silva Hecimovic
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.V.); (S.H.)
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- Department of Neurology and ALS Centre, University of Piemonte Orientale, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy; (F.D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivana Munitic
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tzeplaeff L, Wilfling S, Requardt MV, Herdick M. Current State and Future Directions in the Therapy of ALS. Cells 2023; 12:1523. [PMID: 37296644 PMCID: PMC10252394 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper and lower motor neurons, with death resulting mainly from respiratory failure three to five years after symptom onset. As the exact underlying causative pathological pathway is unclear and potentially diverse, finding a suitable therapy to slow down or possibly stop disease progression remains challenging. Varying by country Riluzole, Edaravone, and Sodium phenylbutyrate/Taurursodiol are the only drugs currently approved in ALS treatment for their moderate effect on disease progression. Even though curative treatment options, able to prevent or stop disease progression, are still unknown, recent breakthroughs, especially in the field of targeting genetic disease forms, raise hope for improved care and therapy for ALS patients. In this review, we aim to summarize the current state of ALS therapy, including medication as well as supportive therapy, and discuss the ongoing developments and prospects in the field. Furthermore, we highlight the rationale behind the intense research on biomarkers and genetic testing as a feasible way to improve the classification of ALS patients towards personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tzeplaeff
- Department of Neurology, Rechts der Isar Hospital, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Sibylle Wilfling
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Center for Human Genetics Regensburg, 93059 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maria Viktoria Requardt
- Formerly: Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Münster University Hospital (UKM), 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Meret Herdick
- Precision Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Berriat F, Lobsiger CS, Boillée S. The contribution of the peripheral immune system to neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci 2023:10.1038/s41593-023-01323-6. [PMID: 37231108 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microglial cells are the major immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), and directly react to neurodegeneration, but other immune cell types are also able to react to pathology and can modify the course of neurodegenerative processes. These mainly include monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes. While these peripheral immune cells were initially considered to act only after infiltrating the CNS, recent evidence suggests that some of them can also act directly from the periphery. We will review the existing and emerging evidence for a role of peripheral immune cells in neurodegenerative diseases, both with and without CNS infiltration. Our focus will be on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but we will also compare to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease to highlight similarities or differences. Peripheral immune cells are easily accessible, and therefore may be an attractive therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, understanding how these peripheral immune cells communicate with the CNS deserves deeper investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Félix Berriat
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Christian S Lobsiger
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Boillée
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sanchez-Tejerina D, Llaurado A, Sotoca J, Lopez-Diego V, Vidal Taboada JM, Salvado M, Juntas-Morales R. Biofluid Biomarkers in the Prognosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Recent Developments and Therapeutic Applications. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081180. [PMID: 37190090 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons for which effective therapies are lacking. One of the most explored areas of research in ALS is the discovery and validation of biomarkers that can be applied to clinical practice and incorporated into the development of innovative therapies. The study of biomarkers requires an adequate theoretical and operational framework, highlighting the "fit-for-purpose" concept and distinguishing different types of biomarkers based on common terminology. In this review, we aim to discuss the current status of fluid-based prognostic and predictive biomarkers in ALS, with particular emphasis on those that are the most promising ones for clinical trial design and routine clinical practice. Neurofilaments in cerebrospinal fluid and blood are the main prognostic and pharmacodynamic biomarkers. Furthermore, several candidates exist covering various pathological aspects of the disease, such as immune, metabolic and muscle damage markers. Urine has been studied less often and should be explored for its possible advantages. New advances in the knowledge of cryptic exons introduce the possibility of discovering new biomarkers. Collaborative efforts, prospective studies and standardized procedures are needed to validate candidate biomarkers. A combined biomarkers panel can provide a more detailed disease status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sanchez-Tejerina
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Peripheral Nervous System Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases (ERN EURO-NMD), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelon, Spain
| | - Arnau Llaurado
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Peripheral Nervous System Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases (ERN EURO-NMD), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Sotoca
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Peripheral Nervous System Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases (ERN EURO-NMD), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Veronica Lopez-Diego
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Peripheral Nervous System Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases (ERN EURO-NMD), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Vidal Taboada
- Peripheral Nervous System Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelon, Spain
| | - Maria Salvado
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Peripheral Nervous System Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases (ERN EURO-NMD), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raul Juntas-Morales
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Peripheral Nervous System Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases (ERN EURO-NMD), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelon, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Olson KE, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. The potential for treg-enhancing therapies in nervous system pathologies. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 211:108-121. [PMID: 36041453 PMCID: PMC10019130 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While inflammation may not be the cause of disease, it is well known that it contributes to disease pathogenesis across a multitude of peripheral and central nervous system disorders. Chronic and overactive inflammation due to an effector T-cell-mediated aberrant immune response ultimately leads to tissue damage and neuronal cell death. To counteract peripheral and neuroinflammatory responses, research is being focused on regulatory T cell enhancement as a therapeutic target. Regulatory T cells are an immunosuppressive subpopulation of CD4+ T helper cells essential for maintaining immune homeostasis. The cells play pivotal roles in suppressing immune responses to maintain immune tolerance. In so doing, they control T cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production curtailing autoimmunity and inflammation. For nervous system pathologies, Treg are known to affect the onset and tempo of neural injuries. To this end, we review recent findings supporting Treg's role in disease, as well as serving as a therapeutic agent in multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. An ever-broader role for Treg in the control of neurologic disease has been shown for traumatic brain injury, stroke, neurotrophic pain, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders. To such ends, this review serves to examine the role played by Tregs in nervous system diseases with a focus on harnessing their functional therapeutic role(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | - R L Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu R, Li Y, Wang Z, Chen P, Xie Y, Qu W, Wang M, Yu Z, Luo X. Regulatory T cells promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury by alleviating microglia inflammation via STAT3 inhibition. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023. [PMID: 36914969 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immediately after spinal trauma, immune cells, and proinflammatory cytokines infiltrate the spinal cord and disrupt the focal microenvironment, which impedes axon regeneration and functional recovery. Previous studies have reported that regulatory T cells (Tregs) enter the central nervous system and exert immunosuppressive effects on microglia during multiple sclerosis and stroke. However, whether and how Tregs interact with microglia and modulate injured microenvironments after spinal cord injury (SCI) remains unknown. METHOD Regulatory T cells spatiotemporal characteristics were analyzed in a mouse contusion SCI model. Microglia activation status was evaluated by immunostaining and RNA sequencing. Cytokine production in injured spinal cord was examined using Luminex. The role of STAT3 in Treg-microglia crosstalk was investigated in a transwell system with isolated Tregs and primary microglia. RESULTS Regulatory T cells infiltration of the spinal cord peaked on day 7 after SCI. Treg depletion promoted microglia switch to a proinflammatory phenotype. Inflammation-related genes, such as ApoD, as well as downstream cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were upregulated in microglia in Treg-depleted mice. STAT3 inhibition was involved in Treg-microglia crosstalk, and STAT3 chemical blockade improved function recovery in Treg-depleted mice. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Tregs promote functional recovery after SCI by alleviating microglia inflammatory reaction via STAT3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wensheng Qu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minghuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vidovic M, Müschen LH, Brakemeier S, Machetanz G, Naumann M, Castro-Gomez S. Current State and Future Directions in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050736. [PMID: 36899872 PMCID: PMC10000757 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of upper and lower motor neurons, resulting in progressive weakness of all voluntary muscles and eventual respiratory failure. Non-motor symptoms, such as cognitive and behavioral changes, frequently occur over the course of the disease. Considering its poor prognosis with a median survival time of 2 to 4 years and limited causal treatment options, an early diagnosis of ALS plays an essential role. In the past, diagnosis has primarily been determined by clinical findings supported by electrophysiological and laboratory measurements. To increase diagnostic accuracy, reduce diagnostic delay, optimize stratification in clinical trials and provide quantitative monitoring of disease progression and treatment responsivity, research on disease-specific and feasible fluid biomarkers, such as neurofilaments, has been intensely pursued. Advances in imaging techniques have additionally yielded diagnostic benefits. Growing perception and greater availability of genetic testing facilitate early identification of pathogenic ALS-related gene mutations, predictive testing and access to novel therapeutic agents in clinical trials addressing disease-modified therapies before the advent of the first clinical symptoms. Lately, personalized survival prediction models have been proposed to offer a more detailed disclosure of the prognosis for the patient. In this review, the established procedures and future directions in the diagnostics of ALS are summarized to serve as a practical guideline and to improve the diagnostic pathway of this burdensome disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Vidovic
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (S.C.-G.)
| | | | - Svenja Brakemeier
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Gerrit Machetanz
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Naumann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sergio Castro-Gomez
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry/Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (S.C.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen L, Wang N, Zhang Y, Li D, He C, Li Z, Zhang J, Guo Y. Proteomics analysis indicates the involvement of immunity and inflammation in the onset stage of SOD1-G93A mouse model of ALS. J Proteomics 2023; 272:104776. [PMID: 36423857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron degenerative disease, and the pathogenic mechanism that underlies ALS is still unclear. We analyzed the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the spinal cord between SOD1-G93A transgenic mice at the onset stage and non-transgenic (NTG) littermates based on 4D label-free quantitative proteomics (4D-LFQ) with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In our study, 189 DEPs were screened, of which 166 were up-regulated and 23 down-regulated. Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG)/ EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) classification, subcellular localization annotation, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, clustering analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses were performed. Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis validated 48 proteins from immunity and inflammation-related pathways of KEGG. We described the function and distribution of DEPs, most of which were involved in the following pathways: complement and coagulation cascades, antigen processing and presentation, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG) -I-like receptor signaling pathway, the extracellular matrix-receptor (ECM-receptor) interaction, focal adhesion, phagosome and lysosome. PPI network analysis identified Fn1, Fga, Serpina1e and Serpina3n as potential biomarkers. Our discoveries broaden the view and expand our understanding of immunity and inflammation in ALS. SIGNIFICANCE: This study gives a comprehensive description of DEPs in the spinal cord proteomics of SOD1-G93A mice at the onset period. Compared with a previous study focusing on progressive stage, we showed that immunity and inflammation play an important role at the onset stage of ALS. Several pathways validated by PRM bring new insight to the pathological mechanisms of ALS. The participation of RIG-I-like signaling pathway in ALS and potential biomarkers Fga, Fn1, Serpina1e and Serpina3n are supplements to existing knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China; Beijing Geriatric Healthcare Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ningyuan Wang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, No.172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yingzhen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Caili He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Zhongzhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Yansu Guo
- Beijing Geriatric Healthcare Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Han P, Mo S, Wang Z, Xu J, Fu X, Tian Y. UXT at the crossroads of cell death, immunity and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1179947. [PMID: 37152054 PMCID: PMC10154696 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1179947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous expressed transcript (UXT), a member of the prefoldin-like protein family, modulates regulated cell death (RCD) such as apoptosis and autophagy-mediated cell death through nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), P53, P62, and methylation, and is involved in the regulation of cell metabolism, thereby affecting tumor progression. UXT also maintains immune homeostasis and reduces proteotoxicity in neuro-degenerative diseases through selective autophagy and molecular chaperones. Herein, we review and further elucidate the mechanisms by which UXT affects the regulation of cell death, maintenance of immune homeostasis, and neurodegenerative diseases and discuss the possible UXT involvement in the regulation of ferroptosis and immunogenic cell death, and targeting it to improve cancer treatment outcomes by regulating cell death and immune surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhe Han
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shaojian Mo
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhengwang Wang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiale Xu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xifeng Fu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanzhang Tian
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yanzhang Tian,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Klose V, Jesse S, Lewerenz J, Kassubek J, Dorst J, Tumani H, Ludolph AC, Roselli F. CSF oligoclonal IgG bands are not associated with ALS progression and prognosis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1170360. [PMID: 37213901 PMCID: PMC10196068 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1170360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by progressive motoneuron degeneration through cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms; and the involvement of the innate and adaptive immune system has been hypothesized based on human and murine model data. We have explored if B-cell activation and IgG responses, as detected by IgG Oligoclonal bands (OCB) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, were associated with ALS or with a subgroup of patients with distinct clinical features. Methods IgG OCB were determined in patients affected by ALS (n=457), Alzheimer Disease (n=516), Mild Cognitive Impairment (n=91), Tension-type Headache (n=152) and idiopathic Facial Palsy (n=94). For ALS patients, clinico-demographic and survival data were prospectively collected in the Register Schabia. Results The prevalence of IgG OCB is comparable in ALS and the four neurological cohorts. When the OCB pattern was considered (highlighting either intrathecal or systemic B-cells activation), no effect of OCB pattern on clinic-demographic parameters and overall. ALS patients with intrathecal IgG synthesis (type 2 and 3) were more likely to display infectious, inflammatory or systemic autoimmune conditions. Discussion These data suggest that OCB are not related to ALS pathophysiology but rather are a finding possibly indicative a coincidental infectious or inflammatory comorbidity that merits further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Klose
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Jesse
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Lewerenz
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Dorst
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hayrettin Tumani
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert C. Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Neurozentrum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- *Correspondence: Albert C. Ludolph,
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Neurozentrum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Francesco Roselli,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lim TY, Perpiñán E, Londoño MC, Miquel R, Ruiz P, Kurt AS, Kodela E, Cross AR, Berlin C, Hester J, Issa F, Douiri A, Volmer FH, Taubert R, Williams E, Demetris AJ, Lesniak A, Bensimon G, Lozano JJ, Martinez-Llordella M, Tree T, Sánchez-Fueyo A. Low dose interleukin-2 selectively expands circulating regulatory T cells but fails to promote liver allograft tolerance in humans. J Hepatol 2023; 78:153-164. [PMID: 36087863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to maintain immunological tolerance and have been shown to promote liver allograft tolerance in both rodents and humans. Low-dose IL-2 (LDIL-2) can expand human endogenous circulating Tregs in vivo, but its role in suppressing antigen-specific responses and promoting Treg trafficking to the sites of inflammation is unknown. Likewise, whether LDIL-2 facilitates the induction of allograft tolerance has not been investigated in humans. METHODS We conducted a clinical trial in stable liver transplant recipients 2-6 years post-transplant to determine the capacity of LDIL-2 to suppress allospecific immune responses and allow for the complete discontinuation of maintenance immunosuppression (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02949492). One month after LDIL-2 was initiated, those exhibiting at least a 2-fold increase in circulating Tregs gradually discontinued immunosuppression over a 4-month period while continuing LDIL-2 for a total treatment duration of 6 months. RESULTS All participants achieved a marked and sustained increase in circulating Tregs. However, this was not associated with the preferential expansion of donor-reactive Tregs and did not promote the accumulation of intrahepatic Tregs. Furthermore, LDIL-2 induced a marked IFNγ-orchestrated transcriptional response in the liver even before immunosuppression weaning was initiated. The trial was terminated after the first 6 participants failed to reach the primary endpoint owing to rejection requiring reinstitution of immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS The expansion of circulating Tregs in response to LDIL-2 is not sufficient to control alloimmunity and to promote liver allograft tolerance, due, at least in part, to off-target effects that increase liver immunogenicity. Our trial provides unique insight into the mechanisms of action of immunomodulatory therapies such as LDIL-2 and their limitations in promoting alloantigen-specific effects and immunological tolerance. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02949492). IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS The administration of low-dose IL-2 is an effective way of increasing the number of circulating regulatory T cells (Tregs), an immunosuppressive lymphocyte subset that is key for the establishment of immunological tolerance, but its use to promote allograft tolerance in the setting of clinical liver transplantation had not been explored before. In liver transplant recipients on tacrolimus monotherapy, low-dose IL-2 effectively expanded circulating Tregs but did not increase the number of Tregs with donor specificity, nor did it promote their trafficking to the transplanted liver. Low-dose IL-2 did not facilitate the discontinuation of tacrolimus and elicited, as an off-target effect, an IFNγ-orchestrated inflammatory response in the liver that resembled T cell-mediated rejection. These results, supporting an unexpected role for IL-2 in regulating the immunogenicity of the liver, highlight the need to carefully evaluate systemic immunoregulatory strategies with investigations that are not restricted to the blood compartment and involve target tissues such as the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiong Y Lim
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elena Perpiñán
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria-Carlota Londoño
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK; Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Miquel
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK; Liver Histopathology Laboratory, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Paula Ruiz
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ada S Kurt
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elisavet Kodela
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Amy R Cross
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Claudia Berlin
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Abdel Douiri
- School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Felix H Volmer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Richard Taubert
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Evangelia Williams
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences (SIMS), King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew Lesniak
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gilbert Bensimon
- Département de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière et UPMC Pharmacologie, Paris-Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Biostatistique, Epidémiologie Clinique, Santé Publique Innovation et Méthodologie (BESPIM), CHU-Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Juan José Lozano
- Bioinformatic Platform, Biomedical Research Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Martinez-Llordella
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences (SIMS), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Fueyo
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Anderson G. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Pathoetiology and Pathophysiology: Roles of Astrocytes, Gut Microbiome, and Muscle Interactions via the Mitochondrial Melatonergic Pathway, with Disruption by Glyphosate-Based Herbicides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010587. [PMID: 36614029 PMCID: PMC9820185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathoetiology and pathophysiology of motor neuron loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are still to be determined, with only a small percentage of ALS patients having a known genetic risk factor. The article looks to integrate wider bodies of data on the biological underpinnings of ALS, highlighting the integrative role of alterations in the mitochondrial melatonergic pathways and systemic factors regulating this pathway across a number of crucial hubs in ALS pathophysiology, namely glia, gut, and the muscle/neuromuscular junction. It is proposed that suppression of the mitochondrial melatonergic pathway underpins changes in muscle brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and its melatonergic pathway mimic, N-acetylserotonin, leading to a lack of metabolic trophic support at the neuromuscular junction. The attenuation of the melatonergic pathway in astrocytes prevents activation of toll-like receptor agonists-induced pro-inflammatory transcription factors, NF-kB, and yin yang 1, from having a built-in limitation on inflammatory induction that arises from their synchronized induction of melatonin release. Such maintained astrocyte activation, coupled with heightened microglia reactivity, is an important driver of motor neuron susceptibility in ALS. Two important systemic factors, gut dysbiosis/permeability and pineal melatonin mediate many of their beneficial effects via their capacity to upregulate the mitochondrial melatonergic pathway in central and systemic cells. The mitochondrial melatonergic pathway may be seen as a core aspect of cellular function, with its suppression increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to ROS-induced microRNAs, thereby altering the patterning of genes induced. It is proposed that the increased occupational risk of ALS in farmers, gardeners, and sportsmen and women is intimately linked to exposure, whilst being physically active, to the widely used glyphosate-based herbicides. This has numerous research and treatment implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Anderson
- CRC Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London SW1V 1PG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jiang Z, Wang Z, Wei X, Yu XF. Inflammatory checkpoints in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: From biomarkers to therapeutic targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059994. [PMID: 36618399 PMCID: PMC9815501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor neuron damage. Due to the complexity of the ALS, so far the etiology and underlying pathogenesis of sporadic ALS are not completely understood. Recently, many studies have emphasized the role of inflammatory networks, which are comprised of various inflammatory molecules and proteins in the pathogenesis of ALS. Inflammatory molecules and proteins may be used as independent predictors of patient survival and might be used in patient stratification and in evaluating the therapeutic response in clinical trials. This review article describes the latest advances in various inflammatory markers in ALS and its animal models. In particular, this review discusses the role of inflammatory molecule markers in the pathogenesis of the disease and their relationship with clinical parameters. We also highlight the advantages and disadvantages of applying inflammatory markers in clinical manifestations, animal studies, and drug clinical trials. Further, we summarize the potential application of some inflammatory biomarkers as new therapeutic targets and therapeutic strategies, which would perhaps expand the therapeutic interventions for ALS.
Collapse
|
31
|
Gelevski D, Addy G, Rohrer M, Cohen C, Roderick A, Winter A, Carey J, Scalia J, Yerton M, Weber H, Doyle M, Parikh N, Kane G, Ellrodt A, Burke K, D'Agostino D, Sinani E, Yu H, Sherman A, Agosti J, Redlich G, Charmley P, Crowe D, Appleby M, Ziegelaar B, Hanus K, Li Z, Babu S, Nicholson K, Luppino S, Berry J, Baecher-Allan C, Paganoni S, Cudkowicz M. Safety and activity of anti-CD14 antibody IC14 (atibuclimab) in ALS: Experience with expanded access protocol. Muscle Nerve 2022; 67:354-362. [PMID: 36533976 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS IC14 (atibuclimab) is a monoclonal anti-CD14 antibody. A previous phase 1 trial of 10 participants with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) demonstrated initial safety of IC14 in an acute treatment setting. We provided long-term treatment with IC14 to individuals with ALS via an expanded access protocol (EAP) and documented target engagement, biomarker, safety, and disease endpoints. METHODS Participants received intravenous IC14 every 2 weeks. Consistent with United States Food and Drug Administration guidelines, participants were not eligible for clinical trials and the EAP was inclusive of a broad population. Whole blood and serum were collected to determine monocyte CD14 receptor occupancy (RO), IC14 levels, and antidrug antibodies. Ex vivo T-regulatory functional assays were performed in a subset of participants. RESULTS Seventeen participants received IC14 for up to 103 weeks (average, 30.1 weeks; range, 1 to 103 weeks). Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were uncommon, mild, and self-limiting. There were 18 serious adverse events (SAEs), which were related to disease progression and unrelated or likely unrelated to IC14. Three participants died due to disease progression. Monocyte CD14 RO increased for all participants after IC14 infusion. One individual required more frequent dosing (every 10 days) to achieve over 80% RO. Antidrug antibodies were detected in only one participant and were transient, low titer, and non-neutralizing. DISCUSSION Administration of IC14 in ALS was safe and well-tolerated in this intermediate-size EAP. Measuring RO guided dosing frequency. Additional placebo-controlled trials are required to determine the efficacy of IC14 in ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Gelevski
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Grace Addy
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Margot Rohrer
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Caroline Cohen
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Aimee Roderick
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Allison Winter
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Judith Carey
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jennifer Scalia
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Megan Yerton
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Harli Weber
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Michael Doyle
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Neil Parikh
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Geli Kane
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Amy Ellrodt
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Katherine Burke
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Derek D'Agostino
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Hong Yu
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Alexander Sherman
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jan Agosti
- Implicit Bioscience, Ltd, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - David Crowe
- Implicit Bioscience, Ltd, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Katherine Hanus
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Suma Babu
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Katharine Nicholson
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sarah Luppino
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - James Berry
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Clare Baecher-Allan
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sabrina Paganoni
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Merit Cudkowicz
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li S, Zhang Q, Li J, Weng L. Comprehensive analysis of autoimmune-related genes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from the perspective of 3P medicine. EPMA J 2022; 13:699-723. [PMID: 36505891 PMCID: PMC9727070 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-022-00299-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Although growing evidence suggests close correlations between autoimmunity and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), no studies have reported on autoimmune-related genes (ARGs) from the perspective of the prognostic assessment of ALS. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the circulating ARD signature could be identified as a reliable biomarker for ALS survival for predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine. Methods The whole blood transcriptional profiles and clinical characteristics of 454 ALS patients were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. A total of 4371 ARGs were obtained from GAAD and DisGeNET databases. Wilcoxon test and multivariate Cox regression were applied to identify the differentially expressed and prognostic ARGs. Then, unsupervised clustering was performed to classify patients into two distinct autoimmune-related clusters. PCA method was used to calculate the autoimmune index. LASSO and multivariate Cox regression was performed to establish risk model to predict overall survival for ALS patients. A ceRNA regulatory network was then constructed for regulating the model genes. Finally, we performed single-cell analysis to explore the expression of model genes in mutant SOD1 mice and methylation analysis in ALS patients. Results Based on the expressions of 85 prognostic ARGs, two autoimmune-related clusters with various biological features, immune characteristics, and survival outcome were determined. Cluster 1 with a worsen prognosis was more active in immune-related biological pathways and immune infiltration than Cluster 2. A higher autoimmune index was associated with a better prognosis than a lower autoimmune index, and there were significant adverse correlations between the autoimmune index and immune infiltrating cells and immune responses. Nine model genes (KIF17, CD248, ENG, BTNL2, CLEC5A, ADORA3, PRDX5, AIM2, and XKR8) were selected to construct prognostic risk signature, indicating potent potential for survival prediction in ALS. Nomogram integrating risk model and clinical characteristics could predict the prognosis more accurately than other clinicopathological features. We constructed a ceRNA regulatory network for the model genes, including five lncRNAs, four miRNAs, and five mRNAs. Conclusion Expression of ARGs is correlated with immune characteristics of ALS, and seven ARG signatures may have practical application as an independent prognostic factor in patients with ALS, which may serve as target for the future prognostic assessment, targeted prevention, patient stratification, and personalization of medical services in ALS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13167-022-00299-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shifu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Street, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Street, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Street, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Street, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Street, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Street, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
- Hydrocephalus Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Street, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Ling Weng
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Street, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Street, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang S, Yuan T, Yang H, Zhou X, Cao J. Effect of complete high-caloric nutrition on the nutritional status and survival rate of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients after gastrostomy. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:7842-7851. [PMID: 36505314 PMCID: PMC9730112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Malnutrition is an independent risk factor for the prognosis of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Complete high-caloric nutrition is emerging as an instrument for dietary intervention in disease prevention. Our aim was to evaluate the beneficial effects of complete high-caloric nutrition on nutritional status and prognosis in ALS patients undergoing percutaneous gastrostomy. METHODS Forty patients with ALS following percutaneous gastrostomy were randomized to receive either routine diet alone (the control group) or complete high-caloric nutrition combined with routine diet (the Ensure group) for six months. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), nutritional indicator proteins, lipid levels and total lymphocyte count were measured before intervention and after six months of intervention. At 12 months of follow-up, Kaplan-Meier survival was generated to evaluate the beneficial effects of complete high-caloric nutrition on prognosis. RESULTS After adjustment for baseline, compared with routine diet, body weight, total lymphocyte count and nutritional indicator proteins including transferrin, albumin, hemoglobin, and prealbumin were significantly increased at six months of intervention (all P<0.05). However, we found no significant changes in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low- or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or BMI during the intervention in either group (all P>0.05). Interestingly, the cumulative survival rate of ALS patients in the Ensure group was significantly better than that of ALS patients in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study suggest that high-caloric nutrition offers potential for improvement of nutritional status and prolonged life. However, no evidence was found for a blood lipid-improving effect of complete high-caloric nutrition.
Collapse
|
34
|
Yazdani S, Seitz C, Cui C, Lovik A, Pan L, Piehl F, Pawitan Y, Kläppe U, Press R, Samuelsson K, Yin L, Vu TN, Joly AL, Westerberg LS, Evertsson B, Ingre C, Andersson J, Fang F. T cell responses at diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis predict disease progression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6733. [PMID: 36347843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, involving neuroinflammation and T cell infiltration in the central nervous system. However, the contribution of T cell responses to the pathology of the disease is not fully understood. Here we show, by flow cytometric analysis of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of a cohort of 89 newly diagnosed ALS patients in Stockholm, Sweden, that T cell phenotypes at the time of diagnosis are good predictors of disease outcome. High frequency of CD4+FOXP3- effector T cells in blood and CSF is associated with poor survival, whereas high frequency of activated regulatory T (Treg) cells and high ratio between activated and resting Treg cells in blood are associated with better survival. Besides survival, phenotypic profiling of T cells could also predict disease progression rate. Single cell transcriptomics analysis of CSF samples shows clonally expanded CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in CSF, with characteristic gene expression patterns. In summary, T cell responses associate with and likely contribute to disease progression in ALS, supporting modulation of adaptive immunity as a viable therapeutic option.
Collapse
|
35
|
Levite M. Neuro faces of beneficial T cells: essential in brain, impaired in aging and neurological diseases, and activated functionally by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1165-1178. [PMID: 36453390 PMCID: PMC9838142 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.357903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are essential for a healthy life, performing continuously: immune surveillance, recognition, protection, activation, suppression, assistance, eradication, secretion, adhesion, migration, homing, communications, and additional tasks. This paper describes five aspects of normal beneficial T cells in the healthy or diseased brain. First, normal beneficial T cells are essential for normal healthy brain functions: cognition, spatial learning, memory, adult neurogenesis, and neuroprotection. T cells decrease secondary neuronal degeneration, increase neuronal survival after central nervous system (CNS) injury, and limit CNS inflammation and damage upon injury and infection. Second, while pathogenic T cells contribute to CNS disorders, recent studies, mostly in animal models, show that specific subpopulations of normal beneficial T cells have protective and regenerative effects in several neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. These include Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), stroke, CNS trauma, chronic pain, and others. Both T cell-secreted molecules and direct cell-cell contacts deliver T cell neuroprotective, neuroregenerative and immunomodulatory effects. Third, normal beneficial T cells are abnormal, impaired, and dysfunctional in aging and multiple neurological diseases. Different T cell impairments are evident in aging, brain tumors (mainly Glioblastoma), severe viral infections (including COVID-19), chronic stress, major depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, ALS, MS, stroke, and other neuro-pathologies. The main detrimental mechanisms that impair T cell function are activation-induced cell death, exhaustion, senescence, and impaired T cell stemness. Fourth, several physiological neurotransmitters and neuropeptides induce by themselves multiple direct, potent, beneficial, and therapeutically-relevant effects on normal human T cells, via their receptors in T cells. This scientific field is called "Nerve-Driven Immunity". The main neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that induce directly activating and beneficial effects on naïve normal human T cells are: dopamine, glutamate, GnRH-II, neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and somatostatin. Fifth, "Personalized Adoptive Neuro-Immunotherapy". This is a novel unique cellular immunotherapy, based on the "Nerve-Driven Immunity" findings, which was recently designed and patented for safe and repeated rejuvenation, activation, and improvement of impaired and dysfunctional T cells of any person in need, by ex vivo exposure of the person's T cells to neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Personalized adoptive neuro-immunotherapy includes an early ex vivo personalized diagnosis, and subsequent ex vivo → in vivo personalized adoptive therapy, tailored according to the diagnosis. The Personalized Adoptive Neuro-Immunotherapy has not yet been tested in humans, pending validation of safety and efficacy in clinical trials, especially in brain tumors, chronic infectious diseases, and aging, in which T cells are exhausted and/or senescent and dysfunctional.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mia Levite
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Campus Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel,Institute of Gene Therapy, The Hadassah University Hospital-Ein Karem, Jerusalem, Israel,Correspondence to: Mia Levite, or .
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sturmey E, Malaspina A. Blood biomarkers in ALS: challenges, applications and novel frontiers. Acta Neurol Scand 2022; 146:375-388. [PMID: 36156207 PMCID: PMC9828487 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron disease among adults. With diagnosis reached relatively late into the disease process, extensive motor cell loss narrows the window for therapeutic opportunities. Clinical heterogeneity in ALS and the lack of disease-specific biomarkers have so far led to large-sized clinical trials with long follow-up needed to define clinical outcomes. In advanced ALS patients, there is presently limited scope to use imaging or invasive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection as a source of disease biomarkers. The development of more patient-friendly and accessible blood biomarker assays is hampered by analytical hurdles like the matrix effect of blood components. However, blood also provides the opportunity to identify disease-specific adaptive changes of the stoichiometry and conformation of target proteins and the endogenous immunological response to low-abundance brain peptides, such as neurofilaments (Nf). Among those biomarkers under investigation in ALS, the change in concentration before or after diagnosis of Nf has been shown to aid prognostication and to allow the a priori stratification of ALS patients into smaller sized and clinically more homogeneous cohorts, supporting more affordable clinical trials. Here, we discuss the technical hurdles affecting reproducible and sensitive biomarker measurement in blood. We also summarize the state of the art of non-CSF biomarkers in the study of prognosis, disease progression, and treatment response. We will then address the potential as disease-specific biomarkers of the newly discovered cryptic peptides which are formed down-stream of TDP-43 loss of function, the hallmark of ALS pathobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Sturmey
- Centre of Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Malaspina
- Centre of Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gong Z, Liu Y, Ding F, Ba L, Zhang M. Natural killer cells-related immune traits and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A Mendelian randomization study. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:981371. [PMID: 36248644 PMCID: PMC9562140 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.981371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundObservational studies have suggested that peripheral immune disorders are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Previous studies predominantly focused on changes in adaptive immunity. However, emerging evidence showed natural killer (NK) cells, an essential component of innate immunity, were involved in the degeneration of motor neurons. However, the causal relationship between dysregulated NK cells-related immune traits and ALS remains unclear.ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the causal relationship between NK cells-related immune traits and the risk of ALS.Materials and methodsSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with NK cells-related immune traits were selected as instrumental variables to estimate their causal effects on ALS. SNPs from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on NK cells-related immune traits were used as exposure instruments, including an absolute NK-cells count, absolute HLA-DR+ NK-cells count, NK cells/lymphocytes, NK cells/CD3– lymphocytes, HLA DR+ NK cells/NK cells, HLA DR+ NK cells/CD3– lymphocytes, and the median fluorescence intensities of CD16–CD56+ on NK cells and HLA-DR+ NK cells. Summary-level GWAS statistics of ALS were used as the outcome data. Exposure and outcome data were analyzed using the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method.ResultsEach one standard deviation increase in the expression levels of CD16–CD56+ on NK cells and HLA-DR+ NK cells were associated with a lower risk of ALS in both the MR-Egger and inverse variance weighted methods (P < 0.05). The results proved robust under all sensitivity analyses. Neither instrumental outliers nor heterogeneity were detected.ConclusionOur results suggest that higher expression levels of CD16–CD56+ on NK cells and HLA-DR+ NK cells are associated with a lower risk of ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiang Gong
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengfei Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ba
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Li Ba,
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Li Ba,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Khamaysa M, Pradat P. Status of ALS Treatment, Insights into Therapeutic Challenges and Dilemmas. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1601. [PMID: 36294741 PMCID: PMC9605458 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12101601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an extremely heterogeneous disease of motor neurons that eventually leads to death. Despite impressive advances in understanding the genetic, molecular, and pathological mechanisms of the disease, the only drug approved to date by both the FDA and EMA is riluzole, with a modest effect on survival. In this opinion view paper, we will discuss how to address some challenges for drug development in ALS at the conceptual, technological, and methodological levels. In addition, socioeconomic and ethical issues related to the legitimate need of patients to benefit quickly from new treatments will also be addressed. In conclusion, this brief review takes a more optimistic view, given the recent approval of two new drugs in some countries and the development of targeted gene therapies.
Collapse
|
39
|
Lunetta C, Lizio A, Cabona C, Gerardi F, Sansone VA, Corbo M, Scialò C, Angelucci E, Gualandi F, Marenco P, Grillo G, Cairoli R, Cesana C, Saccardi R, Melazzini MG, Mancardi G, Caponnetto C. A phase I/IIa clinical trial of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol 2022. [PMID: 35596795 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11185-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify the safety and potential effect on ALS progression of a low-intensity immunosuppressive regimen followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. METHODS ALS eligible patients underwent a set of clinical and laboratory evaluations at T-4 (screening), T-1 (pre-treatment visit), and for the 12 consecutive months after treatment (T3, T6, T9, T12). We evaluated the tolerability of the procedure, its efficacy on clinical course and quality of life (QoL). RESULTS Eight of the 11 ALS patients enrolled received the established immunoablative protocol. The procedure was well tolerated and side effects were those expected. One patient died 4 months after the conditioning regimen and another patient underwent tracheotomy just before T3 for a sudden respiratory failure, but he is still alive 4 years after the procedure without being ventilated any more. A third patient died 10 months after conditioning. In the other cases, there was no statistical difference in all functional measures and QoL pre- and post-treatment; however, a transitory slopes' reduction of ALSFRS-R and seated SVC% after the conditioning procedures was reported. Moreover, although not statistically significant, trends of reduction of CD4 + and increment of CD8 + were found. CONCLUSIONS aHSCT was overall well tolerated, but it was not followed by any significant modification in disease progression. Considering the negative results of this small trial, further studies aimed to evaluate the possible efficacy of the aHSCT using a higher-intensity regimen should be carefully and with caution evaluated.
Collapse
|
40
|
Majkutewicz I. Dimethyl fumarate: A review of preclinical efficacy in models of neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 926:175025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
41
|
Zang X, Chen S, Zhu J, Ma J, Zhai Y. The Emerging Role of Central and Peripheral Immune Systems in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:872134. [PMID: 35547626 PMCID: PMC9082639 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.872134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, it has been widely believed that the blood–brain barrier (BBB) provides an immune privileged environment in the central nervous system (CNS) by blocking peripheral immune cells and humoral immune factors. This view has been revised in recent years, with increasing evidence revealing that the peripheral immune system plays a critical role in regulating CNS homeostasis and disease. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive dysfunction and the loss of neurons in the CNS. An increasing number of studies have focused on the role of the connection between the peripheral immune system and the CNS in neurodegenerative diseases. On the one hand, peripherally released cytokines can cross the BBB, cause direct neurotoxicity and contribute to the activation of microglia and astrocytes. On the other hand, peripheral immune cells can also infiltrate the brain and participate in the progression of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases have a high morbidity and disability rate, yet there are no effective therapies to stop or reverse their progression. In recent years, neuroinflammation has received much attention as a therapeutic target for many neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the emerging role of the peripheral and central immune systems in neurodegenerative diseases, as well as their interactions. A better understanding of the emerging role of the immune systems may improve therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - JunYao Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junwen Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yongzhen Zhai
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Beers DR, Thonhoff JR, Faridar A, Thome AD, Zhao W, Wen S, Appel SH. Tregs Attenuate Peripheral Oxidative Stress and Acute Phase Proteins in ALS. Ann Neurol 2022; 92:195-200. [PMID: 35445431 PMCID: PMC9545429 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) induces inflammation, which in turn exacerbates OS and the expression of acute phase proteins (APPs). Regulatory T lymphocyte (Treg) therapy was assessed for suppression of OS and APP responses in longitudinal serum samples from subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) enrolled in a phase I clinical trial. The first round of Treg therapy suppressed levels of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL). During a 6‐month washout period, ox‐LDL levels increased. A second round of therapy again suppressed ox‐LDL levels and then rose following the cessation of treatment. Serum levels of APPs, soluble CD14, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, and C‐reactive protein, were stabilized during Treg administrations, but rose during the washout period and again after therapy was discontinued. Treg therapy potentially suppresses peripheral OS and the accompanying circulating pro‐inflammatory induced APPs, both of which may serve as peripheral candidates for monitoring efficacies of immunomodulating therapies. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:195–200
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Beers
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason R Thonhoff
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alireza Faridar
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aaron D Thome
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Weihua Zhao
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shixiang Wen
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stanley H Appel
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cui C, Ingre C, Yin L, Li X, Andersson J, Seitz C, Ruffin N, Pawitan Y, Piehl F, Fang F. Correlation between leukocyte phenotypes and prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. eLife 2022; 11:74065. [PMID: 35287794 PMCID: PMC8923665 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic role of immune cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remains undetermined. Therefore, we conducted a longitudinal cohort study including 288 ALS patients with up to 5-year follow-up during 2015–2020 recruited at the only tertiary referral center for ALS in Stockholm, Sweden, and measured the levels of differential leukocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations. The primary outcome was risk of death after diagnosis of ALS and the secondary outcomes included functional status and disease progression rate. Cox model was used to evaluate the associations between leukocytes and risk of death. Generalized estimating equation model was used to assess the correlation between leukocytes and functional status and disease progression rate. We found that leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes increased gradually over time since diagnosis and were negatively correlated with functional status, but not associated with risk of death or disease progression rate. For lymphocyte subpopulations, NK cells (HR= 0.61, 95% CI = [0.42–0.88] per SD increase) and Th2-diffrentiated CD4+ central memory T cells (HR= 0.64, 95% CI = [0.48–0.85] per SD increase) were negatively associated with risk of death, while CD4+ effector memory cells re-expressing CD45RA (EMRA) T cells (HR= 1.39, 95% CI = [1.01–1.92] per SD increase) and CD8+ T cells (HR= 1.38, 95% CI = [1.03–1.86] per SD increase) were positively associated with risk of death. None of the lymphocyte subpopulations was correlated with functional status or disease progression rate. Our findings suggest a dual role of immune cells in ALS prognosis, where neutrophils and monocytes primarily reflect functional status whereas NK cells and different T lymphocyte populations act as prognostic markers for survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Cui
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | | | - Li Yin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet
| | - John Andersson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | | | - Nicolas Ruffin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Yudi Pawitan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet
| | | | - Fang Fang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Arjomandnejad M, Kopec AL, Keeler AM. CAR-T Regulatory (CAR-Treg) Cells: Engineering and Applications. Biomedicines 2022; 10:287. [PMID: 35203496 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells are critical for maintaining immune tolerance. Recent studies have confirmed their therapeutic suppressive potential to modulate immune responses in organ transplant and autoimmune diseases. However, the unknown and nonspecific antigen recognition of polyclonal Tregs has impaired their therapeutic potency in initial clinical findings. To address this limitation, antigen specificity can be conferred to Tregs by engineering the expression of transgenic T-cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). In contrast to TCR Tregs, CAR Tregs are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) independent and less dependent on interleukin-2 (IL-2). Furthermore, CAR Tregs maintain Treg phenotype and function, home to the target tissue and show enhanced suppressive efficacy compared to polyclonal Tregs. Additional development of engineered CAR Tregs is needed to increase Tregs’ suppressive function and stability, prevent CAR Treg exhaustion, and assess their safety profile. Further understanding of Tregs therapeutic potential will be necessary before moving to broader clinical applications. Here, we summarize recent studies utilizing CAR Tregs in modulating immune responses in autoimmune diseases, transplantation, and gene therapy and future clinical applications.
Collapse
|
45
|
Hong M, Kang MJ, Pak S, Han IH, Bae H. Bee venom phospholipase A2 ameliorates amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by increasing regulatory T cell population. ADV TRADIT MED (ADTM) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-022-00631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
46
|
Liu E, Karpf L, Bohl D. Neuroinflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia and the Interest of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Study Immune Cells Interactions With Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:767041. [PMID: 34970118 PMCID: PMC8712677 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.767041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a shared hallmark between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). For long, studies were conducted on tissues of post-mortem patients and neuroinflammation was thought to be only bystander result of the disease with the immune system reacting to dying neurons. In the last two decades, thanks to improving technologies, the identification of causal genes and the development of new tools and models, the involvement of inflammation has emerged as a potential driver of the diseases and evolved as a new area of intense research. In this review, we present the current knowledge about neuroinflammation in ALS, ALS-FTD, and FTD patients and animal models and we discuss reasons of failures linked to therapeutic trials with immunomodulator drugs. Then we present the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and its interest as a new tool to have a better immunopathological comprehension of both diseases in a human context. The iPSC technology giving the unique opportunity to study cells across differentiation and maturation times, brings the hope to shed light on the different mechanisms linking neurodegeneration and activation of the immune system. Protocols available to differentiate iPSC into different immune cell types are presented. Finally, we discuss the interest in studying monocultures of iPS-derived immune cells, co-cultures with neurons and 3D cultures with different cell types, as more integrated cellular approaches. The hope is that the future work with human iPS-derived cells helps not only to identify disease-specific defects in the different cell types but also to decipher the synergistic effects between neurons and immune cells. These new cellular tools could help to find new therapeutic approaches for all patients with ALS, ALS-FTD, and FTD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Liu
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Léa Karpf
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Bohl
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Xie M, Liu YU, Zhao S, Zhang L, Bosco DB, Pang Y, Zhong J, Sheth U, Martens YA, Zhao N, Liu C, Zhuang Y, Wang L, Dickson DW, Mattson MP, Bu G, Wu L. TREM2 interacts with TDP-43 and mediates microglial neuroprotection against TDP-43-related neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci. [PMID: 34916658 PMCID: PMC8741737 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) is linked to neurodegenerative disease risk. However, the function of TREM2 in neurodegeneration is still not fully understood. Here we investigated the role of microglial TREM2 in TAR-DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43)-related neurodegeneration using viral-mediated and transgenic mouse models. We found that TREM2 deficiency impaired phagocytic clearance of pathological TDP-43 by microglia, and enhanced neuronal damage and motor impairments. Mass cytometry analysis revealed that hTDP-43 induced a TREM2-dependent subpopulation of microglia with high CD11c expression and phagocytic ability. Using mass spectrometry and surface plasmon resonance analysis, we further demonstrated an interaction between TDP-43 and TREM2 in vitro and in vivo as well as in ALS patient tissues. We computationally identified regions within hTDP-43 that interact with TREM2. Our data highlights that TDP-43 is a possible ligand for microglial TREM2 and that this interaction mediates neuroprotection of microglia in TDP-43-related neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
48
|
Beers DR, Zhao W, Thonhoff JR, Faridar A, Thome AD, Wen S, Wang J, Appel SH. Serum programmed cell death proteins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 12:100209. [PMID: 34589734 PMCID: PMC8474632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multifactorial, multisystem pro-inflammatory neuromuscular disorder. Activation of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), and its ligands, programmed cell death-ligand 1 and 2 (PD-L1/L2), leads to immune suppression. Serum soluble forms of these proteins, sPD-1/sPD-L1/sPD-L2, inhibit this suppression and promote pro-inflammatory responses. The purpose of this study was to determine if sPD-1, sPD-L1, and sPD-L2 were increased in sera of patients with ALS. sPD-1 and sPD-L2 were elevated in sera of patients and accurately reflected patients’ disease burdens. Increased sera levels of programmed cell death proteins reinforce the concept that peripheral pro-inflammatory responses contribute to systemic inflammation in patients with ALS. Immune regulatory checkpoint pathways play important roles in maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system. ALS and tumor pathobiologies may be thought of as opposite ends of a detrimental versus beneficial spectrum of pro-inflammatory immune responses. Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) protein, and its ligands, programmed cell death-ligand 1 and 2 (PD-L1/PD-L2), three proteins involved in these regulatory pathways that suppress activation of immune cells. Serum soluble forms of these proteins, sPD-1/sPD-L1/sPD-L2, inhibit this suppression. sPD-1 levels were elevated in the sera of patients with ALS. sPD-1 was only elevated in sera from fast progressing patients with ALS. sPD-L1 was not increased in patients with ALS. sPD-L2 was increased in the sera of patients with ALS. sPD-L2 was increased in fast and slowly progressing patients with ALS. Sera sPD-1 and sPD-L2 positively correlated with patients’ disease burdens. sPD-1 positively correlated with sPD-L2. Sera sPD-1 and sPD-L2 positively correlated with patients’ sera LBP levels. Increased sera levels of programmed cell death proteins reinforce the concept that peripheral pro-inflammatory responses contribute to systemic inflammation in patients with ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Beers
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weihua Zhao
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason R Thonhoff
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alireza Faridar
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aaron D Thome
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shixiang Wen
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jinghong Wang
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stanley H Appel
- Peggy and Gary Edwards ALS Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Vucic S, Henderson RD, Mathers S, Needham M, Schultz D, Kiernan MC. Safety and efficacy of dimethyl fumarate in ALS: randomised controlled study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1991-1999. [PMID: 34477330 PMCID: PMC8528453 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroinflammation is an important pathogenic mechanism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), with regulatory T cells (Tregs) mediating a slower rate of disease progression. Dimethyl fumarate enhances Treg levels and suppresses pro-inflammatory T cells. The present study assessed the safety and efficacy of dimethyl fumarate in ALS. METHODS Phase-2, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial recruited participants from May 1, 2018 to September 25, 2019, across six Australian sites. Participants were randomised (2:1 ratio) to dimethyl fumarate (480 mg/day) or matching placebo, completing visits at screening, baseline, weeks 12, 24 and 36. The primary efficacy endpoint was a change in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) at week 36. Secondary outcome measures included survival, neurophysiological index (NI), respiratory function, urinary neurotrophin-receptor p75 and quality of life. RESULTS A total of 107 participants were randomised to dimethyl fumarate (n = 72) or placebo (n = 35). ALSFRS-R score was not significantly different at week 36 (-1.12 [-3.75 to 1.52, p = 0.41]). Dimethyl fumarate was associated with a reduced NI decline week 36 (differences in the least-squares mean: (0.84 [-0.51 to 2.22, p = 0.22]). There were no significant differences in other secondary outcome measures. Safety profiles were comparable between groups. INTERPRETATION Dimethyl fumarate, in combination with riluzole, was safe and well-tolerated in ALS. There was no significant improvement in the primary endpoint. The trial provides class I evidence for safety and lack of efficacy of dimethyl fumarate in ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Vucic
- Brain and Nerve Research Centre, Concord Clinical School, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert D Henderson
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Susan Mathers
- Department of Neurology, Calvary Health Care Bethlehem, Caulfield South, Australia
| | - Merrilee Needham
- Department of Neurology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia.,University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Giovannelli I, Bayatti N, Brown A, Wang D, Mickunas M, Camu W, Veyrune JL, Payan C, Garlanda C, Locati M, Juntas-Morales R, Pageot N, Malaspina A, Andreasson U, Suehs C, Saker S, Masseguin C, de Vos J, Zetterberg H, Al-Chalabi A, Leigh PN, Tree T, Bensimon G, Heath PR, Shaw PJ, Kirby J. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis transcriptomics reveals immunological effects of low-dose interleukin-2. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab141. [PMID: 34409288 PMCID: PMC8364666 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disease causing upper and lower motor neuron loss and currently no effective disease-modifying treatment is available. A pathological feature of this disease is neuroinflammation, a mechanism which involves both CNS-resident and peripheral immune system cells. Regulatory T-cells are immune-suppressive agents known to be dramatically and progressively decreased in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Low-dose interleukin-2 promotes regulatory T-cell expansion and was proposed as an immune-modulatory strategy for this disease. A randomized placebo-controlled pilot phase-II clinical trial called Immuno-Modulation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis was carried out to test safety and activity of low-dose interleukin-2 in 36 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients (NCT02059759). Participants were randomized to 1MIU, 2MIU-low-dose interleukin-2 or placebo and underwent one injection daily for 5 days every 28 days for three cycles. In this report, we describe the results of microarray gene expression profiling of trial participants' leukocyte population. We identified a dose-dependent increase in regulatory T-cell markers at the end of the treatment period. Longitudinal analysis revealed an alteration and inhibition of inflammatory pathways occurring promptly at the end of the first treatment cycle. These responses are less pronounced following the end of the third treatment cycle, although an activation of immune-regulatory pathways, involving regulatory T-cells and T helper 2 cells, was evident only after the last cycle. This indicates a cumulative effect of repeated low-dose interleukin-2 administration on regulatory T-cells. Our analysis suggested the existence of inter-individual variation amongst trial participants and we therefore classified patients into low, moderate and high-regulatory T-cell-responders. NanoString profiling revealed substantial baseline differences between participant immunological transcript expression profiles with the least responsive patients showing a more inflammatory-prone phenotype at the beginning of the trial. Finally, we identified two genes in which pre-treatment expression levels correlated with the magnitude of drug responsiveness. Therefore, we proposed a two-biomarker based regression model able to predict patient regulatory T-cell-response to low-dose interleukin-2. These findings and the application of this methodology could be particularly relevant for future precision medicine approaches to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Giovannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Nadhim Bayatti
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Abigail Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Dennis Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Marius Mickunas
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK
| | - William Camu
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jean-Luc Veyrune
- Clinique du Motoneurone, CHU Gui de Chaliac, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34295, France
| | - Christine Payan
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier 34000, France.,Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health and Innovation in Methodology (BESPIM), Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes 30029, France
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Pharmacology, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013 Paris, 75013 France.,Humanitas Clinical & Research Center-IRCCS, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan 20090, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Raul Juntas-Morales
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Nicolas Pageot
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrea Malaspina
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience and Trauma Centre, Institute of Cell and Molecular Medicine, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal 41345, Sweden
| | - Carey Suehs
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health and Innovation in Methodology (BESPIM), Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes 30029, France.,Department of Medical Information, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Safa Saker
- DNA and Cell Bank, Genethon, Evry 91000, France
| | - Christophe Masseguin
- Delegation for Clinical Research and Innovation, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes 30029, France
| | - John de Vos
- Clinique du Motoneurone, CHU Gui de Chaliac, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34295, France
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal 41345, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal 43180, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London SE5 9RX, UK.,Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - P Nigel Leigh
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, The Trafford Centre for Biomedical Research, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RY, UK
| | - Timothy Tree
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Gilbert Bensimon
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier 34000, France.,Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health and Innovation in Methodology (BESPIM), Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes 30029, France.,Department of Pharmacology, Sorbonne University Médecine, F-75013 Paris 75013, France
| | - Paul R Heath
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Janine Kirby
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|